Skip to main content

The Historical Bedrock of Psychotherapy. Freud’s Contribution—and Contemporary Corrections

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Psychotherapeutic Stance
  • 595 Accesses

Abstract

Particularly in his papers on technique in particular, Freud offers a number of recommendations for how we can understand and manage what plays out in the therapeutic relationship, which also helps us define what characterizes the psychotherapeutic or the psychoanalytic stance in the therapeutic process. Therefore, it remains interesting and relevant to consult his technical guidelines in any effort to specify the fundamental elements of the psychotherapeutic stance, including concepts like abstinence, neutrality, evenly suspended attention, and transference.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Balint, M. (1968[1994]). Grundbristen [The basic flaw]. Copenhagen, Denmark: Hans Reitzels Forlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bion, W. (1967). Notes on memory and desire. In E. B. Spillius (Ed.), Melanie Klein today, Vol 2: Mainly practice (pp. 17–22). London, England: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromberg, P. M. (2012). Stumbling along and hanging in: If this be technique, make the most of it! Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 32, 3–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cremerius, J. (1984). Die psychoanalytische Abstinenzregel. Vom regelhaften zum operationellen Gebrauch [The psychoanalytic rule of abstinence: From rule-bound to operational use]. Psyche, 38, 769–800.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1937). Analysis terminable and interminable. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 18, 373–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1953). Fragment of an analysis of a case of Hysteria. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 7, pp. 1–122). (Original work published 1905).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1955). Lines of advance in psycho-analytic therapy. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 17, pp. 157–168). London, England: Hogarth (Original work published 1919).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1957). The future prospects of psychoanalytic therapy. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 11, pp. 139–152). London, England: Hogarth (Original work published 1910).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1958a). The dynamics of transference. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 12, pp. 97–108). London, England: Hogarth (Original work published 1912).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1958b). Recommendations to physicians practising psycho-analysis. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 12, pp. 109–120). London, England: Hogarth (Original work published 1912).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1958c). Remembering, repeating and working-through. (Further recommendations on the technique of psycho-analysis II). In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 12, pp. 145–156). London, England: Hogarth (Original work published 1914).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1958d). Observations on transference-love (Further recommendations on the technique of psycho-analysis III). In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 12, pp. 157–171). London, England: Hogarth (Original work published 1915).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1963). Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis (Part III). In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 16). London, England: Hogarth (Original work published 1917).

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, L. (1991). A reading of Freud’s papers on technique. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 60, 564–595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenson, R. R. (1967). The technique and practice of psychoanalysis. London, England: Hogarth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gullestad, S. E., & Killingmo, B. (2013). Underteksten. Psykoanalytisk terapi i praksis [Subtext. Psychoanalytic therapy in practice] (2nd ed.). Oslo, Norway: Universitetsforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ham, J., & Tronick, E. (2009). Relational psychophysiology: Lessons from mother-infant physiology research and dyadically expanded states of consciousness. Psychotherapy Research, 19, 619–632.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansel, J. (2008). Psychoanalytic aims and attitudes. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 77, 1179–1192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heimann, P. (1960). Countertransference. In P. Heimann (Ed.), About children and children-no-longer (pp. 151–160). London, England: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heimann, P. (1978). On the necessity for the analyst to be natural with his patient. In P. Heimann (Ed.), About children and children-no-longer (pp. 311–323). London, England: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffer, A. (1993). Asymmetrie und Gegenseitigkeit in der analytischen Beziehung: Lektionen für heute aus der Beziehung zwischen Freud und Ferenczi [Asymmetry and mutuality in the analytic relationship. Lessons to be learned from the relationship between Freud and Ferenczi]. Psyche, 47, 1027–1040.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, C. R. (2002). Psykologien i senmoderniteten [Psychology in late modernity]. Copenhagen, Denmark: Hans Reitzels Forlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, C. R. (2009). Personlighedsforstyrrelser. Moderne relationel forståelse og behandling af borderlinelidelse [Personality disorders. Modern relational understanding and treatment of borderline disorder] (2nd ed.). Copenhagen, Denmark: Hans Reitzels Forlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, C. R. (2012). Danmark på briksen. Et psykologisk perspektiv på Danmark og danskerne i det senmoderne [Denmark on the therapist’s couch. A psychological perspective on Denmark and Danes in later modernity]. Copenhagen, Denmark: Hans Reitzels Forlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, C. R. (2014). ADHD. Bidrag til en kritisk psykologisk forståelse [ADHD. Contributions to a critical psychological understanding]. Copenhagen, Denmark: Hans Reitzels Forlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Killingmo, B. (1989). Conflict and deficit: Implications for technique. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 70, 65–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Killingmo, B. (1997). The so-called rule of abstinence revisited. Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review, 20, 144–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klüver, R. (1983). Agieren und mitagieren [Acting-out and counter-acting-out]. In S. Hoffmann (Ed.), Deutung und Beziehung. Kritische Beiträge zur Behandlungskonzeption und Technik in der Psychoanalyse (pp. 132–45). Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Fischer Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köhler-Weisker, A. (1986). Zum Begriff der Haltung des Psychoanalytikers am Beispiel einer Fokaltherapie [On the concept of the psychotherapist’s stance as an example of focal therapy]. Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, 18, 143–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Körner, J. (2002). The didactics of psychoanalytic education. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 83, 1395–1405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Küchenhoff, J., Prause, K., & Schulz, G. (2017). Engagement und Respekt. Psychotherapeutische Haltung und Bezieungsarbeit in der Psychotherapie mit psychotisch erlebenden Menschen [Commitment and respect: Psychotherapeutic attitude and work on analyst-patient relationships in psychotherapy for individuals with psychotic experience]. Psyche, 71, 60–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kutter, P. (1988). Grundhaltung, professionelle Einstellungen und psychoanalytische Methode. In P. Kutter, R. Paramo-Ortega, & P. Zagermann (Eds.), Die psychoanalytische Haltung (pp. 17–29). Munich, Germany: Verlag Internationale Psychoanalyse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. (2007). Forschende Grundhaltung als abgewehrter „common ground“ von psychoanalytischen Praktikern und Forschern? [The explorative attitude as repelled ‘common ground’ of psychoanalytic practitioners and researchers?] Psyche, 61, 966–994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, H. B. (2015). The transformational vision of Antonio Ferro. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 35, 451–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mertens, W. (1993). Die psychoanalytische Haltung [The psychoanalytic stance]. In M. Ermann (Ed.), Die hilfreiche Beziehung in der Psychoanalyse (pp. 11–34). Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mertens, W. (2015). Psychoanalytische Behandlungstechnik. Konzepte und Themen psychoanalytisch begründeter Behandlungsverfahren [Psychoanalytic treatment technique. Concepts and themes of psychoanalytically motivated treatment methods]. Stuttgart, Germany: Kohlhammer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, S. A. (1997). Influence and autonomy in psychoanalysis. Hillsdale, MI: Analytic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nissen-Lie, H.A., Goldberg, S.B., Hoyt, W.T., Falkenström, F., Holmqvist, R., Nielsen, S.L. & Wampold, B.E. (2016). Are therapists uniformly effective across patient outcome domains? A study on therapist effectiveness in two different treatment contexts. Journal of counseling psychology, 64(4), 367–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, T. H. (2009). Rediscovering psychoanalysis. Thinking and dreaming, learning and forgetting. London, England: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, T. H. (2016). Reclaiming unlived life: Experiences in psychoanalysis. London, England: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pflichthofer, D. (2010). Zwischen Gesetz und Freiheit. Die Suche nach dem Rahmen und dem Objekt [Between law and freedom: The search for setting and object]. Psyche, 65, 30–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reik, T. (1948). Listening with the third ear: The inner experience of a psychoanalyst. New York, NY: Grove Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renik, O. (1993). Analytic interaction: Conceptualizing technique in light of the analyst’s irreducible subjectivity. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 62, 553–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandell, R., Lazar, A., Grant, J., Carlsson, J., Schubert, J., & Broberg, J. (2006). Therapist attitudes and patient outcomes: III. A latent class analysis of therapists. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 79, 629–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandler, J. (1976). Countertransference and role-responsiveness. International Review of Psychoanalysis, 3, 43–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, L. (1961). The Psychoanalytic Situation: An examination of its development and essential nature. New York, NY: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streeck, U. (2017). Denn sie wissen nicht, was sie tun. Über unbewußte Beziehungsregulierung [For they know not what they do. About unconscious relational regulation]. Forum Psychoanalyse, 33, 235–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strenger, C. (1989). The classic and romantic vision in psychoanalysis. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 70, 593–610.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Symington, J., & Symington, N. (1996). The clinical thinking of Wilfred Bion. London, England: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomä, H. (2004). Ist es utopisch, sich zukünftige Psychoanalytiker ohne besondere berufliche Identität vorzustellen? [Is it utopian to imagine a future psychoanalyst without any particular professional identity?] Forum der Psychoanalyse, 20(2), 133–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treurniet, N. (1997). On an ethic of psychoanalytic technique. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 66, 596–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tubert-Oklander, J. (2013). Theory of psychoanalytical practice. A relational process approach. London, England: Karnac.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wachtel, P. L. (2008). Relational theory and the practice of psychotherapy. New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstein, R. S. (1993). On transference love: Revisiting Freud. In E. S. Person, A. Hagelin, & P. Fonagy (Eds.), On Freud’s ‘Observations on transference-love’ (pp. 57–75). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwiebel, R. (2004). Der Analytiker als Anderer: Überlegungen zum Einfluß der Person des Analytikers in der analytischen Praxis [The analyst as ‘other’: Thoughts on the influence of the analyst’s personality in the analytical practice]. Psyche, Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, 58, 836–868.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwiebel, R. (2012). Von der Schwierigkeit Psychoanalytiker zu werden und zu bleiben [On the difficulty of being and remaining a psychoanalyst]. In C. E. Walker, H. Blass, R. Paul, & M. Teising (Eds.), Die Psychoanalytische Haltung (pp. 53–69). Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Congress-Organisation Geber & Reusch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwiebel, R. (2013). Was macht einen guten Psychoanalytiker aus? Grundelemente professioneller Psychotherapie [What makes a good psychoanalyst? Basic elements of professional psychotherapy]. Stuttgart, Germany: Klett-Cotta.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Jørgensen, C. (2019). The Historical Bedrock of Psychotherapy. Freud’s Contribution—and Contemporary Corrections. In: The Psychotherapeutic Stance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20437-2_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics