Abstract
We herein seek to expound on up-to-the-minute information regarding cardiovascular disease in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by highlighting acute myocardial injury caused by COVID-19 and probing into its pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnostic tests, and treatment modalities. We aim to share the latest research findings vis-à-vis cardiovascular disease patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 on the association between hypertension and this infectious disease along with the relevant recommendations; describe the mechanism of coronary artery disease in such patients together with the necessary measures in the setting of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and chronic coronary syndrome; discuss tachy- and bradyarrhythmias in the COVID-19 setting alongside their treatments; elucidate coagulopathies, venous thromboembolism, and its prophylactic measures in the context of this infection; set out the cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocol as well as the pertinent safety concerns during the current pandemic; and, finally, explicate drug-drug interactions between COVID-19 and cardiovascular medication in hypertension, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, venous thromboembolism, and arrhythmias.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdi S, Salarifar M, Mortazavi SH, Sadeghipour P, Geraiely B (2020) COVID-19 sends STEMI to quarantine!? Clin Res Cardiol:1–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-020-01664-3
Alhogbani T (2016) Acute myocarditis associated with novel middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Ann Saudi Med 36(1):78–80. https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2016.78
American Society of Transplantation. COVID-19 (Coronavirus): FAQs for organ transplantation. Updated February 29, 2020. Available from: https://www.myast.org/sites/default/files/COVID19%20FAQ%20Tx%20Centers%20030220-1.pdf
Bangalore S, Sharma A, Slotwiner A, Yatskar L, Harari R, Shah B, Ibrahim H, Friedman GH, Thompson C, Alviar CL, Chadow HL, Fishman GI, Reynolds HR, Keller N, Hochman JS (2020) ST-segment elevation in patients with Covid-19 – a case series. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2009020
Barati S, Garjani K, Payandemehr P, Totonchi Z, Zanganehfar ME, Sadeghipour P, Amin A, Akhondi V, Javadi AM, Sadeghipour P (2020) Iranian heart association task force on cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines on the COVID-19 outbreak. Res Cardiovasc Med 9(1):3–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/rcm.rcm_10_20
Basille D, Plouvier N, Trouve C, Duhaut P, Andrejak C, Jounieaux V (2017) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may worsen the course of community-acquired pneumonia: a cohort study. Lung 195(2):201–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-016-9973-1
Bhatraju PK, Ghassemieh BJ, Nichols M, Kim R, Jerome KR, Nalla AK, Greninger AL, Pipavath S, Wurfel MM, Evans L, Kritek PA, West TE, Luks A, Gerbino A, Dale CR, Goldman JD, O’Mahony S, Mikacenic C (2020) Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle region – case series. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2004500
Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, Chuich T, Dreyfus I, Driggin E, Nigoghossian C, Ageno W, Madjid M, Guo Y, Tang LV, Hu Y, Giri J, Cushman M, Quere I, Dimakakos EP, Gibson CM, Lippi G, Favaloro EJ, Fareed J, Caprini JA, Tafur AJ, Burton JR, Francese DP, Wang EY, Falanga A, McLintock C, Hunt BJ, Spyropoulos AC, Barnes GD, Eikelboom JW, Weinberg I, Schulman S, Carrier M, Piazza G, Beckman JA, Steg PG, Stone GW, Rosenkranz S, Goldhaber SZ, Parikh SA, Monreal M, Krumholz HM, Konstantinides SV, Weitz JI, Lip GYH (2020) COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.031
Boriani G, Fauchier L, Aguinaga L, Beattie JM, Blomstrom Lundqvist C, Cohen A, Dan GA, Genovesi S, Israel C, Joung B, Kalarus Z, Lampert R, Malavasi VL, Mansourati J, Mont L, Potpara T, Thornton A, Lip GYH (2019) European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document on management of arrhythmias and cardiac electronic devices in the critically ill and post-surgery patient, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), Cardiac Arrhythmia Society of Southern Africa (CASSA), and Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS). Europace 21(1):7–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euy110
Caforio LA Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): myocardial injury. In UpToDate, Mancini D (ed) UpToDate, Walthman, MA. Retrieved from http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed on 14 May 2020
Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, Basso C, Gimeno-Blanes J, Felix SB, Fu M, Helio T, Heymans S, Jahns R, Klingel K, Linhart A, Maisch B, McKenna W, Mogensen J, Pinto YM, Ristic A, Schultheiss HP, Seggewiss H, Tavazzi L, Thiene G, Yilmaz A, Charron P, Elliott PM (2013) Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 34(33):2636–2648, 2648a–2648d. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht210
Castelletti S (2020) A shift on the front line. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2007028
Cave DM, Gazmuri RJ, Otto CW, Nadkarni VM, Cheng A, Brooks SC, Daya M, Sutton RM, Branson R, Hazinski MF (2010) Part 7: CPR techniques and devices: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 122(18 Suppl 3):S720–S728. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.110.970970
Chen T, Wu DCH, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, Ma K, Xu D, Yu H, Wang H, Wang T (2020) Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 368:m1295. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1295
Clerkin KJ, Fried JA, Raikhelkar J, Sayer G, Griffin JM, Masoumi A, Jain SS, Burkhoff D, Kumaraiah D, Rabbani L, Schwartz A, Uriel N (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.046941
ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized Controlled Trial of Losartan for Patients With COVID- 19 Requiring Hospitalization. Identifier: NCT04312009. March 17, 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04312009
Conti P, Gallenga CE, Tete G, Caraffa A, Ronconi G, Younes A, Toniato E, Ross R, Kritas SK (2020) How to reduce the likelihood of coronavirus-19 (CoV-19 or SARS-CoV-2) infection and lung inflammation mediated by IL-1. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 34(2). https://doi.org/10.23812/Editorial-Conti-2
COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus Disease (2019) (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. National Institutes of Health. Available at https://covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
Danzi GB, Loffi M, Galeazzi G, Gherbesi E (2020) Acute pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 pneumonia: a random association? Eur Heart J. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa254
Diaz JH (2020) Hypothesis: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19. J Travel Med. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa041
Dixon DL, Van Tassell BW, Vecchie A, Bonaventura A, Talasaz AH, Kakavand H, D’Ascenzo F, Perciaccante A, Castagno D, Ammirati E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Stevens MP, Abbate A (2020) Cardiovascular considerations in treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 75(5):359–367. https://doi.org/10.1097/fjc.0000000000000836
Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, Chuich T, Laracy J, Biondi-Zoccai G, Brown TS, Der Nigoghossian C, Zidar DA, Haythe J, Brodie D, Beckman JA, Kirtane AJ, Stone GW, Krumholz HM, Parikh SA (2020) Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol 75(18):2352–2371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031
Edelson DP, Sasson C, Chan PS, Atkins DL, Aziz K, Becker LB, Berg RA, Bradley SM, Brooks SC, Cheng A, Escobedo M, Flores GE, Girotra S, Hsu A, Kamath-Rayne BD, Lee HC, Lehotzky RE, Mancini ME, Merchant RM, Nadkarni VM, Panchal AR, Peberdy MAR, Raymond TT, Walsh B, Wang DS, Zelop CM, Topjian A (2020) Interim Guidance for Basic and Advanced Life Support in Adults, Children, and Neonates With Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19: From the Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee and Get With the Guidelines((R))-Resuscitation Adult and Pediatric Task Forces of the American Heart Association in Collaboration with the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for Respiratory Care, American College of Emergency Physicians, The Society of Critical Care Anesthesiologists, and American Society of Anesthesiologists: Supporting Organizations: American Association of Critical Care Nurses and National EMS Physicians. Circulation. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.047463
ESC Guidance for the diagnosis and management of CV Disease in the context of the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020). Available at https://www.escardio.org/Education/COVID-19-and-Cardiology/ESC-COVID-19-Guidance
Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M (2020) Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med 8(4):e21. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30116-8
Fedson DS (2016) Treating the host response to emerging virus diseases: lessons learned from sepsis, pneumonia, influenza and Ebola. Ann Transl Med 4(21):421. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2016.11.03
Ferrario CM, Jessup J, Chappell MC, Averill DB, Brosnihan KB, Tallant EA, Diz DI, Gallagher PE (2005) Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Circulation 111(20):2605–2610. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.104.510461
Ford I, Shah AS, Zhang R, McAllister DA, Strachan FE, Caslake M, Newby DE, Packard CJ, Mills NL (2016) High-sensitivity cardiac troponin, statin therapy, and risk of coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 68(25):2719–2728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.020
Fried JA, Ramasubbu K, Bhatt R, Topkara VK, Clerkin KJ, Horn E, Rabbani L, Brodie D, Jain SS, Kirtane A, Masoumi A, Takeda K, Kumaraiah D, Burkhoff D, Leon M, Schwartz A, Uriel N, Sayer G (2020) The variety of cardiovascular presentations of COVID-19. Circulation. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.047164
Gabutti G, d’Anchera E, Sandri F, Savio M, Stefanati A (2020) Coronavirus: Update Related to the Current Outbreak of COVID-19. Infect Dis Ther:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-020-00295-5
Gasmi A, Noor S, Tippairote T, Dadar M, Menzel A, Bjorklund G (2020) Individual risk management strategy and potential therapeutic options for the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Immunol (Orlando, Fla) 215:108409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108409
Giguere P, Nhean S, Tseng AL, Hughes CA, Angel JB (2019) Getting to the heart of the matter: a review of drug interactions between HIV Antiretrovirals and cardiology medications. Can J Cardiol 35(3):326–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2018.12.020
Giray T, Bicer S, Kucuk O, Col D, Yalvac Z, Gurol Y, Yilmaz G, Sac A, Mogol Y (2016) Four cases with Kawasaki disease and viral infection: aetiology or association. Infez Med 24(4):340–344
Guan WJ, Liang WH, Zhao Y, Liang HR, Chen ZS, Li YM, Liu XQ, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Ou CQ, Li L, Chen PY, Sang L, Wang W, Li JF, Li CC, Ou LM, Cheng B, Xiong S, Ni ZY, Xiang J, Hu Y, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Cheng LL, Ye F, Li SY, Zheng JP, Zhang NF, Zhong NS, He JX (2020a) Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J 55(5). https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00547-2020
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS (2020b) Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 382(18):1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
Guidance for Cardiothoracic Transplant and Mechanical Circulatory Support Centers regarding SARS CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 (2020)
Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, He T, Wang H, Wan J, Wang X, Lu Z (2020) Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017
Health UD, Services H (2013) Panel on antiretroviral guidelines for adults and adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. US, Washington, DC
Henry BM, Lippi G (2020) Chronic kidney disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Int Urol Nephrol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-020-02451-9
Hu H, Ma F, Wei X, Fang Y (2020) Coronavirus fulminant myocarditis treated with glucocorticoid and human immunoglobulin. Eur Heart J. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa190
Huang CL (2017) Murine electrophysiological models of cardiac Arrhythmogenesis. Physiol Rev 97(1):283–409. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00007.2016
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, England) 395(10223):497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5
Iba T, Levy JH, Warkentin TE, Thachil J, van der Poll T, Levi M (2019) Diagnosis and management of sepsis-induced coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 17(11):1989–1994. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14578
Inciardi RM, Lupi L, Zaccone G, Italia L, Raffo M, Tomasoni D, Cani DS, Cerini M, Farina D, Gavazzi E, Maroldi R, Adamo M, Ammirati E, Sinagra G, Lombardi CM, Metra M (2020) Cardiac involvement in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096
Jaffe AS, Vasile VC, Milone M, Saenger AK, Olson KN, Apple FS (2011) Diseased skeletal muscle: a noncardiac source of increased circulating concentrations of cardiac troponin T. J Am Coll Cardiol 58(17):1819–1824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.026
Jeevaratnam K (2020) Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: implications for cardiac safety. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa041
Kleinman ME, Brennan EE, Goldberger ZD, Swor RA, Terry M, Bobrow BJ, Gazmuri RJ, Travers AH, Rea T (2015) Part 5: adult basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 132(18 Suppl 2):S414–S435. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000259
Klok FA, Kruip M, van der Meer NJM, Arbous MS, Gommers D, Kant KM, Kaptein FHJ, van Paassen J, Stals MAM, Huisman MV, Endeman H (2020) Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013
Kuster GM, Pfister O, Burkard T, Zhou Q, Twerenbold R, Haaf P, Widmer AF, Osswald S (2020) SARS-CoV2: should inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system be withdrawn in patients with COVID-19? Eur Heart J 41(19):1801–1803. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa235
Lakkireddy DR, Chung MK, Gopinathannair R, Patton KK, Gluckman TJ, Turagam M, Cheung J, Patel P, Sotomonte J, Lampert R, Han JK, Rajagopalan B, Eckhardt L, Joglar J, Sandau K, Olshansky B, Wan E, Noseworthy PA, Leal M, Kaufman E, Gutierrez A, Marine JM, Wang PJ, Russo AM (2020) Guidance for cardiac electrophysiology during the coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic from the Heart Rhythm Society COVID-19 task force; electrophysiology section of the American College of Cardiology; and the electrocardiography and arrhythmias Committee of the Council on clinical cardiology. Am Heart Assoc Heart Rhythm. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.03.028
Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Zhang H, Deng A (2020) Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors with Severity or risk of death in patients with hypertension hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1624
Libby P, Loscalzo J, Ridker PM, Farkouh ME, Hsue PY, Fuster V, Hasan AA, Amar S (2018) Inflammation, immunity, and infection in Atherothrombosis: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol 72(17):2071–2081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.1043
Lippi G, Lavie CJ, Sanchis-Gomar F (2020a) Cardiac troponin I in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): evidence from a meta-analysis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.03.001
Lippi G, Plebani M, Henry BM (2020b) Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta 506:145–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.022
Liu K, Fang YY, Deng Y, Liu W, Wang MF, Ma JP, Xiao W, Wang YN, Zhong MH, Li CH, Li GC, Liu HG (2020a) Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province. Chin Med J 133(9):1025–1031. https://doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000000744
Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, Huang F, Wang F, Yuan J, Wang Z, Li J, Li J, Feng C, Zhang Z, Wang L, Peng L, Chen L, Qin Y, Zhao D, Tan S, Yin L, Xu J, Zhou C, Jiang C, Liu L (2020b) Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury. Sci China Life Sci 63(3):364–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1643-8
Madjid M, Safavi-Naeini P, Solomon SD, Vardeny O (2020) Potential effects of coronaviruses on the cardiovascular system: a review. JAMA Cardiol. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1286
Massachusetts General Hospital COVID-19 Treatment Guidance. The General Hospital Corporation. 2020 Version 3.1: 1–16. Available at https://advances.massgeneral.org/research-and-innovation/article.aspx?id=1184
Mehra MR, Desai SS (2020) Cardiovascular disease, drug therapy, and mortality in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007621
Mehra MR, Ruschitzka F (2020) COVID-19 illness and heart failure: a missing link? JACC Heart Fail. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2020.03.004
Morrison LJ, Gent LM, Lang E, Nunnally ME, Parker MJ, Callaway CW, Nadkarni VM, Fernandez AR, Billi JE, Egan JR, Griffin RE, Shuster M, Hazinski MF (2015) Part 2: evidence evaluation and management of conflicts of interest: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 132(18 Suppl 2):S368–S382. https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000253
Orser BA (2020) Recommendations for endotracheal intubation of COVID-19 patients. Anesth Analg 130(5):1109–1110. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000004803
Poissy J, Goutay J, Caplan M, Parmentier E, Duburcq T, Lassalle F, Jeanpierre E, Rauch A, Labreuche J, Susen S (2020) Pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients: awareness of an increased prevalence. Circulation. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.047430
ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized Controlled Trial of Losartan for Patients With COVID- 19 Not Requiring Hospitalization. Identifier: NCT04311177. March 17, 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04311177
Ren ZL, Hu R, Wang ZW, Zhang M, Ruan YL, Wu ZY, Wu HB, Hu XP, Hu ZP, Ren W, Li LC, Dai FF, Liu H, Cai X (2020) Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of heart transplant recipients during the 2019 coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China: a descriptive survey report. J Heart Lung Transplant 39(5):412–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.008
Resuscitation Council of United Kingdom (2020, March) Resuscitation Council UK Statement on COVID-19 in relation to CPR and resuscitation in first aid and community settings. https://www.resus.org.uk/media/statements/resuscitation-council-uk-statements-on-covid-19-coronavirus-cpr-and-resuscitation/covid-community/
Saavedra JM (2020) Angiotensin receptor blockers and COVID-19. Pharmacol Res 156:104832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104832
Sala S, Peretto G, Gramegna M, Palmisano A, Villatore A, Vignale D, De Cobelli F, Tresoldi M, Cappelletti AM, Basso C, Godino C, Esposito A (2020) Acute myocarditis presenting as a reverse Tako-Tsubo syndrome in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection. Eur Heart J 41(19):1861–1862. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa286
Sanders JM, Monogue ML, Jodlowski TZ, Cutrell JB (2020) Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6019
Sattarzadeh Badkoubeh R, Almassi N, Farahani MM, Movassaghi N, Khosravi A, Mirdamadi A, Kamali M, Manshouri S, Tabrizi MT, Farrashi M, Samiei N, committee ISEs (2020) The Iranian Society of Echocardiography (ISE) statement on performing echocardiography during the COVID-19 pandemic. Curr Probl Cardiol:100620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100620
Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, Cai Y, Liu T, Yang F, Gong W, Liu X, Liang J, Zhao Q, Huang H, Yang B, Huang C (2020) Association of Cardiac Injury with Mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan. China JAMA Cardiol. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950
Simpson T, Kovacs R, Stecker E (2020, May 29) Ventricular arrhythmia risk due to hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin treatment for COVID-19. Cardiol Mag. https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2020/03/27/14/00/ventricular-arrhythmia-risk-due-to-hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin-treatment-for-covid-19
South AM, Diz DI, Chappell MC (2020) COVID-19, ACE2, and the cardiovascular consequences. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 318(5):H1084–h1090. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00217.2020
Statement from the American Heart Association, Heart Failure Society of America, American College of Cardiology. Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician. (2020)
Tam CF, Cheung KS, Lam S, Wong A, Yung A, Sze M, Lam YM, Chan C, Tsang TC, Tsui M, Tse HF, Siu CW (2020) Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction Care in Hong Kong, China. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 13(4):e006631. https://doi.org/10.1161/circoutcomes.120.006631
Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z (2020a) Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817
Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z (2020b) Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost 18(4):844–847. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768
Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, Belliato M, Sciutti F, Bottazzi A, Sepe PA, Resasco T, Camporotondo R, Bruno R, Baldanti F, Paolucci S, Pelenghi S, Iotti GA, Mojoli F, Arbustini E (2020) Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1828
Tersalvi G, Vicenzi M, Calabretta D, Biasco L, Pedrazzini G, Winterton D (2020) Elevated troponin in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: possible mechanisms. J Card Fail. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.04.009
Thachil J, Tang N, Gando S, Falanga A, Cattaneo M, Levi M, Clark C, Iba T (2020) ISTH interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14810
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, White HD (2018) Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol 72(18):2231–2264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.1038
Vaduganathan M, Vardeny O, Michel T, McMurray JJV (2020) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 382(17):1653–1659. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr2005760
Veronese N, Demurtas J, Yang L, Tonelli R, Barbagallo M, Lopalco P, Lagolio E, Celotto S, Pizzol D, Zou L, Tully MA, Ilie PC, Trott M, Lopez-Sanchez GF, Smith L (2020) Use of corticosteroids in coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: a systematic review of the literature. Front Med 7:170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00170
Walkey AJ, Hammill BG, Curtis LH, Benjamin EJ (2014) Long-term outcomes following development of new-onset atrial fibrillation during sepsis. Chest 146(5):1187–1195. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.14-0003
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng Z (2020a) Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
Wang T, Chen R, Liu C, Liang W, Guan W, Tang R, Tang C, Zhang N, Zhong N, Li S (2020b) Attention should be paid to venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in the management of COVID-19. Lancet Haematol. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3026(20)30109-5
Wu Z, McGoogan JM (2020) Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 323(13):1239–1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
Xie Y, Cao S, Dong H, Li Q, Chen E, Zhang W, Yang L, Fu S, Wang R (2020) Effect of regular intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on prognosis of severe pneumonia in patients with COVID-19. J Infect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.044
Yin S, Huang M, Li D, Tang N (2020) Difference of coagulation features between severe pneumonia induced by SARS-CoV2 and non-SARS-CoV2. J Thromb Thrombolysis. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02105-8
Zeng J-H, Liu Y-X, Yuan J, Wang F-X, Wu W-B, Li J-X, Wang L-F, Gao H, Wang Y, Dong C-F (2020) First case of COVID-19 complicated with fulminant myocarditis: a case report and insights. Infection:1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01424-5
Zhang C, Wu Z, Li JW, Zhao H, Wang GQ (2020a) The cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of severe COVID-19 and Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce the mortality. Int J Antimicrob Agents:105954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954
Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, Lei F, Qin JJ, Xie J, Liu YM, Zhao YC, Huang X, Lin L, Xia M, Chen MM, Cheng X, Zhang X, Guo D, Peng Y, Ji YX, Chen J, She ZG, Wang Y, Xu Q, Tan R, Wang H, Lin J, Luo P, Fu S, Cai H, Ye P, Xiao B, Mao W, Liu L, Yan Y, Liu M, Chen M, Zhang XJ, Wang X, Touyz RM, Xia J, Zhang BH, Huang X, Yuan Y, Rohit L, Liu PP, Li H (2020b) Association of Inpatient use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with mortality among patients with hypertension hospitalized with COVID-19. Circ Res. https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.120.317134
Zheng YY, Ma YT (2020) COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol 17(5):259–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5
Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, Xiang J, Wang Y, Song B, Gu X, Guan L, Wei Y, Li H, Wu X, Xu J, Tu S, Zhang Y, Chen H, Cao B (2020) Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet (London, England) 395(10229):1054–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30566-3
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Geraiely, B., Samiei, N., Sadeghipour, P., Talasaz, A.H., Mortazavi, S.H., Sattarzadeh Badkoubeh, R. (2021). COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Diseases. In: Rezaei, N. (eds) Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1318. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-63760-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-63761-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)