Abstract
The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is difficult and depends on clinical criteria because the pathological process may affect many different nerves which lead to various and protean neurological signs and symptoms.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arnadottir T, Reunanen M, Salmi A. Intrathecal synthesis of virus antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients. Inf Immun. 1982;1982(38):399–407.
Casiano RR, Cohn S, Villasuso III E. Comparison of antral tap with endoscopically directed nasal culture. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:1333–7.
Chapman MD, Hughes LE, Wilson CD, Namnyak S, Thomson EJ, Giovannoni G. No evidence for production of intrathecal immunoglobulin G against Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas in multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol. 2005;53:27–31.
Davies G, Keir G, Thompson EJ, Giovannoni G. The clinical significance of an intrathecal monoclonal immunoglobulin band: a follow-up study. Neurology. 2003;60:1163–6.
Gay D, Dick G, Upton G. Multiple sclerosis associated with sinusitis: case-controlled study in general practice. Lancet. 1986;i:815–9.
Genain CP, Cannella B, Hauser SL, Raine CS. Identification of auto-antibodies associated with myelin damage in multiple sclerosis. Nat Med. 1999;5:170–5.
Hughes LE, Bonell S, Natt RS, Wilson C, Tiwana H, Ebringer A, Cunningham P, Chamoun V, Thompson EJ, Croker J, Vowles J. Antibody responses to Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in multiple sclerosis: prospects for diagnosis using the myelin-acinetobacter-neurofilament antibody index. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8:1181–8.
Klawiter EC, Piccio L, Lyons JA, Mikesell R, O’Connor KC, Cross AH. Elevated intrathecal myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:1102–8.
Link H, Huang YM. Oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis cerebro spinal fluid: an update on methodology and clinical usefulness. J Neuroimmunol. 2006;180:17–28.
Lucchinetti C, Bruck W, Parisi J, Scheithauer B, Rodriguez M, Lassman H. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implication for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann Neurol. 2000;47:707–17.
Newcombe J, Gahan S, Cuzner ML. Serum antibodies against central nervous system proteins in human demyelinating disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 1985;59:383–90.
Reindl M, Linington CH, Brehm U, Egg TR, Dilitz E, Deisenhammer F, Poewe W, Berger T. Antibodies against the myelin olidodendrocyte glycoprotein and the myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases: a comparative study. Brain. 1999;122:2047–56.
Semra YK, Seidi OA, Sharief MK. Heightened intrathecal release of axonal cytoskeletal proteins in multiple sclerosis is associated with progressive disease and clinical disability. J Neuroimmunol. 2002;122:132–9.
Teunissen CE, Khalil M. Neurofilaments as biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2012;18:552–6.
Thompson EJ, Kaufmann P, Shortman RC, Rudge P, McDonald WI. Oligoclonal immunoglobulins and plasma cells in spinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. Br Med J. 1979;1:16–7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ebringer, A. (2015). The Myelin-Acinetobacter-Neurofilament Index in an Attempt to Diagnose Multiple Sclerosis. In: Multiple Sclerosis, Mad Cow Disease and Acinetobacter. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02735-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02735-7_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-02734-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-02735-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)