Abstract
Techniques for particle characterisation are inherently needed when preparing or processing colloidal suspensions. The challenge consist in finding an appropriate technique for the specific analytical task, which may ask for mean particle sizes, size distribution, particle shape, aggregate morphology or interfacial properties. A profound knowledge of the characteristics of relevant measurement techniques supports such a decision. The chapter provides a survey on analytical techniques for the quantification of particle size and morphology as well as interfacial properties.
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Notes
- 1.
A cumulable quantity like volume, number, or scattering intensity of a dilute particle system.
- 2.
“Sufficient” means a vanishing likelihood of having two or more particles in the measurement volume.
- 3.
Note that the impact of concentration c r is lost if g(s) refers to the phase shift rather than to the magnitude of a measured quantity.
- 4.
For the sake of convenience only the case ρ p > ρ m is considered throughout this section.
- 5.
Comprehensive tables on X-ray absorption are e.g. provided by Henke et al. (1993).
- 6.
- 7.
Additionally, small angle neutron scattering (SANS) has some relevance for the characterisation of colloidal particle systems, in particular for dense suspensions (Romer et al. 2001; Qiu et al. 2005). With regard to particle characterisation, SANS is mainly used for disclosing the structure of particle aggregates (Hurd et al. 1987; Bugnicourt et al. 2007). A brief introduction to SANS is, for example, given by Glatter and May (2006).
- 8.
1 for vertical polarisation, cos²θ for horizontal polarisation, ½(1 + cos²θ) for unpolarised light.
- 9.
- 10.
DLS instruments typically employ vertically polarised light (Ivv; Xu 2000, p. 230). Depolarised scattered light (Ivh) results from anisometry or multiple scattering—signals are usually very weak.
- 11.
with C ext being proportional to the particle volume for absorbing substances and to the squared volume for non-absorbing ones.
- 12.
The same applies to the calculation of sound dispersion, i.e. frequency impact on sound speed.
- 13.
Even so, the spectrum can only be reproduced as sphere-spectrum by assuming polydispersity.
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Fluorescence and X-ray Spectroscopy
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Ultrasonic Spectroscopy
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Babick, F. (2016). Characterisation of Colloidal Suspensions. In: Suspensions of Colloidal Particles and Aggregates. Particle Technology Series, vol 20. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30663-6_2
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