Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Secondary Cicatricial and other Permanent Alopecias

  • Chapter
Hair Growth and Disorders

Abstract

• Various non-follicular scalp conditions can cause secondary scarring or permanent alopecia.

• Possible causes are congenital defects, trauma, inflammatory conditions, infections, neoplasms, and, rarely, drugs.

• Associated signs and symptoms and other diagnostic procedures may aid in the diagnosis.

• Detection of the underlying disorder may be difficult in end-stage lesions.

• Treatment is specific in active conditions; surgery is an option in localized scars.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abdel-Hamid IA et al Pityriasis amiantacea: a clinical and etiopathologic study of 85 patients. Int J Dermatol 2003; 42(4): 260–4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ahmed AR, Hombal SM. Cicatricial pemphigoid. Int J Dermatol 1986; 25(2): 90–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Akasaka T, Kon S, Mihm MC Jr. Multiple basaloid cell hamartoma with alopecia and autoimmune disease (systemic lupus erythematosus). J Dermatol 1996; 23(11): 821–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Albert RE et al Follow-up study of patients treated by X-ray epilation for tinea capitis. II. Results of clinical and laboratory examinations. Arch Environ Health 1968; 17(6): 919–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Auerbach R. Alopecia and ichthyosis. Arch Dermatol 1968; 98(6): 682

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ball S, Walkden V, Wojnarowska F. Cicatricial pemphigoid rarely involves the scalp. Australas J Dermatol 1998; 39(4): 258–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bardazzi F et al Psoriatic scarring alopecia: observations in four patients. Int J Dermatol 1999; 38(10): 765–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Barrera A. The use of micrografts and minigrafts in the aesthetic reconstruction of the face and scalp. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003; 112(3): 883–90

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Basak P, Basak YK. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the scalp: satisfactory response to acitretin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002; 16(2): 183–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bernhart W. [Results of vacuum extraction with reference to its effect on the child ] Wien Med Wochenschr 1970; 120(50): 944–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Blazovsky J, Buchvald J. [Familial incidence of favus in 3 generations ] Cesk Dermatol 1973; 48(2): 103–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Borda J, Fabricio MR, San Martin M. [Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the scalp and other localizations ] Arch Argent Dermatol 1961; 11: 434–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Botella-Estrada R et al Magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosis of a case of giant cell arteritis manifesting as scalp necrosis. Arch Dermatol 1999; 135(7): 769–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bricout N et al [Association of melanoma and spinocellular epithelioma on a burn scar of the scalp ] Ann Chir Plast Esthet 1983; 28(1): 85–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Broese I. [Cicatricial alopecia and reduced pigmentation following vacuum extraction ] Dermatol Monatsschr 1976; 162(3): 254–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Burrows NP et al Scarring alopecia following gold therapy. Acta Derm Venereol 1994; 74(6): 486

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Camacho F, Aranzana A. Scarring alopecia in chronic graft-versus-host disease. Eur J Dermatol 1994; 4: 660–4

    Google Scholar 

  18. Camacho-Martinez F. Evaluation and complete overview of the burned patient. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1980; 6(10): 822–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Cockayne SE Messenger AG. Familial scarring alopecia associated with scalp psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144(2): 425–7

    Google Scholar 

  20. Connor JM, Evans DA. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. The clinical features and natural history of 34 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1982; 64(1): 76–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Cribier B, Scrivener Y, Grosshans E. Tumors arising in nevus sebaceus: a study of 596 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42(2 Pt 1): 263–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Currey J. Scalp necrosis in giant cell arteritis and review of the literature. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36(7): 814–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Danino AM et al Repair of wide coup de sabre without cutaneous excision by means of pericranial-galeal padding flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 104(7): 2108–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dawber R. Cold kills! Clin Exp Dermatol 1988; 13(3): 137–50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. de Dulanto F, Camacho-Martinez F. Topical and surgical management of burns as emergencies. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1980; 6(10): 829–37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Degos R et al [Pseudopeladic state; comments on one hundred cases of circumscribed cicatricial alopecia apparently primary of pseudopelade type.] Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris) 1954; 81(1): 5–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Degos R, Sigal S, Belaich S. [Incontinentia pigmenti and pseudo-pelade.] Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr 1967; 74(6): 797–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Dillaha CJ. Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa with alopecia. AMA Arch Derm Syphilol 1952; 65(6): 744–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Dummer W et al Scalp necrosis in temporal (giant cell) arteritis: implications for the dermatologic surgeon. Clin Exp Dermatol 1996; 21(2): 154–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Dutta AK, Mandal SB, Jopling WH. Surface temperature of bald and hairy scalp in reference to leprosy affection. Indian J Dermatol 1983; 28(1): 1–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Dutz J. Treatment options for localized scleroderma. Skin Therapy Lett 2000; 5(2): 3–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Duvic M et al A randomized trial of minoxidil in chemotherapy-induced alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 35(1): 74–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Edidin DV et al Chondrodysplasia punctata. Conradi-Hunermann syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1977; 113(10): 1431–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Eggert AO et al [Chronic favus caused by infection with Trichophyton schonleinii.] J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2004; 2(10): 855–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Eguchi T, Harii K, Sugawara Y. Repair of a large “coup de sabre” with soft-tissue expansion and artificial bone graft. Ann Plast Surg 1999; 42(2): 207–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Elewski BE. Treatment of tinea capitis: beyond griseofulvin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40(6 Pt 2): S27–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Fiedler L et al Surgical and ketoconazole treatment of a Kerion Celsi caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida tropicalis. Mycoses 1988; Suppl 1: 81–7

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fine JD et al Revised classification system for inherited epidermolysis bullosa: Report of the Second International Consensus Meeting on diagnosis and classification of epidermolysis bullosa. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42(6): 1051–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Finner A. Shapiro J. Scleroderma en coup de sabre with secondary pseudo-cicatricial alopecia and partial loss of eyebrow and eyelashes. Poster Twelfth Meeting of the European Hair Research Society 2006

    Google Scholar 

  40. Fosko SW, Stenn KS, Bolognia JL. Ectodermal dysplasias associated with clefting: significance of scalp dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 27(2 Pt 1): 249–56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Foster KW et al A randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of fluconazole in the treatment of pediatric tinea capitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53(5): 798–809

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Foulds IS. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the scalp. Br J Dermatol 1980; 103(2): 197–200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Frieden IJ. Aplasia cutis congenita: a clinical review and proposal for classification. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 14(4): 646–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Funaro D. Lichen sclerosus: a review and practical approach. Dermatol Ther 2004; 17(1): 28–37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gambichler T et al Linear scleroderma ‘en coup de sabre’ treated with topical calcipotriol and cream psoralen plus ultraviolet A. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003; 17(5): 601–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Gershan LA, Esterly NB. Scarring alopecia in neonates as a consequence of hypoxaemia-hypoperfusion. Arch Dis Child 1993; 68(5 Spec No): 591–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Gibson V, Tschen JA, Bean SF. Localized cicatricial pemphigoid (Brunsting-Perry syndrome). Cutis 1986; 38(4): 252–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ginsburg CM, Gan VN, Petruska M. Randomized controlled trial of intralesional corticosteroid and griseofulvin vs. griseofulvin alone for treatment of kerion. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987; 6(12): 1084–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Giuffrida TJ, Kerdel FA. Sarcoidosis. Dermatol Clin 2002; 20(3): 435–47 vi

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Gupta AK, Summerbell RC. Tinea capitis. Med Mycol 2000; 38(4): 255–87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Haber RM et al Hereditary epidermolysis bullosa. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985; 13(2 Pt 1): 252–78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hanly AJ et al Postoperative pressure-induced alopecia: report of a case and discussion of the role of apoptosis in non-scarring alopecia. J Cutan Pathol 1999; 26(7): 357–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hantash BM, Schwartz RA. Traction alopecia in children. Cutis 2003; 71(1): 18–20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hermes BR. Paus [Scar forming alopecia. Comments on classification differential diagnosis and pathobiology.] Hautarzt 1998; 49(6): 462–72

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hintner H, Wolff K. Generalized atrophic benign epidermolysis bullosa. Arch Dermatol 1982; 118(6): 375–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Hussain I et al A randomized comparative trial of treatment of kerion celsi with griseofulvin plus oral prednisolone vs. griseofulvin alone. Med Mycol 1999; 37(2): 97–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Inglese MJ, Bergamo BM. Large nonhealing scalp ulcer associated with scarring alopecia and sclerodermatous change in a patient with porphyria cutanea tarda. Cutis 2005; 76(5): 329–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ippen HV. Mathies [Protracted chemical burns (with special reference to skin damages caused by epoxides and propansultone)] Berufsdermatosen 1970; 18(3): 144–65

    Google Scholar 

  59. Jackson JM, Callen JP. Scarring alopecia and sclerodermatous changes of the scalp in a patient with hepatitis C infection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39(5 Pt 2): 824–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Jacobs J, Monell BC. Treatment of radiation-induced alopecia. Head Neck Surg 1979; 2(2): 154–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Jung L, Kaben U. [Favus in 4 generations.] Mykosen 1968; 11(3): 185–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Katta R et al Sarcoidosis of the scalp: a case series and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42(4): 690–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Keipert JA. Beneficial effect of corticosteroid therapy in microsporum canis kerion. Australas J Dermatol 1984; 25(3): 127–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Krasovec M et al [A case from practice (275). Lupus vulgaris with scar-forming alopecia in florid pulmonary tuberculosis.] Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1993; 82(33): 893–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kretzschmar L et al [Scarring psoriatic alopecia ] Hautarzt 1995; 46(3): 154–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kron C et al [Bulky superinfected tinea capitis of the scalp. Treatment by surgical resection and reconstruction by cutaneous expansion.] Arch Pediatr 1998; 5(9): 992–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kurzhals G et al [Localized cicatricial bullous pemphigoid of the Brunsting-Perry type.] Hautarzt 1993; 44(2): 110–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Langtry JA, Ive FA. Pityriasis amiantacea an unrecognized cause of scarring alopecia described in four patients. Acta Derm Venereol 1991; 71(4): 352–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lawenda BD et al Permanent alopecia after cranial irradiation: dose-response relationship. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 60(3): 879–87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Leedy JE, Janis JE, Rohrich RJ. Reconstruction of acquired scalp defects: an algorithmic approach. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 116(4): 54e–72e

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Longhin S, Muresan D, Wolfshaut A. [Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma with cicatrical alopecia of the scalp.] Arch Belg Dermatol Syphiligr 1968; 24(1): 1–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Mancuso G, Berdondini RM. Localized scleroderma: response to occlusive treatment with tacrolimus ointment. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152(1): 180–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Marren P et al Bullous and haemorrhagic lichen sclerosus with scalp involvement. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992; 17(5): 354–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Mascaro JM Jr et al Congenital generalized follicular hamartoma associated with alopecia and cystic fibrosis in three siblings. Arch Dermatol 1995; 131(4): 454–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Matheis H. [Keloid eruption following chickenpox] Dermatologica 1971; 143(5): 319–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Matthews MS. Prenatal pressure necrosis of the scalp. Ann Plast Surg 1999; 43(1): 74–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Mayer TG, Fleming RW. Reconstructive surgery of the scalp. Facial Plast Surg 1989; 6(4): 224–50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. McDonagh AJ, Bleehen SS. Kerion masquerading as erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp. Br J Dermatol 1991; 124(5): 507–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Mehregan A, Baker HS. Basaloid follicular hamartoma: three cases with localized and systematized unilateral lesions. J Cutan Pathol 1985; 12(1): 55–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Metz JM et al A phase I study of topical Tempol for the prevention of alopecia induced by whole brain radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10(19): 6411–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Modan B et al Factors affecting the development of skin cancer after scalp irradiation. Radiat Res 1993; 135(1): 125–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Mohrenschlager M et al Pediatric tinea capitis: recognition and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 2005; 6(4): 203–13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Moon CM, Schissel DJ. Pityriasis amiantacea. Cutis 1999; 63(3): 169–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Moreno J et al Enfermedad de Darier. Variedad hypertrofica. Actas Dermosifiliogr 1982; 73: 239–244

    Google Scholar 

  85. Moreno-Arias GA, Camps-Fresneda A. Hair grafting in postburn alopecia. Dermatol Surg 1999; 25(5): 412–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Mukhopadhyay AK. Involvement of scalp in leprosy. Indian J Lepr 2005; 77(1): 47–50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Murphy GF et al Cytotoxic folliculitis in GvHD. Evidence of follicular stem cell injury and recovery. J Cutan Pathol 1991; 18(5): 309–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Nordborg E, Nordborg C. Giant cell arteritis: strategies in diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004; 16(1): 25–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Nordstrom RE, Holsti LR. Hair transplantation in alopecia due to radiation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1983; 72(4): 454–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Olsen EA et al Summary of North American Hair Research Society (NAHRS). Sponsored Workshop on Cicatricial Alopecia Duke University Medical Center February 10 and 11 2001. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48(1): 103–10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Otberg N et al Kerion due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes: responsiveness to fluconazole versus terbinafine in a child. Acta Derm Venereol 2001; 81(6): 444–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Ozturk S et al Treatment of ‘en coup de sabre’ Deformity with Porous Polyethylene Implant. J Craniofac Surg 2006; 17(4): 696–701

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Padilha-Goncalves A. Inflammatory tinea capitis (kerion) mimicking dissecting cellulitis. Int J Dermatol 1992; 31(1): 66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Park SW et al Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome: a review of the aspects of hair and hair color. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53(4): 729–35

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Peachey RD. Proceedings: Pyoderma gangrenosum of scalp. Br J Dermatol 1974; 90(1): 106–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Piguet V et al Aching alopecia. Lancet 2002; 359(9313): 1199

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Pines M et al Halofuginone to treat fibrosis in chronic graft-versus-host disease and scleroderma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2003; 9(7): 417–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Pinkus H. Epithelial-mesodermal interaction in normal hair growth alopecia and neoplasia. J Dermatol 1978; 5(3): 93–101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Pinol Aguade JJ, Mascaro M, De Mascaro CG. [Histology of the alopecia of delayed cutaneous porphyria (preliminary note) ] Actas Dermosifiliogr 1971; 62(1): 69–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Pinol J, Macaro J, Galy-Mascaro C. La alopecia porfirinica. Med Cut 1971; 5: 235–240

    Google Scholar 

  101. Poenitz N et al [Ulceration of the scalp: a unique manifestation of pyoderma gangrenosum.] J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2005; 3(2): 113–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Pomeranz AJ, Fairley JA. Management errors leading to unnecessary hospitalization for kerion. Pediatrics 1994; 93(6 Pt 1): 986–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Rogers GF, Mulliken JB, Kozakewich HP. Heterotopic neural nodules of the scalp. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 115(2): 376–82

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Ron E et al Radiation-induced skin carcinomas of the head and neck. Radiat Res 1991; 125(3): 318–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Rudd JC et al Ischemic scalp necrosis preceding loss of visual acuity in giant cell arteritis. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116(12): 1690–1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Runne U, Kroneisen-Wiersma P. Psoriatic alopecia: acute and chronic hair loss in 47 patients with scalp psoriasis. Dermatology 1992; 185(2): 82–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Runne U. [Alopecia psoriatica. Characteristics of an up to now neglected disease picture.] Hautarzt 1993; 44(11): 691–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Schaller A. [Birth injury in vacuum extraction.] Padiatr Grenzgeb 1970; 9(5): 295–313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Schauder S. Itraconazole in the treatment of tinea capitis in children. Case reports with long-term follow-up evaluation. Review of the literature. Mycoses 2002; 45(1–2): 1–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Schmeller W, Meier-Vollrath I. [Autologous fat grafting.] Hautarzt 2003; 54(12): 1185–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Schon MP et al [Progressive cicatricial psoriatic alopecia in AIDS.] Hautarzt 2000; 51(12): 935–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Seebacher C et al [Tinea capitis.] J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2004; 2(6): 462–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Shelley WB, Wood MG. Alopecia with fibrous dysplasia and osteomas of skin. A sign of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Arch Dermatol 1976; 112(5): 715–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Shuster S. Psoriatic alopecia. Br J Dermatol 1972; 87(1): 73–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Sinclair RD, Darley C, Dawber RP. Congenital inclusion dermoid cysts of the scalp. Australas J Dermatol 1992; 33(3): 135–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Smahi A et al Genomic rearrangement in NEMO impairs NF-kappaB activation and is a cause of incontinentia pigmenti. The International Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP) Consortium. Nature 2000; 405(6785): 466–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Snyder RA. Pyoderma gangrenosum involving the head and neck. Arch Dermatol 1986; 122(3): 295–302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Soderstrom CW, Seehafer JR. Bilateral scalp necrosis in temporal arteritis. A rare complication of Horton’s disease. Am J Med 1976; 61(4): 541–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Soma Y, Fujimoto M.Frontoparietal scleroderma (en coup de sabre) following Blaschko’s lines. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38(2 Pt 2): 366–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Sommer A et al Clinical and serological characteristics of progressive facial hemiatrophy: a case series of 12 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54(2): 227–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Sperling LC. Inflammatory tinea capitis (kerion) mimicking dissecting cellulitis. Occurrence in two adolescents. Int J Dermatol 1991; 30(3): 190–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Sperling LC. Scarring alopecia and the dermatopathologist. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28(7): 333–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Stevanovic D, Konstantinovic S. Hyperkeratosis ichthyosiformis congenita; association with keratosis areola mammae neviformis low-grade feeblemindedness bone deformities and pseudopelade. AMA Arch Derm 1959; 80(1): 56–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Stone MS, Walker PS, Kennard CD. Rudimentary meningocele presenting with a scalp hair tuft. Report of two cases. Arch Dermatol 1994; 130(6): 775–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Sullivan J, Beard HC, Bullock JD. Cryosurgery for treatment of trichiasis. Am J Ophthalmol 1976; 82(1): 117–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Szepietowski JC, Reich A, Wisnicka B. Itching in patients suffering from psoriasis. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2002; 10(4): 221–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Templeton SF, Solomon AR. Scarring alopecia: a classification based on microscopic criteria. J Cutan Pathol 1994; 21(2): 97–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Thoma-Greber E et al Surgical treatment of tinea capitis in childhood. Mycoses 2003; 46(8): 351–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Tosti A et al Permanent alopecia after busulfan chemotherapy. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152(5): 1056–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Tran D et al Permanent alopecia following chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. Australas J Dermatol 2000; 41(2): 106–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Traupe H, Happle R. Alopecia ichthyotica. A characteristic feature of congenital ichthyosis. Dermatologica 1983; 167(5): 225–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Trozak D, Wood JC. Occult eccrine sweat duct hamartoma and cicatricial scalp alopecia. Cutis 1984; 34(5): 475–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Trueb RM et al Scarring folliculitis in the ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome. Histologic scanning electron-microscopic and biophysical studies of hair. Dermatology 1997; 194(2): 191–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Trüeb R. Haare- Praxis der Trichologie, 1st edn. Darmstadt: Steinkopff, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  135. Uziel Y et al Methotrexate and corticosteroid therapy for pediatric localized scleroderma. J Pediatr 2000; 136(1): 91–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Valentin J. Avoidance of radiation injuries from medical interventional procedures. Ann ICRP 2000; 30(2): 7–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Vallis CP. Surgical treatment of cicatricial alopecia of the scalp. Clin Plast Surg 1982; 9(2): 179–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. van de Kerkhof PC, Chang A. Scarring alopecia and psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1992; 126(5): 524–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. van de Kerkhof PC, Kragballe K. Recommendations for the topical treatment of psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005; 19(4): 495–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Vestey JP, Gawkrodger DJ. Pyoderma gangrenosum of the scalp. Int J Dermatol 1988; 27(9): 654–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Wagner W. [Alopecia and onychopathy in epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria.] Z Haut Geschlechtskr 1956; 20(10): 278–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Whiting DA. Cicatricial alopecia: clinico-pathological findings and treatment. Clin Dermatol 2001; 19(2): 211–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Wiles JC, Hansen RC. Postoperative (pressure) alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985; 12(1 Pt 2): 195–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Williams ML, Elias PM. Genetically transmitted generalized disorders of cornification. The ichthyoses. Dermatol Clin 1987; 5(1): 155–78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Wright AL, Messenger AG. Scarring alopecia in psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol 1990; 70(2): 156–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Zapatero Gaviria A et al [Lupus vulgaris as initial manifestation of asymptomatic pulmonary tuberculosis.] An Med Interna 1990; 7(12): 635–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Zulian F et al Juvenile localized scleroderma: clinical and epidemiological features in 750 children. An international study. Rheumatology (Oxf) 2006; 45(5): 614–20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of British Columbia Hair Research and Treatment Center, 835 West. 10th Avenue, V5Z 4E8, Vancouver, Canada

    Jerry Shapiro

  2. Trichomed- Praxis für Haarmedizin und Haartransplantation, Klinik am Wittenbergplatz, Bayreuther Str. 36, 10789, Berlin, Germany

    Andreas M. Finner

Authors
  1. Jerry Shapiro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andreas M. Finner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Physiology (CRC), Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 11017 , Berlin, Germany

    Ulrike Blume-Peytavi

  2. Department of Dermatology, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 1, 40138 , Bologna, Italy

    Antonella Tosti

  3. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 , Zürich, Switzerland

    Ralph M. Trüeb

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shapiro, J., Finner, A. (2008). Secondary Cicatricial and other Permanent Alopecias. In: Blume-Peytavi, U., Tosti, A., Trüeb, R. (eds) Hair Growth and Disorders. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-46911-7_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-46911-7_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-46908-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-46911-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation