Skip to main content

Zusammenfassung

» It is no exaggeration to term a patient’s suffering as «total pain” and it may help to devide it into physical, emotional, social and spiritual components in order to assess, understand and treat these people and their feelings better. (Saunders 2006) «

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • No Authors listed (2011) Fentanyl sublingual tablets. Breakthrough pain: new formulation, no therapeutic advantage. Prescrire Int 19:16

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmedzai SH, Nauck F, Bar-Sela G, Bosse B, Leyendecker P, Hopp M (2012) A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, double-dummy, parallel-group study to determine the safety and efficacy of oxycodone/naloxone prolonged-release tablets in patients with moderate/severe, chronic cancer pain. Palliat Med 26:50–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alhashemi JA, Daghistani MF (2006) Effects of intraoperative i.v. acetaminophen vs i.m. meperidine on post-tonsillectomy pain in children. Br J Anaesth 96:790–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allegaert K, Vanhole C, de Hoon J, Guignard JP, Tibboel D, Devlieger H et al. (2005) Nonselective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors and glomerular filtration rate in preterm neonates. Pediatr Nephrol 20:1557–61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allington N, Vivegnis D, Gerard P (2005) Cyclic administration of pamidronate to treat osteoporosis in children with cerebral palsy or a neuromuscular disorder: a clinical study. Acta Paediatr Belg 71:91–7

    Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs (1992) Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Pediatr 89:1110–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Anghelescu DL, Faughnan LG, Hankins GM, Ward DA, Oakes LL (2011) Methadone use in children and young adults at a cancer center: a retrospective study. J Opiod Manage 7:353–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Anghelescu DL, Oakes LL (2005) Ketamine use for reduction of opioid tolerance in a 5-year-old girl with end-stage abdominal neuroblastoma. J Pain Symptom Manage 30: 1–3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anghelescu DL, Oakes LL, Hankins GM (2010) Treatment of Pain in Children after Limb-Sparing Surgery: An Institution’s 26-Year Experience. Pain Manage Nurs

    Google Scholar 

  • Arai L, Stayer S, Schwartz R, Dorsey A (1996) The use of ondansetron to treat pruritus associated with intrathecal morphine in two paediatric patients. Paediatr Anesth 6:337–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashburn MA, Slevin KA, Messina J, Xie F (2011) The Efficacy and Safety of Fentanyl Buccal Tablet Compared with Immediate- Release Oxycodone for the Management of Breakthrough Pain in Opioid-Tolerant Patients with Chronic Pain. Anesth Analg 112:693–702

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayonrinde OT, Bridge DT (2000) The rediscovery of methadone for cancer pain management. Med J Austral 173:536–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babul N (1992) Putative role of hydromorphone metabolites in myoclonus. Pain 51:260–1, Erratum in Pain 1993, 52:123

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandschapp O, Filitz J, Urwyler A, Koppert W, Ruppen W (2011) Tropisetron blocks analgesic action of acetaminophen: A human pain model study. Pain 152:1304–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bee LA, Bannister K, Rahman W, Dickenson AH (2011) Mu-opioid and noradrenergic [alpha] 2-adrenoceptor contributions to the effects of tapentadol on spinal electrophysiological measures of nociception in nerve-injured rats. Pain 152:39

    Google Scholar 

  • Beringer RM, Thompson JP, Parry S, Stoddart PA (2011) Intravenous paracetamol overdose: two case reports and a change to national treatment guidelines. Arch Dis Child 96:307–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biersdorff KK (1991) Pain insensitivity and indifference: alternative explanations for some medical catastrophes. Ment Retard 29:359–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biersdorff KK (1994) Incidence of significantly altered pain experience among individuals with developmental disabilities. Am J Ment Retard 98:619–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorkman R, Hallman KM, Hedner T, Henninghausen K (1994) Acetaminophen blocks spinal hyperalgesia induced by NMDA and substance P. Pain 57:259–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borland M, Jacobs I, King B, O’Brien WL (2007) A randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal fentanyl to intravenous morphine for managing acute pain in children in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 49:335–40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw DH, Brown CJ, Cepeda MS, Pace NL (2011) Music for pain relief (Protocol). Cochrane Library:CD009284

    Google Scholar 

  • Breitfeld C, Peters J, Vockel T, Lorenz C, Eikermann M (2003) Emetic effects of morphine and piritramide. Br J Anaesth 91:218–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruera E, Palmer JL, Rico MA, Moyano J, Sweeney C, Strath SJ et al. (2004) Methadone versus morphine as a first-line strong opioid for cancer pain: a randomized, doubleblind study. J Clin Oncol 22:185–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butkovic D, Toljan S, Mihovilovic-Novak B (2006) Experience with gabapentin for neuropathic pain in adolescents: report of five cases. Paediatr Anaesth 16:325–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Büttner W, Finke W (2000) Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: a comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies. Paediatr Anaesth 10:303–18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Candy B, Jones L, Goodman ML, Drake R, Tookman A (2011) Laxatives or methylnaltrexone for the management of constipation in palliative care patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev

    Google Scholar 

  • Caraceni A, Hanks G, Kaasa S, Bennett MI, Brunelli C, Cherny N et al. (2012) Use of opioid analgesics in the treatment of cancer pain: evidence-based recommendations from the EAPC. Lancet Oncol 13:e58-e68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cepeda MS, Africano JM, Manrique AM, Fragoso W, Carr DB (2002) The combination of low dose of naloxone and morphine in PCA does not decrease opioid requirements in the postoperative period. Pain 96:73–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cepeda MS, Alvarez H, Morales H, Carr DB (2004) Addition of ultralow dose naloxone to postoperative morphine PCA: unchanged analgesia and opioid requirement but decreased incidence of opioid side effects. Pain 107:41–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cepeda MS, Carr DB, Lau J, Alvarez H (2006) Music for pain relief. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 19:CD004843

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung CL, van Dijk M, Green JW, Tibboel D, Anand KJ (2007) Effects of low-dose naloxone on opioid therapy in pediatric patients: a retrospective case-control study. Intensive Care Med 33:190–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chicoine MR, Park TS, Kaufman BA (1997) Selective dorsal rhizotomy and rates of orthopedic surgery in children with spastic cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg 86:34–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole J, Shepherd M, Young P (2009) Intranasal fentanyl in 1–3-year-olds: A prospective study of the effectiveness of intranasal fentanyl as acute analgesia. Emerg Med Australas 21:395–400

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins JJ, Berde CB, Grier HE, Nachmanoff DB, Kinney TR (1995a) Massive opioid resistance in an infant with a localized metastasis to the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Pain 63:271–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins JJ, Byrnes ME, Dunkel IJ, Lapin J, Nadel T, Thaler HT et al. (2000) The measurement of symptoms in children with cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 19:363–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins JJ, Grier HE, Kinney HC, Berde CB (1995b) Control of severe pain in children with terminal malignancy. J Pediatr 126:653–7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins JJ, Grier HE, Sethna NF, Wilder RT, Berde CB (1996) Regional anesthesia for pain associated with terminal pediatric malignancy. Pain 65:63–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conway M, White N, Jean CS, Zempsky WT, Steven K (2009) Use of continuous intravenous ketamine for end-stage cancer pain in children. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 26:100–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuer JC, Dapoigny M, Larpent JL, Lunaud B, Ferrier C, Bommelaer G (1989) Effects of buprenorphine on motor activity of the sphincter of Oddi in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 36:203–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies D, DeVlaming D, Haines C (2008) Methadone analgesia for children with advanced cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 51:393–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle E, Morton NS, McNicol LR (1994) Comparison of patientcontrolled analgesia in children by iv and sc routes of administration. Br J Anaesth 72:533–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake R, Frost J, Collins JJ (2003) The symptoms of dying children. J Pain Symptom Manage 26:594–603

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drake R, Longworth J, Collins JJ (2004) Opioid rotation in children with cancer. J Pall Med 7:419–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Dübbers A, Boos J (1997) Fakten zur Sedierung von Kindern. Zuckerschwerdt, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Erhan E, Inal MT, Aydinok Y, Balken C, Yegul I (2007) Tramadol infusion for the pain management in sickle cell disease: a case report. Paediatr Anaesth 17:84–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finkel JC, Finley A, Greco C, Weisman SJ, Zeltzer L (2005) Transdermal fentanyl in the management of children with chronic severe pain: results from an international study. Cancer 104:2847–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flower RJ, Vane JR (1972) Inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase in brain explains the anti-pyretic activity of paracetamol (4-acetamidophenol). Nature 240:410–1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedrichsdorf S, Zernikow B (2004) Fentanyl bei der Schmerztherapie von Kindern jenseits des Neugeborenenalters. Kinder und Jugendmedizin 4:168–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Garten L, Bührer C (2012) Reversal of morphine-induced urinary retention after methylnaltrexone. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 97:F151-F153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garten L, Degenhardt P, Bührer C (2011) Resolution of opioidinduced postoperative ileus in a newborn infant after methylnaltrexone. J Pediatr Surg 46:e13-e15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giusiano B, Jimeno MT, Collignon P, Chau Y (1995) Utilization of a neural network in the elaboration of an evaluation scale for pain in cerebral palsy. Methods Inf Med 34:498–502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman A, Chir B (2000) Symptoms and suffering at the end of life in children with cancer [Letter to the editor]. N Engl J Med 342:1998–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granry JC, Rod B, Monrigal JP, Merckx J, Berniere J, Jean N et al. (1997) The analgesic efficacy of an injectable prodrug of acetaminophen in children after orthopaedic surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 7:445–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallett BR, Chalkiadis GA (2012) Suspected opioid-induced hyperalgesia in an infant. Br J Anaesth 108:116–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanks GW, Conno F, Cherny N, Hanna M, Kalso E, McQuai HJ et al. (2001) Expert Working Group of the Research Network of the European Association for Palliative Care. Morphine and alternative opioids in cancer pain: the EAPC recommendations. Br J Cancer 84:587–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen MS, Mathiesen O, Trautner S, Dahl JB (2012) Intranasal fentanyl in the treatment of acute pain: a systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 56:407–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hechler T, Blankenburg M, Friedrichsdorf S, Garske D, Hübner B, Menke A et al. (2008) Parents‘ perspective on symptoms, quality of life, characteristics of death and end-oflife decisions for children dying from cancer. Klin Pädiatr 220:166–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hechler T, Denecke H, Hünseler C, Schroeder S, Zernikow B (2009) Messen und Erfassen von Schmerz. In: Zernikow B (Hrsg) Schmerztherapie bei Kindern, Jungendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen, 4. Aufl. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Heger S, Maier C, Otter K, Helwig U, Suttorp M (1999) Lesson of the week: Morphine induced allodynia in a child with brain tumour. What is allodynia? Br Med J 319:627–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henkel W, Zernikow B (2007) Weniger Schmerzen bei Krebserkrankungen. Informationen für Eltern krebskranker Kinder und Jugendlicher. Deutsche Kinderkrebsstiftung, Bonn

    Google Scholar 

  • Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B (2001) The Faces Pain Scale - Revised: Toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain 93:173–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hockenberry MJ, McCarthy K, Taylor O, Scarberry M, Franklin Q, Louis CU et al. (2011) Managing Painful Procedures in Children With Cancer. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 33:119–27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holdgate A, Cao A, Lo KM (2010) The Implementation of Intranasal Fentanyl for Children in a Mixed Adult and Pediatric Emergency Department Reduces Time to Analgesic Administration. Acad Emerg Med 17:214–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holzman RS, Cullen DJ, Eichhorn JH, Philips JH (1994) Guidelines for sedation by nonanaesthesiologists during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. J Clin Anesth 6:265–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoy SM (2012) Tapentadol Extended Release: In Adults with Chronic Pain. Drugs 72:375–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurwitz ES (1989) Reye´s syndrome. Epidemiol Revue 11:249–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James PJ, Howard RF, Williams DG (2010) The addition of ketamine to a morphine nurse or patient controlled analgesia infusion (PCA/NCA) increases analgesic efficacy in children with mucositis pain. Paediatr Anaesth 20:805–11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jokela R, Ahonen J, Seitsonen E, Marjakangas P, Korttila K (2010) The influence of ondansetron on the analgesic effect of acetaminophen after laparoscopic hysterectomy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 87:672–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keskinbora K, Pekel AF, Aydinli I (2004) The use of gabapentin in a 12-year- old boy with cancer pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 48:663–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotecha RS, Powers N, Lee SJ, Murray KJ, Carter T, Cole C (2010) Use of bisphosphonates for the treatment of osteonecrosis as a complication of therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Pediatr Blood Cancer 54:934–40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovac AL (2007) Management of postoperative nausea and vomiting in children. Paediatr Drugs 9:47–69

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krause I, Cleper R, Eisenstein B, Davidovits M (2005) Acute renal failure, associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in healthy children. Paediatr Nephrol 20:1295–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuttner L (2006) Pain – an integrative approach. In: Goldman A, Hain R, Liben S (Hrsg) Oxford Textbook of Palliative Care in Children. University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee JM, Mooney J (2012) Methylnaltrexone in Treatment of Opioid-induced Constipation in a Pediatric Patient. Clin J Pain 28(4):338:41

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee M, Kern SE, Kisicki JC, Egan TD (2003) A pharmacokinetic study to compare two simultaneous 400 μg doses with a single 800 μg dose of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. J Pain Symptom Manage 26:743–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenton S, Stallard P, Lewis M (2001) Prevalence and morbidity associated with non-malignant, life-threatening conditions in childhood. Child Care Health Dev 27:389–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leroy S, Mosca A, Landre-Peigne C, Cosson MA, Pons G (2007) Ibuprofen in childhood: evidence-based review of efficacy and safety. Archives de Pédiatrie 14:477–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Zuo Y, Dai Y (2012) Children’s seizures caused by continuous intravenous infusion of tramadol analgesia: two rare case reports. Paediatr Anesth 22:308–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackey AC, Green L, Greene P, Avigan M (2010) Methylnaltrexone and gastrointestinal perforation. J Pain Symptom Manage 40:e1-e3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maunuksela EL, Korpela R, Olkkola KT (1988) Double-blind, multiple-dose comparison of buprenorphine and morphine in postoperative pain in children. Br J Anaesth 60:48–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell LG, Kaufmann SC, Bitzer S, Jackson EVJr, McGready J, Kost-Byerly S et al. (2005) The effects of a small-dose naloxone infusion on opioid-induced side effects and analgesia in children and adolescents treated with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia: a double-blind, prospective,  randomized, controlled study. Anesth Analg 100:953–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath PJ, Rosmus C, Canfield MA, Campbell MA, Hennigar A (1998) Behaviours caregivers use to determine pain in non-verbal, cognitively impaired individuals. Dev Med Child neurol 40:340–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mercadante S (2012) Pharmacotherapy for Breakthrough Cancer Pain. Drugs 72:181–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mercadante S, Ferrera P, Adile C, Casuccio A (2011) Fentanyl Buccal Tablets for Breakthrough Pain in Highly Tolerant Cancer Patients: Preliminary Data on the Proportionality Between Breakthrough Pain Dose and Background Dose. J Pain Symptom Manage 42:469

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercadante S, Ferrera P, Villari P, Casuccio A (2005) Rapid switching between transdermal fentanyl and methadone in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 23:5229–34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merker M, Dinges G, Koch T, Kranke P, Morin AM (2012) Unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen von Tapentadol im Vergleich zu Oxycodon. Schmerz 26:16–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer S, Kleinschmidt S (2005) Diagnostische und therapeutische Prozeduren. Sedierung und Analgesie im Kindesalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 153:291–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel E, Zernikow B (2006) Buprenorphineinsatz bei Kindern. Eine klinisch-pharmakologische Übersicht. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 154:799–807

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel E, Anderson BJ, Zernikow B (2011) Buprenorphine TTS for children - a review of the drug‘s clinical pharmacology. Pediatr Anesthes 21:280–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller JL, Hagemann TM (2011) Use of pure opioid antagonists for management of opioid-induced pruritus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 68:1419–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monitto CL, Kost-Byerly S, White E, Lee CKK, Rudek MA, Thompson C et al. (2011) The optimal dose of prophylactic intravenous Naloxone in ameliorating opioid-induced side effects in children receiving intravenous patientcontrolled analgesia morphine for moderate to severe pain: a dose finding study. Anesth Analg 113:834–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno-Izco F, Ruibal M (2006) Myoclonic seizures induced by tramadol in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Rev Neurol 43:255

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morley J, Makin M (1998) The use of methadone in cancer pain poorly responsive to other opioids. Pain Reviews 5:51–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller C, Kremer W, Harlfinger S, Doroshyenko O, Jetter A, Hering F et al. (2006) Pharmacokinetics of piritramide in newborns, infants and young children in intensive care units. Eur J Pediatr 165:229–39

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murat I, Baujard C, Foussat C, Guyot E, Petel H, Rod B et al. (2005) Tolerance and analgesic efficacy of a new i.v. paracetamol solution in children after inguinal hernia repair. Paediatr Anaesth 15:663–70

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nauck F, Ostgathe C, Dickerson ED (2001) A German model for methadone conversion. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 18:200–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nunez-Olarte JM, Varez-Jiménez P (2011) Emerging Opioid Abuse in Terminal Cancer Patients Taking Oral Transmucosal Fentanyl Citrate for Breakthrough Pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 42:e6-e8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ostgathe C, Voltz R, Van Aaaken A, Klein C, Sabatowski R, Nauck F et al. (2011) Practicability, safety, and efficacy of a »German model« for opioid conversion to oral levo-methadone. Support Care Cancer, epub ahead of print:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Passik SD, Messina J, Golsorkhi A, Xie F (2011) Aberrant drugrelated behavior observed during clinical studies involving patients taking chronic opioid therapy for persistent pain and Fentanyl buccal tablet for breakthrough pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 41:125

    Google Scholar 

  • Philippi-Höhne C, Becke K, Wulff B, Schmitz B, Strauß J, Reinhald P (2010) Entschließung zur Analgosedierung für diagnostische und therapeutische Verfahren im Kindesalter. Anästh Intensivmed 51:603–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering G, Loriot MA, Libert F, Eschalier A, Beaune P, Dubray C (2006) Analgesic effect of acetaminophen in humans. First evidence of a central serotonergic effect. Clin Pharmacol Ther 79:371–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce DM, Shipstone E (2012) Pharmacology Update: Tapentadol for Neuropathic Pain. Am J Hosp Pall Med, epub ahead of print

    Google Scholar 

  • Pini LA, Sandrini M, Vitale G (1996) The antinociceptive action of paracetamol is associated with changes in the serotonergic system in the rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 308:31–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pokela ML, Anttilla E, Seppäla T, Olkkola KT (2005) Marked variation in oxycodone pharmacokinetics in infants. Paediatr Anaesth 15:560–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock AB, Tegeler ML, Morgan V, Baumrucker SJ (2011) Morphine to Methadone Conversion: An Interpretation of Published Data. Am J Hosp Pall Med 28:135–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Potschka H, Friderichs E, Löscher W (2000) Anticonvulsant and proconvulsant effects of tramadol, its enantiomers and its M1 metabolite in the rat kindling model of epilepsy. Br J Pharmacol 131:203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhold P, Köster-Oehlmann P (2005) Schmerzhafte interventionelle Eingriffe. In: Zernikow B (Hrsg) Schmerztherapie bei Kindern, 3. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ripamonti C, Groff L, Brunelli C, Polastri D, Stavrakis A, de Conno F (1998) Switching from morphine to oral methadone in treating cancer pain: what is the equianalgesic dose ratio? J Clin Oncol 16:3216–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson WM, Ravilly S, Berde C, Wohl ME (1997) End-of-life care in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr 100:205–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rusy LM, Hainsworth KR, Nelson TJ, Czarnecki ML, Tassone JC, Thometz JG et al. (2010) Gabapentin use in pediatric spinal fusion patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Anaesth Analg 110:1393

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabatowski R, Kasper SM, Radbruch L (2002) Patient-controlled analgesia with intravenous L-methadone in a child with cancer pain refractory to high-dose morphine. J Pain Symptom Manage 23:3–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sallee FR, Nesbitt L, Jackson C, Sine L, Sethuraman G (1997) Relative efficacy of haloperidol and pimozide in children and adolescents with Tourette’s disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154:1057–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders C (1978) The philosophy of terminal care. In: Saunders C (Hrsg) The Management of terminal disease. Arnold, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Savino F, Lupica MM, Tarasco V, Locatelli E, Garazzino S, Tovo PA (2011) Fulminant Hepatitis After 10 days of Acetaminophen treatment at recommended dosage in an infant. Pediatr 127:e494-e497

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiessl C, Gravou C, Zernikow B, Sittl R, Griessinger N (2008a) Use of patient-controlled analgesia for pain control in dying children. Support Care Cancer 16:531–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiessl C, Sittl R, Griessinger N, Lutter N, Schuettler J (2008b) Intravenous morphine consumption in outpatients with cancer during their last week of life-an analysis based on patient-controlled analgesia data. Support Care Cancer 16:917–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Shannon M, Berde CB (1989) Pharmacologic management of pain in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am 36:855–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siden H (2007) The boy who refused an IV: a case report of subcutaneous clodronate for bone pain in a child with Ewing Sarcoma. J Med Case Rep 1:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Siden H, Nalewajek V (2003) High dose opioids in pediatric palliative care. J Pain Symptom Manage 25:397–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh NK, Haleem S, Gupta V, Ansari MM, Khan AQ, MohGÇÖd M (2009) Tramadol induced seizure. Is Isoniazid the culprit? Neurosciences 14:294–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirkiä K, Hovi L, Pouttu J, Saarinen-Pihkala UM (1998) Pain medication during terminal care of children with cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 15:220–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sirkiä K, Saarinen UM, Ahlgren B, Hovi L (1997) Terminal care of the child with cancer at home. Acta Paediatr 86:1125–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slatkin N, Thomas J, Lipman AG, Wilson G, Boatwright ML, Wellman C et al. (2009) Methylnaltrexone for treatment of opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness patients. J Support Oncol 7:39–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slatkin NE, Lynn R, Su C, Wang W, Israel RJ (2011) Characterization of Abdominal Pain During Methylnaltrexone Treatment of Opioid-Induced Constipation in Advanced Illness: A Post Hoc Analysis of Two Clinical Trials. J Pain Symptom Manage 42:754–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith ER (2000) Research design. In: Reis HT, Judd CM (eds) Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology. University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Squires RHjr, Shneider BL, Bucuvalas J, Alonso E, Sokol RJ, Narkewicz MR et al. (2006) Acute liver failure in children: the first 348 patients in the pediatric acute liver failure study group. J Pediatr 148:652–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stamer U, Stüber F (2004) Pharmakogenetik und pädiatrische Schmerztherapie. Kinder und Jugendmedizin 4:161–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Staritz M (1988) Pharmacology of the sphincter of Oddi. Endoscopy 20:171–4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tazeroualti N, De Groote F, De Hert S, De Ville A, Dierick A, Van Der Linden P (2007) Oral clonidine vs midazolam in the prevention of sevoflurane-induced agitation in children. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Br J Anaesth 98:667–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas J, Karver S, Cooney GA, Chamberlain BH, Watt CK, Slatkin NE et al. (2008) Methylnaltrexone for Opioid-Induced Constipation in Advanced Illness. N Engl J Med 358:2332–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thwaites D, McCann S, Broderick P (2004) Hydromorphone neuroexcitation. J Pall Med 7:545–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Tjolsen A, Lund A, Hole K (1991) Antinociceptive effect of paracetamol in rats is partly dependent on spinal serotonergic systems. Eur J Pharmacol 193:193–201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsao JC, Zeltzer L (2005) Complementary and alternative medicine approaches for pediatric pain: A review of the State-of-the-science. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2:149–59

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsui BC, Davies D, Desai S, Malherbe S (2004) Intravenous ketamine infusion as an adjuvant to morphine in a 2-yearold with severe cancer pain from metastatic neuroblastoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 26:678–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Voorthuizen T, Helmers JH, Tjoeng MM, Otten MH (2000) Meperidine (pethidine) outdated as analgesic in acute pancreatitis. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 144:656–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Von Lützau P, Hechler T, Herzog S, Menke A, Zernikow B (2011) Pädiatrische Schmerztherapie Wie ist der Wissensstand von Pflegenden? Schmerz 25:423–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Vondracek P, Oslejskova H, Kepak T, Mazanek P, Sterba J, Rysava M et al. (2009) Efficacy of pregabalin in neuropathic pain in paediatric oncological patients. Eur J Paed Neurol 13:1–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner S, Poirot I, Vuillerot C, Berard C (2011) Tolerance and effectiveness on pain control of Pamidronate – intravenous infusions in children with neuromuscular disorders. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 54:348–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watterson G, Howard R, Goldmann A (2004) Peripheral opioids in inflammatory pain. Arch Dis Child 89:679–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisman SJ, Bernstein B, Schechter NL (1998) Consequences of inadequate analgesia during painful procedures in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 152:147–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White KS, Craft JM, Gervino EV (2010a) Anxiety and hypervigilance to cardiopulmonary sensations in non-cardiac chest pain patients with and without psychiatric disorders. Behav Res Ther 48:394–401

    Google Scholar 

  • White MC, Hommers C, Parry S, Stoddart PA (2010b) Pain management in 100 episodes of severe mucositis in children. Paediatr Anaesthes 20:805–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilens TE, Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Geller B, Schleifer D, Spencer TJ et al. (1996) Cardiovascular effects of therapeutic doses of tricyclic antidepressants in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35:1491–501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe J, Grier HE, Klar N, Levin SB, Ellenbogen JM, Salem- Schatz S et al. (2000) Symptoms and suffering at the end of life in children with cancer. N Engl J Med 342: 326–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe J, Hammel JF, Edwards KE, Duncan J, Comeau M, Breyer J et al. (2008) Easing of suffering in children with cancer at the end of life: Is care changing? J Clin Oncol 26:1717

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation (1998) Cancer pain relief and palliative care in children. World Health Organisation in collaboration with the International Association for the Study of Pain, Genova

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright AW, Nocente ML, Smith MT (1998) Hydromorphone- 3-glucuronide: biochemical synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation. Life Sci 63:401–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright J, Vaze P, Russell G, Gundry SW, Ferro-Luzzi A, Mucavele P et al. (2001) Seasonal aspects of weight-for-age in young children in Zimbabwe. Pub Health Nutr 4:757–64

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yarkan Uysal H, Bilimgut B, Dikmen B, Inan N, Ulger G, Eruyar S (2011) Epileptic Seizure Following IV Tramadol in a Patient with Mental Retardation and Cerebellar Ataxia. Pain Med 12:833–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaster M, Krane EJ, Kaplan RF, Coté CJ, Lappe DG (1997) Pediatric pain and sedation handbook. Mosby, St Louis

    Google Scholar 

  • Zanette G, Manani G, Giusti F, Pittoni G, Ori C (1996) Respiratory depression following administration of low dose buprenorphine as postoperative analgesic after fentanyl balanced anaesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 6:419–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeltzer LK, Altman A, Cohen D (1990) Consensus Conference on the Management of Pain in Childhood Cancer – Report of the Subcommittee on the Management of Pain Associated with Procedures in Children with Cancer. Pediatr 5:826–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Zempsky WT, Loiselle KA, Corsi JM, Hagstrom JN (2010) Use of low-dose ketamine infusion for pediatric patients with sickle cell disease-related pain: a case series. Clin J Pain 26:163–7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zernikow B, Bauer A, Andler W (2001) Schmerztherapie in der pädiatrischen Onkologie – Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Schmerz 16:140–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Zernikow B, Dietz B (2003) Schmerzerkennung, -messung und -therapie bei Kindern mit kognitiver und körperlicher Behinderung. Neuropädiatrie in Klinik und Praxis 2:12–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Zernikow B (Hrsg), Friedrichsdorf S, Wamsler C, Michel E (2002) Schmerztherapie und palliative Versorgung krebskranker Kinder. Vestische Kinderklinik Datteln – Universität Witten/Herdecke, Datteln

    Google Scholar 

  • Zernikow B, Lindena G (2001) Long acting morphine for pain control in paediatric oncology. Pediatr Oncol 36:451–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zernikow B, Meyerhoff U, Michel E, Wiesel T, Hasan C, Janssen G et al. (2005a) Pain in pediatric oncology – children’s and parents‘ perspectives. Eur J Pain 9:395–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Zernikow B, Michel E, Anderson BJ (2007) Transdermal fentanyl in childhood and adolescence: a comprehensive literature review. J Pain 8:187–207

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zernikow B, Michel E, Craig F, Anderson BJ (2009) Pediatric palliative care: Use of opioids for the management of pain. Paediatric Drugs 11:129–51

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zernikow B, Schiessl C, Wamsler C, Grießinger N, Sittl R (2005b) Opioidtherapie chronischer Schmerzen bei Kindern – Fallbesprechungen. Schmerz 19:418–25

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zernikow B, Smale H, Michel E, Hasan C, Jorch N, Andler W (2006) Paediatric cancer pain management using the WHO analgesic ladder - results of a prospective analysis from 2265 treatment days during a quality improvement study. Eur J Pain 10:587–95

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/guide_on_pain/en/index.html. Abgerufen 17.05.2012

  • http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/btmvv_1998/gesamt.pdf. Abgerufen 04.04.2012

  • http://www.bfarm.de. Abgerufen 07.04.2012

  • http://www.ppprofile.org.uk. Abgerufen 12.05.2012

  • http://www.schmerzzentrum.klinikum.uni-erlangen.de/e1799/e386/e528/index_ger.html. Abgerufen 17.05.2012

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zernikow, B., Hasan, C., Baumann-Köhler, M., Blankenburg, M. (2013). Praktische Schmerztherapie. In: Zernikow, B. (eds) Palliativversorgung von Kindern, Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29610-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29610-9_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-29609-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-29610-9

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics