Abstract
Behavior appears to be motivated either from “within” (intrinsic) or from “without” (extrinsic). This distinction is nearly as old as the empirical research in motivation itself. It seems to arise whenever researchers examine behavior that serves to satisfy a physiological need or avoids an aversive body state and then attempt to attribute behavior, its modification (learning), and its underlying motivation to external behavioral consequences in the form of reinforcement — reward, nonreward, and punishment. This radical instrumental conception, which ultimately views behavior only as the organism’s means of mastering homeostatic crises to seek pleasure and avoid displeasure, has regularly been challenged, particularly when results from animal experiments were indiscriminately applied to humans.
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© 1991 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Heckhausen, H. (1991). Expanded Perspectives. In: Motivation and Action. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75961-1_15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75961-1_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-75963-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-75961-1
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