Zusammenfassung
Traumaanamnese: Hat ein Trauma stattgefunden? Wenn ja:
-
Wann hat das Trauma stattgefunden?
-
Bei welcher Tätigkeit (Sport, Spiel, Alltag)?
-
Direktes oder indirektes Trauma?
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Literatur
Andersson GB (1981) Epidemiologic aspects on low-back pain in industry. Spine 6: 53–60
Debrunner AM (1994) Orthopädie — orthopädische Chirurgie. Huber, Bern
Ebrall PS (1994) The epidemiology of male adolescent low back pain in a north suburban population of Melbourne, Australia. J Manipul Physiol Ther 17: 447–53
Frymoyer JW, Pope MH, Costanza MC, Rosen JC, Goggin JE, Wilder DG (1980) Epidemiologic studies of low-back pain. Spine 5: 419–23
Masset D, Malchaire J (1994) Low back pain. Epidemiologic aspects and work-related factors in the steel industry. Spine 19: 143–6
Matthiass HH (1957) Reifung und Entwicklung in ihren Beziehungen zu Leistungsstörungen des Haltungs- und Bewegungsapparates. In: Handbuch der Orthopädie, Bd I. Thieme, Stuttgart
McMaster MJ, MacNicol MF (1979) The management of progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 61: 36–42
McMaster MJ (1983) Infantile idiopathic scoliosis: Can it be prevented? J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 612–7
Mehta MH (1972) The rib-vertebra angle in the early diagnosis between resolving and progressive infantile scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 54: 230–43
Rohrer MH, Santos-Eggimann B, Paccaud F, Haller-Maslov E (1994) Epidemiologic study of low back pain in 1398 Swiss conscripts between and 1985 and 1992. Eur Spine J 3: 2–7
Rothman RH, Simenone FA (1992) The spine. Saunders, Philadelphia
Toroptsova NV, Benevolenskaya LI, Karyakin AN, Sergeev IL, Erdesz S (1995) „Cross-sectional“ study of low back pain among workers at an industrial enterprise in Russia. Spine 20: 328–32
von Lanz T, Wachsmuth W (1982) Praktische Anatomic Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Wynne-Davis R (1975) Infantile idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 57: 138–41
Allington NJ, Bowen JR (1996) Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Treatment with the Wilmington brace. A comparison of full-time and part-time use. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 78: 1056–62
Anciaux M, Lenaert A, Van Beneden ML, Blonde W, Vercau-teren M (1991) Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TCES) for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: preliminary results. Acta Orthop Belg 57: 399–405
Archer IA, Dickson RA (1985) Stature and idiopathic scoliosis. A prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67: 185–8
Ascani E, Bartolozzi P, Logroscino CA, Marchetti PG, Ponte A, Savini R (1986) Natural history of untreated idiopathic scoliosis after skeletal maturity. Spine 11: 784–9
Bassett GS, Bunnell WP, Mac Ewen GD (1986) Treatment of idiopathic scoliosis with the Wilmington brace. Results in patients with a twenty to thirty-nine-degree curve. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 68: 602–605
Beguiristain JL, Gilli R, Canadell J (1991) The role of the neurocentral cartilage. Idiopathic scoliosis update. In: Canadell J, Forriol F, Cara JA (eds) Basic research and clinical concepts. Pamplona, 24. 10–26. 10 University of Navarra Medical School Publication, pp 41–51
Blount WP, Schmidt AC, Bidwell RG (1958) Making the Milwaukee brace. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 40: 523–530
Bradford DS (1987) Techniques of surgery. In: Bradford DS, Lonstein JE, Ogilvie JE, Winter RB (eds) Moe’s Textbook of Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 135
Braunewell A, Dehe W, Schmitt E, Mentzos S (1987) Psychodynamische Aspekte von Korsettbehandlungen bei Jugendlichen. Z Orthop 125: 132–4
Bridwell KH, McAllister JW, Betz RR, Huss G, Clancy M, Schoenecker PL (1991) Coronal decompensation produced by Cotrel-Dubousset „denotation“ maneuver for idiopathic right thoracic scoliosis. Spine 16: 769–77
Brown JC, Axelgaard J, Howson DC (1984) Multicenter trial of a noninvasive stimulation method for idiopathic scoliosis. A summary of early treatment results. Spine 9: 382–7
Bunnell WP (1984) An objective criterion for scoliosis screening. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 1381–7
Bunnell WP (1993) Outcome of spinal screening. Spine 18: 1572–80
Bylund P, Jansson E, Dahlberg E, Eriksson E (1987) Muscle fiber types in thoracic erector spinae muscles. Fiber types in idiopathic and other forms of scoliosis. Clin Orthop 214: 222–8
Byrd JA (1988) Current theories on the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Orthop 229: 114–9
Carman D, Roach JW, Speck G, Wenger DR, Herring JA (1985) Role of exercises in the Milwaukee brace treatment of scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 5: 65–8
Carr AJ, Jefferson RJ, Turner-Smith AR (1993) Family stature in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 18: 20–3
Clayson D, Luz-Alterman S, Cataletto MM, Levine DB (1987) Long-term psychological sequelae of surgically versus nonsurgically treated scoliosis. Spine 12: 983–6
Cobb JR (1948) Outline for the study of scoliosis. In: Instructional course lectures, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, vol 5. Edwards, Ann Arbor Mich
Connolly PJ, Von Schroeder HP, Johnson GE, Kostuik JP (1995) Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Long-term effect of instrumentation extending to the lumbar spine. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 77: 1210–6
Cotrel Y, Dubousset J (1984) Nouvelle technique d’osteo-synthese rachidienne segmentaire par voie posterieure. Rev Chir Orthop 70: 489–94
Cruickshank JL, Koike M, Dickson RA (1989) Curve patterns in idiopathic scoliosis. A clinical and radiographic study. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 259–63
Cundy PJ, Paterson DC, Hillier TM, Sutherland AD, Stephen JP, Foster BK (1990) Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentaion and vertebral rotation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 72: 670–4
Davies AG, McMaster MJ (1992) The effect of Luque-rod instrumentation on the sagittal contour of the lumbosacral spine in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and the preservation of a physiologic lumbar lordosis. Spine 17: 112–5
De Hart MM, Lauerman WC, Conely AH, Roettger RH, West JL, Cain JE (1994) Management of retroperitoneal chylous leakage. Spine 19: 716–8
De Salis J, Beguiristain JL, Canadell J (1991) Disorders of the vertebral blood supply. Idiopathic scoliosis update. In: Canadell J, Forriol F, Cara JA (eds) Basic research and clinical concepts. Pamplona, 24. 10–26. 10. 1991. University of Navarra Medical School Publication, pp 71–83
Deacon P, Berkin CR, Dickson RA (1985) Combined idiopathic kyphosis and scoliosis. An analysis of the lateral spinal curvatures associated with Scheuermann’s disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67: 189–92
Deacon P, Archer IA, Dickson RA (1987) The anatomy of spinal deformity: a biomechanical analysis. Orthopedics 10: 897–903
Di Raimondo CV, Green NE (1988) Brace-wear compliance in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 143–6
Dickson RA, Lawton JD, Archer IA, Butt WP (1984) The pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 66: 8–15
Dickson JH, Erwin WD, Rossi D (1990) Harrington instrumentation and arthrodesis for idiopathic scoliosis. A twenty-one-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 678–83
Dubousset J, Cotrel Y (1989) Die CD-Instrumentation in der Behandlung von Wirbelsäulendeformitäten. Orthopäde 18: 118–27
Dubousset J, Herring JA, Shufflebarger H (1989) The crankshaft phenomenon. J Pediatr Orthop 9: 541–50
Durham JW, Moskowitz A, Whitney J (1990) Surface electrical Stimulation versus brace in treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 15: 888–92
Dwyer AF, Newton NC, Sherwood AA (1969) An anterior approach to scoliosis-preliminary report. Clin Orthop 62: 192–202
Ecker ML, Betz RR, Trent PS et al. (1988) Computer tomography evaluation of Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 13: 1141–4
Edelmann P (1992) Brace treatment in idiopathic scoliosis. Acta Orthop Belg 58 (Suppl 1): 85–90
Edgar MA (1987) The natural history of unfused scoliosis. Orthopedics 10: 931–9
Edgar MA, Mehta MH (1988) Long-term follow-up of fused and unfused idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 70: 712–6
Emans JB, Kaelin A, Bancel P, Hall JE, Miller ME (1986) The Boston bracing system for idiopathic scoliosis. Follow-up results in 295 patients. Spine 11: 792–801
Evans SC, Edgar MA, Hall-Craggs MA, Powell MP, Taylor B, Norrdeen H (1996) MRI of „idiopathic“ juvenile scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 78: 314–7
Fabry G, Van Melkebeek J, Bockx E (1989) Back pain after Harrington rod instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 14: 620–4
Fallstrom K, Cochran T, Nachemson A (1986) Long-term effects on personality development in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Influence of type of treatment. Spine 11: 756–8
Focarile FA, Bonaldi A, Giarolo MA, Ferrari U, Zilioli E, Ottaviani C (1991) Effectiveness of nonsurgical treatment for idiopathic scoliosis. Overview of available evidence. Spine 16: 395–401
Ford DM, Bagnall KM, Clements CA, McFadden KD (1988) Muscle spindles in the paraspinal musculature of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 13: 461–5
Friberg O, Nurminen M, Korhonen K, Soininen E, Manttari T (1988) Accuracy and precision of clinical estimation of leg length inequality and lumbar scoliosis: comparison of clinical and radiological measurements. Int Disabil Stud 10: 49–53
Giehl JP, Zielke K, Hack HP (1989) Die ventrale Derotati-onsspondylodese nach Zielke. Z Orthop 18: 101–17
Hagglund G, Karlberg J, Willner S (1992) Growth in girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 17: 108–111
Hall JH, Miller ME, Shumann W, Stanish W (1975) A refined concept in the orthoptic management of scoliosis. Orthot Prothet 19: 7–15
Harrington PR (1962) Treatment of scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg 44: 591
Harrington PR, Dickson JH (1973) An eleven-year clinical investigation of Harrington instrumentation. A preliminary report of 578 cases. Clin Orthop 93: 113–130
Hayes MA, Tompkins SF, Herndon WA, Gruel CR, Kopta JA, Howard TC (1988) Clinical and radiological evaluation of lumbosacral motion below fusion levels in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 13: 1161–1167
Hefti FL, Hartzeil CR, Pizzutillo PD, MacEwen GD (1983) Dot pattern analysis for back shape measurement in scoliosis. In: Drerup B, Frobin W, Hierholzer E (eds) Moire Fringe Topography. Fischer, Stuttgart New York, pp 189–98
Hefti FL, McMaster MJ (1983) The effect of the adolescent growth spurt on early posterior spinal fusion in infantile and juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 247–54
Hefti F (1996) Primäre Rippenbuckelresektion bei der operativen Behandlung der idiopathischen thorakalen Adoles-zentenskoliose. In: Stücker R, Reichelt A (Hrsg) Die kindliche Wirbelsäule. Sympomed, München, S 194–9
Heine J, Götze HG (1985) Endergebnisse der konservativen Behandlung der Skoliose mit dem Milwaukee-Korsett. Z Orthop 123: 323–37
Hibbs RA (1921) An operation for progressive spinal deformities. A preliminary report of three cases from the service of the Orthopaedic Hospital. NY State J Med 93: 1911
Hibbs RA (1924) A report of fifty-nine cases of scoliosis treated by the fusion operation. J Bone Joint Surg 6: 3
Hoikka V, Ylikoski M, Tallroth K (1989) Leg-length inequality has poor correlation with lumbar scoliosis. A radiological study of 100 patients with chronic low-back pain. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 108: 173–5
Hopf C, Heine J (1985) Langzeitergebnisse der konservativen Behandlung der Skoliose mit dem Cheneau-Korsett. Z Orthop 123: 312–22
entfällt
Howell FR, Dickson RA (1989) The deformity of idiopathic scoliosis made visible by computer graphics. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 399–403
Howell FR, Mahood JK, Dickson RA (1992) Growth beyond skeletal maturity. Spine 17: 437–40
Hsu JD, Slager UT, Swank SM, Robinson MH (1988) Idiopathic scoliosis: a clinical, morphometric, and histopathologi-cal correlation. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 147–52
Jackson RP, Simmons EH, Stripius D (1983) Incidence and severity of back pain in adult idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 8: 749–56
Jansson E, Sylven C, Bylund P (1990) Myoglobin and enzyme adaptations in erector spinae muscles in thoracal scoliosis. Clin Physiol 10: 539–43
Kahanovitz N, Weiser S (1989) The psychological impact of idiopathic scoliosis on the adolescent female. A preliminary multi-center study. Spine 14: 483–5
Karol LA, Johnston CE, Browne RH, Madison M (1993) Progression of the curve in boys who have idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1804–10
Kennelly KP, Stokes MJ (1993) Pattern of asymmetry of paraspinal muscle size in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis examined by real-time ultrasound imaging. A preliminary study. Spine 18: 913–7
King HA, Moe JE, Bradford DS, Winter RB (1983) The selection of fusion levels omn thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 1302–13
entfällt
Korovessis PG, Stamatakis MV (1996) Prediction of scoliotic Cobb angle with the use of the scoliometer. Spine 21: 1661–6
Krismer M, Bauer R, Sterzinger W (1992) Scoliosis correction by Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. The effect of derotation and three dimensional correction. Spine 17: 263–9
Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Baldus C, Blanke K (1992) Preventing decompensation in King type II curves treated with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Strict guidelines for selective thoracic fusion. Spine 17: (Suppl): 274–81
Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Baldus C, Blanke K, Schoenecker PL (1992) Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 1056–67
Lonstein JE, Carlson JM (1984) The prediction of curve progression in untreated idiopathic scoliosis during growth. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 1061–71
Lowe TG, Peters JD (1993) Anterior spinal fusion with Zielke instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis. A frontal and sagittal curve analysis in 36 patients. Spine 18: 423–6
Luk KD, Lee FB, Leong JC, Hsu LC (1987) The effect on the lumbosacral spine of long spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. A minimum 10-year follow-up. Spine 12: 996–1000
Luque ER (1982) The anatomic basis and development of segmental spinal instrumentation. Spine 7: 256–9
Luque ER (1989) Segmental spinal instrumentation (SSI) bei neuromuskulären Skoliosen. Orthopäde 18: 128–33
Machida M, Dubousset J, Imamura Y, Iwaya T, Yamada T, Kimura J, Toriyama S (1994) Pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis. SEPs in chicken with experimentally induced scoliosis and in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 329–35
MacLean WE Jr, Green NE, Pierre CB, Ray DC (1989) Stress and coping with scoliosis: psychological effects on adolescents and their families. J Pediatr Orthop 9: 257–61
Mason DE, Carango P (1991) Spinal decompensation in Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Spine 16: (Suppl): S 394–403
Matzen KA (1988) Ergebnisse der operativen Skoliosetherapie. Z Orthop 126: 91–9
Mau H, Nebinger G (1987) Die Skoliose als Begleiterkrankung der Syringomyelic. Z Orthop 125: 567–75
McAfee PC, Farey ID, Sutterlin CE, Gurr KR, Warden KE, Cunningham BW (1989) Device-related osteoporosis with spinal instrumentation. Spine 14: 919–26
McMaster MJ, MacNicol MF (1979) The management of progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 61: 36–42
McMaster MJ (1983) Infantile idiopathic scoliosis: Can it be prevented? J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 612–7
McMaster M (1991) Luque rod instrumentation in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A comparative study with Harrington instrumentation. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 982–9
Mehta MH (1972) The rib-vertebral angle in early diagnosis between resolving and progressive infantile scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 54: 230–43
Miller JA, Nachemson AL, Schultz AB (1984) Effectiveness of braces in mild idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 9: 632–5
Moe JH, Winter RB, Bradford DS, Lonstein JE (1978) Scoliosis and other spinal deformities. Saunders, Philadelphia London Toronto
Montgomery F, Willner S (1989) Prognosis of brace-treated scoliosis. Comparison of the Boston and Milwaukee methods in 244 girls. Acta Orthop Scand 60: 383–5
Montgomery F, Willner S, Appelgren G (1990) Long-term follow-up of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treated conservatively: an analysis of the clinical value of progression. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 48–52
Morscher E (1972) A modification of Harrington’s operative technique in scoliosis. Proceedings of the 12th Congress of the Internat. Soc. of Orthop. Surg, and Traumat. , Tel Aviv. Excerpta Med 11: 2–5
Moskowitz A, Moe JH, Winter RB, Binner H (1980) Long-term follow-up of scoliosis fusion. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 62: 364–76
Moskowitz A, Trommanhauser S (1993) Surgical and clinical results of scoliosis surgery using Zielke instrumentation. Spine 18: 2444–51
Nachemson A (1968) A long-term follow-up study of the non-treated scoliosis. Acta Orthop Scand 39: 466–76
Nachemson AL, Peterson LE (1995) Effectivness of treatment with a brace in girls who have adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 77: 815–22
Nakai S, Zielke K (1986) Chylothorax — a rare complication after anterior and posterior spinal correction. Report on six cases. Spine 11: 830–3
Nash C, Moe J (1969) A study of vertebral rotation. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 51: 223
Padua S, Aulisa L, Fieri C (1983) The progression of idiopathic scoliosis after removal of Harrington instrumentation following spinal fusion. Int Orthop 7: 85–9
Paonessa KJ, Engler GL (1992) Back pain and disability after Harrington rod fusion to the lumbar spine for scoliosis. Spine 17 (8 Suppl): S249–53
Perdriolle R (1979) La scoliose: Son étude tridimensio-nelle. Malrine, Paris
Perdriolle R, Vidal J (1985) Thoracic idiopathic scoliosis curve evolution and prognosis. Spine 10: 785–91
Phillips WA, Hensinger RN, Kling TF Jr (1990) Management of scoliosis due to syringomyelia in childhood and adolescence. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 351–4
Piazza MR, Bassett GS (1990) Curve progression after treatment with the Wilmington brace for idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 39–43
Refsum HE, Naess-Andresen CF, Lange JE (1990) Pulmonary function and gas exchange at rest and exercise in adolescent girls with mild idiopathic scoliosis during treatment with Boston thoracic brace. Spine 15: 420–3
Richards BS (1992) Measurement error in assessment of vertebral rotation using the Perdriolle torsionmeter. Spine 17: 513–7
Risser JC (1955) The application of body casts for the correction of scoliosis. Am Acad Orthop Surg Instr Course Lect 12: 255f.
Risser JC (1958) The iliac apophysis: An invaluable sign in the management of scoliosis. Clin Orthop 11: 111
Robinson CM, McMaster MJ (1996) Juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 78: 1140–48
Roy EP 3d, Gutmann L, Riggs JE, Jones ET, Byrd JA, Ringel RA (1988) Intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential monitoring in scoliosis. Clin Orthop 229: 94–8
Roye DP Jr, Farcy JP, Rickert JB, Godfried D (1992) Results of spinal instrumentation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by King type. Spine 17 (Suppl): 270–3
Samuelsson L, Lindell D, Kogler H (1991) Spinal cord and brain stem anomalies in scoliosis. Acta Orthop Scand 62: 403–6
Sanders JO, Herring JA, Browne RH (1995) Posterior arthrodesis and instrumentation in the immature (Ris-ser-grade-0) spine in idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 77: 39–45
Schneider E, Niethard FU, Schiek H, Carstens C, Pfeil J (1991) Wie idiopathisch ist die idiopathische Skoliose? Ergebnisse neurologischer Untersuchungen mit somato-sensorisch evozierten Potentialen (SSEP) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Z Orthop 129: 355–61
Shen YS, Cheung CY, Nilsen PT (1989) Chylous leakage after arthrodesis using the anterior approach to the spine. Report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 1250–1
Shufflebarger HL, Clark CE (1990) Fusion levels and hook patterns in thoracic scoliosis with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Spine 15: 916–20
Somerville EW (1952) Rotational lordosis: The development of the single curve. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 34: 421–7
Szalay EA, Roach JW, Smith H, Maravilla K, Partain CL (1987) Magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord in spinal dysraphisms. J Pediatr Orthop 7: 541–5
Takasaki H (1970) Moiré Topography. Appl Optics 9: 1467–72
Thomas KA, Cook SD, Skalley TC et al. (1992) Lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density in idiopathic scoliosis: A follow-up study. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 235–40
Tredwell SJ, Bannon M (1988) The use of the ISIS optical scanner in the management of the braced adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patient. Spine 13: 1104–5
Turner-Smith AR, Harris JD, Houghton GR, Jefferson RJ (1988) A method for analysis of back shape in scoliosis. J Biomech 21: 497–509
Valentin B (1961) Geschichte der Orthopädie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 18f.
Walker AP, Dickson RA (1984) School screening and pelvic tilt scoliosis. Lancet 21: 152–3
Weinstein SL, Zavala DC, Ponseti IV (1981) Idiopathic scoliosis. A long-term follow-up and prognosis in untreated patients. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 63: 702–12
Weinstein SL, Ponseti IV (1983) Curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 447–55
Weisz I, Jefferson RJ, Carr AJ, Turner-Smith AR, Mclner-ney A, Houghton GR (1989) Back shape in brace treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Orthop 240: 157–63
Wenger DR, Mubarak SJ, Leach J (1992) Managing complications of posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion. Clin Orthop 284: 24–33
Wilber G, Thompson GH, Shaffer JW, Brown RH, Nash CL (1984) Postoperative neurological deficits in segmental spinal instrumentation. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 1178–87
Willers U, Hedlund R, Aaro S, Normelli H, Westman L (1993) Long-term results of Harrington instrumentation in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 18: 713–7
Willers U, Normelli H, Aaro S, Svensson O, Hedlund R (1993) Long-term results of Boston brace treatment on vertebral rotation in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 18: 432–435
Willner S (1984) Effect of the Boston thoracic brace on the frontal and sagittal curves of the spine. Acta Orthop Scand 55: 457–460
Winter RB, Lonstein JE (1989) Adult idiopathic scoliosis treated with Luque or Harrington rods and sublaminar wiring. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 1308
Wojcik AS, Webb JK, Burwell RG (1990) An analysis of the effect of the Zielke operation on S-shaped curves in idiopathic scoliosis. A follow-up study revealing some skeletal and soft tissue factors involved in curve progression. Spine 15: 816–821
Wojcik AS, Webb JK, Burwell RG (1990) Harrington-Luque and Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation for idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. A postoperative comparison using segmental radiologic analysis. Spine 15: 424–431
Wood KB, Transfeldt EE, Ogilvie JW, Schendel MJ, Bradford DS (1991) Rotational changes of the vertebral-pelvic axis following Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Spine 16 (8 Suppl): S 404–8
Wright J, Herbert MA, Velazquez R, Bobechko WP (1992) Morphologic and histochemical characteristics of skeletal muscle after long-term intramuscular electrical stimulation. Spine 17: 767–770
Yamauchi Y, Yamaguchi T, Asaka Y (1988) Prediction of curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis based on initial roentgenograms. A proposal of an equation. Spine 13: 1258–1261
Zielke K, Stunkat R, Duquesne J, Beaujean F (1975) Vent-rale Derotationsspondylodese. Orthop Praxis 11: 562f.
Ascani E, Giglio G, Salsano V (1979) Scoliosis screening in Rome. In: Zorab PA, Siegler D (eds) Scoliosis. Academic Press, New York, p 39
Aufdermauer M (1981) Juvenile kyphosis (Scheuermann’s disease): Radiography, histology, and pathogenesis. Clin Orthop 154: 166–74.
Aufdermaur M, Spycher M (1986) Pathogenesis of osteochondrosis juvenilis Scheuermann. Orthop Relat Res 4: 452–7
Blumenthal SL, Roach J, Herring JA (1987) Lumbar Scheuermann’s. A clinical series and classification. Spine 12: 929–32
Bradford DS, Moe JH, Montalvo FJ, Winter RB (1974) Scheuermann’s kyphosis and roundback deformity. Results of Milwaukee brace treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 56: 740–58
Bradford DS (1977) Juvenile kyphosis. Clin Orthop 128: 45–55
Bradford DS (1981) Vertebral osteochondrosis (Scheuermann’s kyphosis). Clin Orthop 158: 83–90
Deacon P, Berkin CR, Dickson RA (1985) Combined idiopathic kyphosis and scoliosis. An analysis of the lateral spinal curvatures associated with Scheuermann’s disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67: 189–92
Gilsanz V, Gibbens DT, Carlson M, King J (1989) Vertebral bone density in Scheuermann disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 894–7
Hefti F, Jani L (1981) Behandlung des M. Scheuermann mit dem Milwaukee-Korsett. Z Orthop 19: 185–92
Hefti F, Morscher E (1985) Die Belastbarkeit des wachsenden Bewegungsapparates. Schweiz Z Sportmed 33: 77–84
Hefti F (1987) M. Scheuermann. Ther Umsch 44: 764–70
Hensinger RN (1989) Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 1098–107
Krahe T, Zielke K (1986) Vergleich der Lordosierungseffekte an der Brustwirbelsäule durch Verwendung des Milwaukee-und des Gschwend-Korsettes bei Skoliosen und Kyphosen. Z Orthop 124: 613–8
Kuhlenbaeumer C (1978) Geschwisteruntersuchungen beim Scheuermann-Syndrom. Z Orthop 116: 573–4
Lopez RA, Burke SW, Levine DB, Schneider R (1988) Osteoporosis in Scheuermann’s disease. Spine 13: 1099–103
Murray PM, Weinstein SL, Spratt KF (1993) The natural history and long-term follow-up of Scheuermann kyphosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 236–48
Nitzschke E, Hildenbrand M (1990) Die Epidemiologie des Rundrückens bei Schulkindern. Z Orthop 128: 477–81
Räder K (1987) Die Behandlung des M. Scheuermann mit dem aktiv-passiven Aufrichtungskorsett nach Gschwend. Z Orthop 125: 358–62
Sachs B, Bradford D, Winter R, Lonstein J, Moe J, Willson S (1987) Scheuermann kyphosis. Follow-up of Milwaukee-brace treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 69: 50–7
Scheuermann HW (1921) Kyphosis dorsalis juvenilis. Z Orthop Chir 41: 305
Schmorl G (1930) Die Pathogenese der juvenilen Kyphose. Geb Röntgenstr Nuklearmed 41: 359
Skogland LB, Steen H, Trygstad O (1985) Spinal deformities in tall girls. Acta Orthop Scand 56: 155–7
Sörensen HK (1964) Scheuermann’s juvenile kyphosis. Munksgaard, Copenhagen
Albanese M, Pizzutillo PD (1982) Family study of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. J Pediatr Orthop 2: 496–9
Annertz M, Holtas S, Cronqvist S, Jonsson B, Stromqvist B (1990) Isthmic lumbar spondylolisthesis with sciatica. MR imaging vs myelography. Acta Radiol 31: 449–53
Blasier RD, Monson RC (1987) Acquired spondylolysis after posterolateral spinal fusion. J Pediatr Orthop 7: 215–7
Capasso G, Maffulli N, Testa V (1992) Inter- and intratester reliability of radiographic measurements of spondylolisthesis. Acta Orthop Belg 58: 188–92
Capasso G, Zanchini M (1987) A new method for the radiographic evaluation of spondylolisthesis. Ital J Orthop Trau-matol 13: 227–33
Cope R (1988) Acute traumatic spondylolysis. Report of a case and review of the Literature. Clin Orthop 230: 162–5
Danielson B, Frennered K, Irstam L (1988) Roentgenologic assessment of spondylolisthesis. I. A study of measurement variations. Acta Radiol 29: 345–51
Danielson BI, Frennered AK, Irstam LK (1991) Radiologic progression of isthmic lumbar spondylolisthesis in young patients. Spine 16: 422–5
Dick WT, Schnebel B (1988) Severe spondylolisthesis: Reduction and internal fixation. Clin Orthop 232: 70–9
Dietrich M, Kurowski P (1985) The importance of mechanical factors in the etiology of spondylolysis. A model analysis of loads and stresses in human lumbar spine. Spine 10: 532–42
Dvorak J, Panjabi MM, Novotny JE, Chang DG, Grob D (1991) Clinical validation of functional flexion-extension roentgenograms of the lumbar spine. Spine 16: 943–50
Edelson JG, Nathan H (1986) Nerve root compression in spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 68: 596–9
Elke R, Dick W (1996) The internal fixator for reduction and stabilization of grade III-IV spondylolisthesis and the significance of the sagittal profile of the spine. Orthop Intern 4: 165–76
Frederickson BL, Baker D, McHolick WJ (1984) The natural history of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 699–707
Friberg O (1991) Instability in spondylolisthesis. Orthopedics 14: 463–5
Granhed H, Morelli B (1988) Low back pain among retired wrestlers and heavyweight lifters. Am J Sports Med 16: 530–3
Grobler LJ, Robertson PA, Novotny JE, Pope MH (1993) Etiology of spondylolisthesis. Assessment of the role played by lumbar facet joint morphology. Spine 18: 80–91
Harada T, Ebara S, Kajura I, Oshita S, Hiroshima K, Ono K (1983) The lumbar spine in spastic diplegia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 75: 534–7
Hefti F, Brunazzi M, Morscher E (1994) Spontanverlauf bei Spondylolyse und Spondylolisthesis. Orthopäde 23: 220–7
Hefti F, Seelig W, Morscher E (1992) Repair of lumbar spondylolysis with a hook-screw. Int Orthop 16: 81–5
Hennrikus WL, Rosenthal RK, Kasser JR (1993) Incidence of spondylolisthesis in ambulatory cerebral palsy patients. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 37–40
Hensinger RN (1989) Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 1098–107
Kalebo P, Kadziolka R, Sward L (1990) Compression-traction radiography of lumbar segmental instability. Spine 15: 351–5
Kirkpatrick AW, Smallman TV (1991) Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in military parachutists. Mil Med 156: 687–90
Konermann W, Sell S (1992) Die Wirbelsäule — Eine Problemzone im Kunstturnhochleistungssport. Eine retrospektive Analyse von 24 ehemaligen Kunstturnerinnen des Deutschen A-Kaders. Sportverletz Sportschaden 6: 156–60
Kraemer J, Brenner H (1978) Gefahren für die Wirbelsäule beim Gewichtheben. Orthop Praxis 14: 43–9
Letts M, Smallman T, Afanasiev R, Gouw G (1986) Fracture of the pars interarticularis in adolescent athletes: a clinical-biomechanical analysis. J Pediatr Orthop 6: 40–6
Libson E, Bloom RA, Shapiro Y (1984) Scoliosis in young men with spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. A comparative study in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Spine 9: 445–7
Lowe J, Schachner E, Hirschberg E, Shapiro Y, Libson E (1984) Significance of bone scintigraphy in symptomatic spondylolysis. Spine 9 653–5
Luk KD, Lee FB, Leong JC, Hsu LC (1987) The effect on the lumbosacral spine of long spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. A minimum 10-year follow-up. Spine 12: 996–1000
Luther R, Legal H (1975) Spondylolyse durch Leistungssport. Orthop Praxis 1: 50–5
McCarroll JR, Miller JM, Ritter MA (1986) Lumbar spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in college football players. A prospective study. Am Sports Med 14: 404–6
Meyerding HK (1932) Spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg 13: 39–45
Morscher E (1987) Strategische Überlegungen in der Diagnostik und Therapie rückenoperierter Problempatienten. Z Orthop 125: 615–21
Morscher E, Gerber B, Fasel J (1984) Surgical treatment of spondylolisthesis by bone grafting and direct stabilization of spondylolysis by means of a hook screw. Arch Orthop Trauma 103: 175–8
O’Neill DB, Micheli LJ (1989) Postoperative radiographic evidence for fatigue fracture as the etiology in spondylolysis. Spine 14: 1342–55
Ogilvie JW, Sherman J (1987) Spondylolysis in Scheuermann’s disease. Spine 12: 251–3
Pearcy M, Shepherd J (1985) Is there instability in spondylolisthesis? Spine 10: 175–7
Pfeil J, Niethard FU, Cotta H (1987) Die Pathogenese kindlicher Spondylolisthesen. Z Orthop 125: 526–33
Refior HJ (1972) Die Wirbelsäule des Leistungssportlers-Beobachtungen zur Entwicklung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Z Orthop 110: 741–4
Rompe C, Dreyer J (1972) Wirbelsäulenschäden bei Speerwerfern. Z Orthop 110: 745–6
Saraste H (1985) The etiology of spondylolysis. A retrospective radiographic study. Acta Orthop Scand 56: 253–5
Saraste H (1987) Long-term clinical and radiological follow-up of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. J Pediatr Orthop 7: 631–8
Saraste H (1993) Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 251: 84–6
Schlenzka D, Poussa M, Seitsalo S, Osterman K (1991) Intervertebral disc changes in adolescents with isthmic spondylolisthesis. J Spinal Disord Sep 4: 344–52
Seitsalo S, Osterman K, Hyvarinen H, Tallroth K, Schlenzka D, Poussa M (1991) Progression of spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents. A long-term follow-up of 272 patients. Spine 16: 417–21
Semon RL, Spengler D (1981) Significance of lumbar spondylolysis in college football players. Spine 6: 172–4
Simper LB (1986) Spondylolysis in Eskimo skeletons. Acta Orthop Scand 57: 78–80
Speck GR, McCall IW, O’Brien JP (1984) Spondylolisthesis: the angle of kyphosis. Spine 9: 659–60
Stewart TD (1931) Incidence of separate neural arch in the lumbar vertebrae of Eskimos. Am J Phys Anthropol 16: 51–62
Suezawa Y, Jacob HAC (1980) Biomechanische Untersuchungen an der Lendenwirbelsäule — zur Entstehung der Spondylolisthesis. Z Orthop 118: 173–86
Taillard WF (1957) Les spondylolistésis. Masson, Paris
Taillard WF (1976) Etiology of spondylolisthesis. Clin Orthop 117: 30–9
Tertti M, Paajanen H, Kujala UM, Alanen A, Salmi TT, Kormano M (1990) Disc degeneration in young gymnasts. A magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Sports Med 18: 206–8
van den Oever M, Merrick MV, Scott JH (1987) Bone scintigraphy in symptomatic spondylolysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 69: 453–6
Waldron HA (1991) Variations in the prevalence of spondylolysis in early British populations. J Roy Soc Med 84: 547–9
Wiltse LL, Winter RB (1983) Terminology and measurement of spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 768–72
Winter M, Jani L (1989) Results of screw osteosynthesis in spondylolysis and low-grade spondylolisthesis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 108: 96–9
Wright JG, Bell D (1991) Lumbosacral joint angles in children. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 748–51
Bethem D, Winter RB, Lutter L (1980) Disorders of the spine in diastrophic dwarfism. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 62: 529–36
Bethem D, Winter RB, Lutter L, Moe JH, Bradford DS, Lon-stein JE, Langer LO (1981) Spinal disorders of dwarfism. Review of the Literature and report of eighty cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 63: 1412–25
Bradford DS, Heihoff KB, Cohe M (1991) Intraspinal abnormalities and congenital spine deformities: A radiographic and MRI study. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 36–41
Connor JM, Conner AN, Connor RA, Tolmie JL, Yeung B, Goudie D (1987) Genetic aspects of early childhood scoliosis. Am J Med Genet 27: 419–24
Dickson RA, Stamper P, Sharp AM, Harker P (1980) School screening for scoliosis: cohort study of clinical course. Br Med J 281: 265–7
Drvaric DM, Ruderman RJ, Conrad RW, Grossman H, Webster GD, Schmitt EW (1987) Congenital scoliosis and urinary tract abnormalities: are intravenous pyelograms necessary? J Pediatr Orthop 7: 441–3
Jarcho S, Levin PM (1938) Hereditary malformations of the vertebral bodies. Bull John Hopkins Hosp 62: 215–222
Lawhon SM, Mac Ewen GD, Bunnell WP (1986) Orthopaedic aspects of the VATER association. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 68: 424–9
Lutter LD (1990) Larsen Syndrome: Clinical features and treatment. A report of two cases. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 270–4
McMaster M, Ohtsuka K (1982) The natural history of congenital scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 64: 1128–47
McMaster MJ (1984) Occult intraspinal anomalities and congenital scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 588–601
Poussa M, Merikanto J, Ryoppy S, Marttinen E, Kaitila I (1991) The spine in diastrophic dysplasia. Spine 16: 881–7
B. Rivard CH, Narbaitz R, Uithoff HK (1979) Congenital vertebral malformations. Orthop Rev 8: 135–9
Sklepek J, Vlach O (1990) Spondylothoracic dysplasia. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 57: 313–17
Terek RM, Wehner J, Lubicky JP (1991) Crankshaft phenomenon in congenital scoliosis: a preliminary report. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 527–32
Tolo VT (1990) Spinal deformity in short-stature syndromes. Instr Course Lect 39: 399–405
Winter RB (1983) Congenital deformities of the spine. Thieme & Stratton, New York
Winter RB, Moe JH, Lonstein JE (1984) The incidence of Klippel-Feil syndrome in patients with congenital scoliosis and kyphosis. Spine 9: 363–6
Yong-Hing K, Kalamchi A, MacEwen GD (1979) Cervical spine abnormalities in neurofibromatosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 61: 695–9
Bratt HD, Menelaus MB (1992) Benign paroxysmal torticollis in infancy. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 449–51
Canale ST Griffin DW (1982) Congenital muscular torticollis. A long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 64: 810–6
Davids JR, Wenger DR, Mubarak SJ (1993) Congenital muscular torticollis: Sequela of intrauterine or perinatal compartment syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 141–7
Ferkel RD, Westin GW, Dawson EG, Oppenheim WL (1983) Muscular torticollis. A modified surgical approach. J Bone Joint Surg (Am): 894–900
Green NE, Lowery ER, Thomas R (1993) Orthopaedic aspects of prune belly syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 496–500
Hamanishi C, Tanaka S (1994) Turned head-adducted hip-truncal curvature syndrome. Arch Dis Child 70: 515–9
Levine AM, Boriani S, Donati D, Campanacci M (1992) Benign tumors of the cervical spine. Spine 17 (10 Suppl): 399–406
Mathern GW, Batzdorf U (1989) Grisel’s syndrome. Cervical spine clinical, pathologic, and neurologic manifestations. Clin Orthop 244: 131–46
Morrison DL, MacEwen GD (1982) Congenital muscular torticollis: Observations regarding clinical findings, associated conditions, and results of treatment. J Pediatr Orthop 2: 500–5
Parke WW, Rothman RH, Brown MD (1984) The pharyngo-vertebral veins: an anatomical rationale for Grisel’s syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 568–74
Steinberg EL, Reider I, Barek S, Khermosh O, Wientroub S (1990) Unilateral dysplasia of the articular facet of the axis. A case report. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 540–1
Tachdijan MO (1990) Pediatric Orthopaedics. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 112
Wetzel FT, La Rocca H (1989) Grisel’s syndrome. Clin Orthop 240: 141–52
H. Williams CRP, O’Flynn E, Clarke NMP, Morris RJ (1996) Torticollis secondary to ocular pathology. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 78: 620–4
Wirth CJ, Hagena FG, Wülker N, Siebert WE (1992) Biterminal tenotomy for the treatment of congenital muscular torticollis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 427–34
Albrecht A, Horst M (1985) Spätergebnisse der operativen Trichterbrustkorrektur. Beurteilung mit subjektiven und objektiven Kriterien einschließlich der Moire-Topographie. Z Orthop 123: 365–73
Brinker MR, Palutsis RS, Sarwark JF (1995) The orthopaedic manifestations of prune-belly (Eagle-Barrett) syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 77: 251–7
Görtzen M, Baltzer A, Schulitz KP (1994) Spätergebnisse nach Trichterbrustoperation. Z Orthop 132: 322–6
Haje SA, Bowen JR (1992) Preliminary results of orthoptic treatment of pectus deformities in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 795–800
Horst M, Albrecht D, Drerup B (1985) Objektive Formerfassung der vorderen Brustwand mit der Moire-Topografie. Methodik und Entwicklung dimensionsloser Indizes zur Beurteilung der Trichterbrust. Z Orthop 123: 357–64
Hummer HP (1981) Mechanische Wirkungen der Trichterbrust. Munch Med Wochenschr 123: 1739–42
Hummer HP, Willital GH (1983) Klassifizierung und Subklassifizierung der Trichter- und Kielbrust. Z Orthop 121: 216–20
Hummer HP, Willital GH (1984) Morphologic findings of chest deformities in children corresponding to the Willi-tal-Hummer classification. J Pediatr Surg 19: 562–6
Hummer HP, Rupprecht H (1985) Atypische Thoraxdeformitäten: Beurteilung und operative Konsequenzen. Z Orthop 123: 913–7
Hummer HP, Rupprecht H (1985) Die Asymmetrie der Trichterbrust: Beurteilung, Haufigkeit, Konsequenzen. Z Orthop 123: 218–22
Iseman MD, Buschman DL, Ackerson LM (1991) Pectus excavatum and scoliosis. Thoracic anomalies associated with pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. Am Rev Respir Dis 144: 914–6
1shikawa S, Uchinuma E, Itoh M, Shioya N (1988) A simple sternal turnover procedure using a vascular pedicle for a funnel chest. Ann Plast Surg 20: 485–91
Lemperle G, Exner K (1983) Die Behandlung der Trichterbrust mit RTV-Silikon-Implantaten. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 15: 154–7
Rose EH, Lavey EB (1983) Correction of bilateral breast hypoplasia and pectus excavatum with single-unit customized silicone implant. Plast Reconstr Surg 72: 234–6
Shamberger RC, Welch KJ (1988) Surgical repair of pectus excavatum. J Pediatr Surg 23: 615–22
Takagi K, Yamaga M (1986) A new, modified operation for funnel chest using the Zimmer osteosynthetic plate. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 105: 154–7
Waters P, Welch K, Micheli LJ, Shamberger R, Hall JE (1989) Scoliosis in children with pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum. J Pediatr Orthop 9: 551–6
Willital GH (1981) Operationsindikation-Operationstechnik bei Brustkorbdeformierungen. Z Kinderchir 33: 244–52
Aprin H, Bowen R, MacEwen GD, Hall JG (1982) Spine fusion in patients with spinal muscular atrophy. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 64:179–87
Brook PD, Kennedy JD, Stern LM, Sutherland AD, Foster BK (1996) Spinal fusion in Duchenne’s muscular atrophy. J Pediatr Orthop 16: 324–31
Brown JC, Zeller JL, Swank SM, Furumasu J, Warath SL (1989) Surgical and functional results of spine fusion in spinal muscular atrophy. Spine 14: 763–70
Carstens C, Paul K, Niethard FU, Pfeil J (1991) Effect of scoliosis surgery on pulmonary function in patients with myelomeningocele. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 459–64
D’Astous J, Drouin MA, Rhine E (1992) Intraoperative anaphylaxis secondary to allergy to latex in children who have spina bifida. Report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 1084–6
Emans JB (1992) Allergy to Latex in pateints who have myelodysplasia. Current concepts review. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 1103–9
Galasko CSB, Delaney C, Morris P (1992) Spinal stabilisation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 210–4
Gersoff WK, Renshaw TS (1988) The treatment of scoliosis in cerebral palsy by posterior spinal fusion with Luque-rod segmental instrumentation. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 70: 41–4
Hefti F (1989) Vertebral rotation in different types of scoliosis and the influence of some operative methods of rotation. Proceedings of the Combined Meeting of the Scoliosis Research Society and the European Spinal Deformity Society, Amsterdam, p 26
Hefti F, Brunner R (1993) Operative Behandlung von neu-romuskulkären Skoliosen — ein Vergleich von 2 verschie-denenen Methoden. Mitt Dtsch Ges Orthop Traumatol 23: 159–60
Jevsevar DS, Karlin LI (1993) The relationship between preoperative nutritional status and complications after operation for scoliosis in patients who have cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 880–5
Krum SD, Miller F (1993) Heterotopic ossification after hip and spine surgery in children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 739–43
Leong JC, Wilding K, Mok CK, Ma A, Chow SP, Yau AC (1981) Surgical treatment of scoliosis following poliomyelitis. A review of one hundred and ten cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 63: 726–40
Lintner SA, Lindseth RE (1994) Kyphotic deformity in patients who have a myelomeningocele. Operative treatment and long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 76: 1301–7
Madigan RR, Wallace SL (1981) Scoliosis in the institutionalized cerebral palsy population. Spine 6: 583–90
Maloney WJ, Rinsky LA, Gamble JG (1990) Simultaneous correction of pelvic obliquity, frontal plane, and sagittal plane deformities in neuromuscular scoliosis using a unit rod with segmental sublaminar wires: A preliminary report. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 742–9
Martin J Jr, Kumar SJ, Guille JT, Ger D, Gibbs M (1994) Congenital kyphosis in myelomeningocele: results following operative and nonoperative treatment. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 323–8
McEnery G, Borzyskowski M, Cox TC, Neville BG (1992) The spinal cord in neurologically stable spina bifida: a clinical and MRI study. Dev Med Child Neurol 34: 342–7
McMaster MJ, Carey RPL (1985) The lumbar theco-perito-neal shunt syndrome and its surgical management. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67: 198–203
McMaster MJ (1988) The long-term results of kyphectomy and spinal stabilization in children with myelomeningocele. Spine 13: 417–24
Meehan PL, Galina MP, Daftari T (1992) Intraoperative anaphylaxis due to allergy to latex. Report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 1087–9
Meeropol E, Frost J, Pugh L, Roberts J, Ogden JA (1993) Latex allergy in children with myelodysplasia: A survey of Shriners Hospitals. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 1–4
Muller EB, Nordwall A (1992) Prevalence of scoliosis in children with myelomeningocele in western Sweden. Spine 17: 1097–102
O’Brien T, Akmakjian, Ogin G, Eilert R (1992) Comparison of one-stage versus two-stage anterior/posterior spinal fusion for neuromuscular scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 610–2
Oda T, Shimizu N, Yomenobu K, Ono K, Nabeshima T, Kyosh S (1993) Longitudinal study of spinal deformity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 478–88
Samuelsson L, Bergstrom K, Thuomas KA, Hemmingsson A, Wallensten R (1987) MR imaging of syringohydromyelia and Chiari malformations in myelomeningocele patients with scoliosis. Am J Neuroradiol 8: 539–46
Sharrard WJW (1968) Spinal osteotomy for congenital kyphosis in myelomeningocele. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 50: 466–71
Sharrard WJW, Drennan JC (1972) Osteotomy-excision of the spine for lumbar kyphosis in older children with myelomeningocele. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 54: 50–60
Smith AD, Koreska J, Moseley CF (1989) Progression of scoliosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 1066–74
Stevens DB, Beard C (1989) Segmental spinal instrumentation for neuromuscular spinal deformity. Clin Orthop 242: 164–8
Sussman MD, Little D, Alley RM, McCoig JA (1996) Posterior instrumentation and fusion of the thoracolumbar spine for treatment of neuromuscular scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 16: 304–13
Williamson JB, Galasko CSB (1992) Spinal cord monitoring during operative correction of neuromuscular scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 870–2
Akbarnia BA, Gabriel KR, Beckman E, Chalk D (1992) Prevalence of scoliosis in neurofibromatosis. Spine 17 (8 Suppl): 244–8
Bellon JM, Filipe G (1987) Problemes rachidiens rencontres au cours du syndrome de Larsen. A propos de 3 cas. Rev Chir Orthop 73: 57–62
Benson DR, Newman DC (1981) The spine and surgical treatment in osteogenesis imperfecta. Clin Orthop 159: 147–53
Bethem D, Winter RB, Lutter L (1980) Disorders of the spine in diastrophic dwarfism. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 62: 529–36
Bethem D, Winter RB, Lutter L, Moe JH, Bradford DS, Lonstein JE, Langer LO (1981) Spinal disorders of dwarfism. Review of the Literature and report of eighty cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 63: 1412–25
Bollerslev J, Mosekilde L (1993) Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis. Clin Orthop 294: 45–51
Bowen JR, Ortega K, Ray S, MacEwen GD (1985) Spinal deformities in Larsen’s syndrome. Clin Orthop 197: 159–63
Connor JM, Evans DAP (1982) Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 69: 76–83
Craig JB, Govender S (1992) Neurofibromatosis of the cervical spine. A report of eight cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 575–8
Funasani H, Einter RB, Lonstein JB, Denis F (1994) Pathophysiology of spinal deformities in neurofibromatosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 76: 692–700
Gibson JNA, Sillence DO, Taylor TKF (1996) Abnormalities of the spina in Goldenhar’s syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 16: 344–9
Guidera KJ, Brinker MR, Kousseff BG, Helal AA, Pugh LI, Ganey TM, Ogden JA (1993) Overgrowth management of Klippel-Trenauny-Weber and Proteus syndromes. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 459–66
Guille JT, Bowen JR (1995) Scoliosis and fibrous dysplasia of the spine. Spine 20: 248–51
Gurd AR, Thompson TR (1981) Scoliosis in Prader-Willi-Syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 1: 317–20
Hanscom DA, Bloom BA (1988) The spine in osteogenesis imperfecta. Orthop Clin North Am 19: 449–58
Hanscom DA, Winter RB, Lutter L, Lonstein JE, Bloom B, Bradford DS (1992) Osteogenesis imperfecta. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 598–616
Ikegawa S (1993) Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda. The autosomal recessive form in two sisters. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 113: 49–52
Ishikawa S, Jay Kumar S, Takahashi HE, Homma M (1996) Vertebral body shape as predictor of spinal deformity in osteogenesis imperfecta. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 78: 212–9
Johnston CE, Birch JG, Daniels JL (1996) Cervical kyphosis in patients who have Larsen synrdome. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 78: 538–45
Kahanovitz N, Rimoin DL, Sillence DO (1982) The clinical spectrum of lumbar spine disease in achondroplasia. Spine 7: 137–40
Kreiborg S, Barr M Jr, Cohen MM Jr (1992) Cervical spine in the Apert syndrome. Am J Med Genet 43: 704–8
Laville JM, Lakermance P, Limouzy F (1994) Larsen’s syndrome: Review of the Literature and analysis of thirty-eight cases. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 63–73
Lutter LD (1990) Larsen Syndrome: Clinical features and treatment. A report of two cases. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 270–4
McMaster MJ (1994) Spinal deformity in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Five patients treated by spinal fusion. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 773–7
Merrill KD, Schmidt TL (1989) Occipitoatlantal instability in a child with Kniest syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 9: 338–40
Miz GS, Engler GL (1987) Atlanto-axial subluxation in Larsen’s syndrome. A case report. Spine 12: 411–2
Osebold WR, King HA (1994) Kyphoscoliosis in Williams syndrome. Spine 19: 367–71
Parfenchuck TA, Bertrand SL, Powers MJ, Drvaric DM, Pueschel SM, Roberts JM (1994) Posterior occipitoatlantal hypermobility in Down syndrome: An analysis of 199 patients. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 304–8
Pizzutillo PD, Osterkamp JA, Scott CI Jr, Lee MS (1989) Atlantoaxial instability in mucopolysaccharidosis type VII. J Pediatr Orthop 9: 76–8
Poussa M, Merikanto J, Ryoppy S, Marttinen E, Kaitila I (1991) The spine in diastrophic dysplasia. Spine 16: 881–7
Pueschel SM, Scola FH, Tupper TB, Pezzullo JC (1990) Skeletal anomalies of the upper cervical spine in children with Down syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 607–11
Ransford AO, Crockard HA, Stevens JM, Modaghegh S (1996) Occipito-atlanto-axial fusion in Morquio-Brailsford syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 78: 307–3
Reardon W, Hall CM, Shaw DG, Kendall B, Hayward R, Winter RM (1994) New autosomal dominant form of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia presenting with atlanto-axial instability. Am J Med Genet 52: 432–7
Ries MD, Ray S, Winter RB, Bowen JR (1990) Scoliosis in trisomy 18. Spine 15: 1281–4
Robins PR, Moe JH, Winter RB (1975) Scoliosis in Marfan’s syndrome. Its characteristics and results of treatment in thirty-five patients. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 57: 358–68
Rockower S, McKay D, Nason S (1982) Dislocation of the spine in neurofibromatosis. A report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 64: 1240–2
Shneerson JM, Sutton GC, Zorab PA (1978) Causes of death, right ventricular hypertrophy, and congenital heart disease in scoliosis. Clin Orthop 135: 52–7
Sirois JL, Drennan JC (1990) Dystrophic spinal deformity in neurofibromatosis. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 522–6
Sponseller PD, Hobbs W, Riley LH 3rd, Pyeritz RE (1995) The thoracolumbar spine in Marfan syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 77: 867–76
Stevens JM, Kendall BE, Crockard HA, Ransford A (1991) The odontoid process in Morquio-Brailsford’s disease. The effects of occipitocervical fusion. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 851–8
Winter RB, Moe JH, Bradford DS, Lonstein JE, Pedras CV, Weber AH (1979) Spine deformity in neurofibromatosis. A review of one hundred and two patients. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 61: 677–94
Wynne-Davies R, Walsh WK, Gormley J (1981) Achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia. Clinical variation and spinal stenosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 63: 508–15
Wynne-Davies R, Gormley J (1985) The prevalence of skeletal dysplasias. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67: 133–7
Yong-Hing K, Kalamchi A, MacEwen GD (1979) Cervical spine abnormalities in neurofibromatosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 61: 695–9
Yong-Hing K, McEwen GD (1982) Scoliosis associated with osteogenesis imperfecta. Results of treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 64: 36–43
Anderson JM, Schutt AH (1950) Spinal injury in children: a review of 156 cases seen from through 1978. Mayo Clin Proc 1980 55: 499–504
Benz G, Roth H, Daum R, Wiedemann K (1986) Besonderheiten kindlicher Wirbelfrakturen und HWS-Luxationen. Unfallchirurgie 12: 247–52
Birney TJ, Hanley EN Jr (1989) Traumatic cervical spine injuries in childhood and adolescence. Spine 14: 1277–82
Blitzer CM, Johnson RJ, Ettlinger CF, Aggeborn K (1984) Downhill skiing injuries in children. Am J Sports Med 12: 142–7
Bode H, Bubl R, Hefti F, Signer E, Wyler F (1993) Akute spinale Syndrome bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Klin Pädiat 205: 345–350
Böhler J, Poigenfuerst J, Gaudernak T, Hintringer W (1990) Die Schraubenosteosynthese des Dens axis. Operat Orthop Traumatol 2: 75
Brown JC, Swank SM, Matta J, Barras DM (1984) Late spinal deformity in quadriplegic children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 4: 456–61
Cattell HS, Filtzer DL (1965) Pseudosubluxation and other normal variations in the cervical spine in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 47: 1295–309
Chalmers DJ, Hume PA, Wilson BD (1994) Trampolines in New Zealand: a decade of injuries. Br J Sports Med 28: 234–8
Dearolf WW, Betz RR, Vogel LC, Levin J, Clancy M, Steel HH (1990) Scoliosis in pediatric spinal cord-injured patients. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 214–8
De Vivo MJ, Fine PR, Maetz HM, Stover SL (1980) Prevalence of spinal cord injury: a reestimation employing life table techniques. Arch Neurol 37: 707–8
Dick W (1984) Osteosynthese schwerer Verletzungen der Brust- und LWS mit dem Fixateur interne. Langenbecks Arch Chir 364: 343–6
Dick W (1987) The „fixateur interne“ as a versatile implant for spine surgery. Spine 12: 882–900
H. Dietrich AM, Ginn-Pease ME, Bartkowski HM, King DR (1991) Pediatric cervical spine fractures: predominantly subtle presentation. J Pediatr Surg 26: 995–9
Dormans JP, Criscitiello AA, Drummond DS, Davidson RS (1995) Complications in children managed with immobilization in a halo vest. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 77: 1370–3
Dormans JP, Drummond DS, Sutton LN, Ecker ML, Kopacz KJ (1995) Occipitocervical arthrodesis in children. A new technique and analysis of results. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 77: 1234–40
Floman Y, Kaplan L, Elidan J, Umansky F (1991) Transverse ligament rupture and atlanto-axial subluxation in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 640–3
Gertzbein SD (1994) Spine update. Classification of thoracic and lumbar fractures. Spine 19: 626–8
Grob D, Jeanneret B, Aebi M, Markwalder TM (1991) Atlanto-axial fusion with transarticular screw fixation. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 972–6
Hamilton MG, Myles ST (1992) Pediatric spinal injury: review of 174 hospital admissions. J Neurosurg 77: 700–4
Hefti F, Dick W, Morscher E (1985) Operative Versorgung von Wirbelsäulenverletzungen bei Sportlern. Prakt Sport-traumatol Sportmed 3: 14–18
Hill SA, Miller CA, Kosnik EJ, Hunt WE (1984) Pediatric neck injuries. A clinical study. J Neurosurg 60: 700–6
Jani L (1987) Wirbelfrakturen im Wachstumsalter. Z Kinderchir 42: 333–8
Magerl F, Aebi M, Gertzbein SD, Harms J, Nazarian S (1994) A comprehensive classification of thoracic and lumbar injuries. Eur Spine J 3: 184–201
McGrory BJ, Klassen RA, Chao EY, Staeheli JW, Weaver AL (1993) Acute fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine in children and adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 988–95
Pang D, Pollack IF (1989) Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children — the SCIWORA syndrome. J Trauma 29: 654–664
Pouliquen JC, Kassis B, Glorion C, Langlais J (1996) Vertebral growth after thoracic or lumbar fracture of the spine in children. J Pediatr Orthop (in press)
Reid DC, Saboe LAD (1989) Spine fractures in winter sports. Sports Med 7: 393–9
Ruckstuhl HJ, Jani L (1980) Wirbelfrakturen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Orthopäde 9: 69–76
Rumball K, Jarvis J (1992) Seat-belt injuries of the spine in young children. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 571
Shingu H, Ohama M, Ikata T, Katoh S, Akatsu T (1990) A nationwide epidemiological survey of spinal cord injuries in Japan from January to December 1992. Paraplegia 1995 33 (4): 183–8
Yasuoka S, Peterson HA, MacCarty CS (1982) Incidence of spinal column deformity after multilevel laminectomy in children and adults. J Neurosurg 57: 441–5
Yngve DA, Harris WP, Herndon WA, Sullivan JA, Gross RH (1988) Spinal cord injury without osseous spine fracture. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 153–9
Cottalorda J, Jouve JL, Bollini G, Touzet P, Poujol A, Kelbe-rine F, Raoult D (1995) Osteoarticular infection due to Coxiella burnetii in children. J Pediatr Orthop B 4: 219–21
Fyfe JS, Henry APJ, Mulholland RC (1983) Closed vertebral biopsy. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 140–3
Grob D, Jeanneret B, Aebi M, Markwalder TM (1991) Atlanto-axial fusion with transarticular screw fixation. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 972–6
Hensinger RN, De Vito PD, Ragsdale CG (1986) Changes in the cervical spine in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 68: 189–98
Hoffman EB, Crosier JH, Cremin BJ (1993) Imaging in children with spinal tuberculosis. A comparison of radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 75: 233–9
Imhof H, Kramer J, Rand T, Trattnig S (1994) Knochenentzündungen (einschließlich Spondylitis). Orthopäde 23: 323–30
Krodel A, Sturz H (1989) Differenzierte operative und konservative Therapie der Spondylitis und Spondylodiscitis. Z Orthop 127: 587–96
MacMaster MJ (1985) A technique for lumbar spinal osteotomy in ankylosing spondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67: 204–10
Malawski SK, Lukawski S (1991) Pyogenic infection of the spine. Clin Orthop 272: 58–66
Malhotra R, Singh KD, Bhan S, Dave PK (1992) Primary pyogenic abscess of the psoas muscle. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 278–84
Meurer A, Eysel P, Heine J (1995) Ergebnisse der operativen Behandlung der Spondylitis tuberculosa. Z Orthop 133: 227–35
Parbhoo A, Govender S (1992) Acute pyogenic psoas abscess in children. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 663–6
Rajasekaran S, Soundarapandian S (1989) Progression of kyphosis in tuberculosis of the spine treated by anterior arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 1314–23
Upadhyay SS, Saji MJ, Sell P, Sell B, Hsu LC (1994) Spinal deformity after childhood surgery for tuberculosis of the spine. A comparison of radical surgery and debridement. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 91–8
Akbarnia BA, Gabriel KR, Beckman E, Chalk D (1992) Prevalence of scoliosis in neurofibromatosis. Spine 17 (8 Suppl): 244–8
Albisinni U, Calderoni P, Capanna R, Borghi A (1983) Un segno radiologico molto frequente nella localizzazione dorso-lombare dei cordomi: Paumento della distanza inter-peduncolare. Radiol Med 69: 439–41
Bertoni F, Bacchini P, Capanna R et al. (1993) Solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst. Cancer 71: 729–34
Bjornsson J, Wold LE, Ebersold MJ, Laws ER (1993) Chordoma of the mobile spine. A clinicopathologic analysis of 40 patients. Cancer 71: 735–40
Boriani S, Capanna R, Donati D, Levine A, Picci P, Savini R (1992) Osteoblastoma of the spine. Clin Orthop 278: 37–45
Brasse F, Schmitt M, Hoeffel JC, Montaut J, Bey P, Bretagne MC (1985) A propos d’une observation de Chondroblastome vertebrale. Rev Chir Orthop 71: 389–92
Campanacci M, Capanna R, Picci P (1986) Unicameral and aneurysmal bone cysts. Clin Orthop 204: 24–36
Campanacci M, Laus M, Boriani S (1983) Multiple non-ossifying fibromata with extraskeletal anomalies: A new syndrome ? J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 65: 627–32
Capanna R, Boriani S, Mabit C, Donati D, Savini R (1991) L’osteome osteoide de localisation rachidienne. Experience de l’Institut Rizzoli. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 77: 545–50
Clinchot DM, Colachis SC 3d (1993) The spectrum of neurofibromatosis: neurologic manifestations with malignant transformation. J Am Paraplegia Soc 16: 81–3
Cole WG (1986) Treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts in childhood. J Pediatr Orthop 6: 326–9
Craig JB, Govender S (1992) Neurofibromatosis of the zervikal spine. A report of eight cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 575–8
Farsetti P, Tudisco C, Rosa M, Pentimalli G, Ippolito E (1990) Aneurysmal bone cyst. Long-term follow-up of 20 cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 109: 221–3
Freiberg AA, Loder RT, Heidelberger KP, Hensinger RN (1994) Aneurysmal bone cysts in young children. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 86–91
Funasaki H, Einter RB, Lonstein JB, Denis F (1994) Pathophysiology of spinal deformities in neurofibromatosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 76: 692–700
Guidera KJ, Brinker MR, Kousseff BG, Helal AA, Pugh LI, Ganey TM, Ogden JA (1993) Overgrowth management of Klippel-Trenauny-Weber and Proteus syndromes. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 459–66
Hefti F, Jundt G (1995) Langerhanszell Histiocytose. Orthopäde 24: 73–81
Ippolito E, Farsetti P, Tudisco C (1984) Vertebra plana. Long-term follow-up in five patients. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 1364–8
Keisch ME, Garcia DM, Shibuya RB (1991) Retrospective long-term follow-up analysis in 21 patients with chordomas of various sites treated at a single institution. J Neurosurg 75: 374–7
Ker MB, Jones CB (1985) Tumors of the cauda equina. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67: 358–362
Keret D, Harcke HT, MacEwen GD, Bowen JR (1989) Multiple osteoid osteomas of the fifth lumbar vertebra. A case report. Clin Orthop 248: 163–8
Kirwan EO, Hutton PA, Pozo JL, Ransford AO (1984) Osteoid osteoma and benign osteoblastoma of the spine. Clinical presentation and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 66: 21–6
Kropej D, Schiller C, Ritschl P, Salzer-Kuntschik M, Kotz R (1991): The management of IIB osteoSarkoma. Experience from 1976 to 1985. Clin Orthop 270: 40–44
Levine AM, Boriani S, Donati D, Campanacci M (1992) Benign tumors of the zervikal spine. Spine 17 (10 Suppl): 399–406
Lewonowski K, King JD, Nelson MD (1992) Routine use of magnetic resonance imaging in idiopathic scoliosis patients less than eleven years of age. Spine 17 (6 Suppl): 109–116
Malghem J, Maldague B, Esselinckx W, Noel H, De Nayer P, Vincent A (1989) Spontaneous healing of aneurysmal bone cysts. A report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 645–50
Marcove RC (1984) The surgery of tumors of bone and cartilage. Aneurysmal bone cyst. Grune 8c Stratton, Orlando, pp 62–7
McMaster MJ (1984) Occult intraspinal anomalies and congenital scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 588–601
Myles ST, MacRae ME (1988) Benign osteoblastoma of the spine in childhood. J Neurosurg 68: 884–8
Nemoto O, Moser RP Jr, Van Dam BE, Aoki J, Gilkey FW (1990) Osteoblastoma of the spine. A review of 75 cases. Spine 15: 1272–80
Nguyen VD, Hersh M (1992) A rare bone tumor in an unusual location: osteoblastoma of the vertebral body. Comput Med Imaging Graph 16: 11–6
Nokes SR, Murtagh FR, Jones JD 3d, Downing M, Arring-ton JA, Turetsky D, Silbiger ML (1987) Childhood scoliosis: MR imaging. Radiology 164: 791–7
O’Neill P, Bell BA, Miller JD, Jacobson I, Guthrie W (1985) Fifty years of experience with chordomas in southeast Scotland. Neurosurgery 16: 166–70
Oda Y, Tsuneyoshi M, Shinohara N (1992) “Solid” variant of aneurysmal bone cyst (extragnathic giant cell reparative granuloma) in the axial skeleton and long bones. A study of its morphologic spectrum and distinction from allied giant cell lesions. Cancer 70: 2642–9
0sebold WR, Lester EL, Hurley JH, Vincent RL (1993) Intraoperative use of the mobile gamma camera in localizing and excising osteoid osteomas of the spine. Spine 18: 1816–28
Pettine KA, Klassen RA (1986) Osteoid-osteoma and osteoblastoma of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 68: 354–61
Poey C, Clement JL, Baunin C et al. (1991) Percutaneous extraction of an osteoid osteoma of the lumbar spine under CT guidance. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15: 1056–8
Ransford AO, Pozo JL, Hutton PA, Kirwan EO (1984) The behaviour pattern of the scoliosis associated with osteoid osteoma or osteoblastoma of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 66: 16–20
Raskas DS, Graziano GP, Herzenberg JE, Heidelberger KP, Hensinger RN (1992) Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma of the spine. J Spinal Disord 5: 204–11
Rich TA, Schiller A, Suit HD, Mankin HJ (1985) Clinical and pathologic review of 48 cases of chordoma. Cancer 56: 182–7
Romero J, Cardenes H, la Torre A, Valcarcel F, Magallon R, Regueiro C, Aragon G (1993) Chordoma: results of radiation therapy in eighteen patients. Radiother Oncol 29: 27–32
Sasaki R, Kato Y, Watanabe Y, Narita Y, Kuzuhara S (1994) Transverse myelopathy caused by aneurysmal bone cyst of the thoracic vertebra in an old person. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 34: 366–70
Samson IR, Springfield DS, Suit HD, Mankin HJ (1993) Operative treatment of sacrococcygeal chordoma. A review of twenty-one cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1476–84
Sanguinetti C, Specchia N, Gigante A, de Palma L, Greco F (1993) Clinical and pathological aspects of solitary spinal neurofibroma. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 75: 141–7
Scholl R, Dolanc B, Morscher E (1982) Pathologische Frakturen bei Tumoren der Wirbelsäule. Orthopäde 11: 136–42
Shives TC, McLeod RA, Unni KK, Schray MF (1989). Chondrosarcoma of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 1158–65
Sibley RK, Day DL, Dehner LP, Trueworthy RC (1987) Metastasizing chordoma in early childhood: a pathological and immunohistochemical study with review of the Literature. Pediatr Pathol 7: 287–301
Sirois, JL, Drennan, JC (1990) Dystrophic spinal deformity in neurofibromatosis. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 522–6
Sudanese A, Toni A, Ciaroni D et al. (1990) The role of surgery in the treatment of localized Ewing’s Sarkoma. Chir Organi Mov 75: 217–30
Sundaresan N (1986) Chordomas. Clin Orthop 204: 135–42
Szendroi M, Cser I, Konya A, Renyi-Vamos A (1992) Aneurysmal bone cyst. A review of 52 primary and 16 secondary cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 111: 318–22
Turgut M, Gurcay O (1992) Multifocal histiocytosis X of bone in two adjacent vertebrae causing paraplegia. Aust N Z J Surg 62: 241–4
Winter RB, Moe JH, Bradford DS, Lonstein JE, Pedras CV, Weber AH (1979) Spine deformity in neurofibromatosis. A review of one hundred and two patients. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 61: 677–94
Yong-Hing K, Kalamchi A, MacEwen GD (1979) Cervical spine abnormalities in neurofibromatosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 61: 695–9
Balague F, Nordin M (1992) Back pain in children and teenagers. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 6: 575–93
Ebrall PS (1994) The epidemiology of male adolescent low back pain in a north suburban population of Melbourne, Australia. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 17: 447–53
Friederich NF, Hefti F (1996) Rückenschmerzen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. In: Stücker R, Reichelt A (Hrsg) Die kindliche Wirbelsäule. Symp. med, München, S 49–54
Hefti F, Brunazzi M, Morscher E (1994) Spontanverlauf bei Spondylolyse und Spondylolisthesis. Orthopäde 23: 200–27
Sponseller PD (1994) Back pain in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 6: 99–103
Thompson GH (1993) Back pain in children. Instructional course lecture. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 928–38
Turner PG, Green JH, Galasko CS (1989) Back pain in childhood. Spine 14: 812–4
Amtmann E, Kummer B (1968) Die Beanspruchung des menschlichen Hüftgelenks. Z Anat Entwicklungsgesch 127: 286–314
Braune W, Fischer O (1889) Über den Schwerpunkt des menschlichen Körpers. Hirzel, Leipzig
Brinkmann P, Frobin W, Hierholzer E (1980) Belastete Gelenkfläche und Beanspruchung des Hüftgelenks. Z Orthop 118: 107–15
Brunner R, Baumann JU (1994) Clinical benefit of reconstruction of dislocated or subluxated hip joints in patients with spastic cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 290–4
Elke R, Ebneter A, Dick W, Fliegel C, Morscher E (1991) Die sonographische Messung der Schenkelhalsantetorsion. Z Orthop 129: 156–63
Elke R, Marugg S (1992) Krafteinleitung auf die trabekulären Strukturen des proximalen Femurendes. Orthopäde 21: 51–6
Fick A (1850) Statische Betrachtungen der Muskeln des Oberschenkels. Z Rat Med 9: 94
Fischer O (1899) Der Gang des Menschen. Teubner, Leipzig
Hefti F (1989) Sphärische Berechnung der Kontaktfläche zwischen Acetabulum und Femurkopf. Z Orthop 127: 118–24
Hefti F (1995) Spherical assessment of the hip on standard ap radiographs: A simple method for the measurement of the contact area between acetabulum and femoral head and of acetabular orientation. J Pediatr Orthop 15: 797–805
Heimkes B, Posel P, Plitz W, Jansson V (1993) Forces acting on the juvenile hip joint in the one-leg-stance. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 431–6
Jani L, Schwarzenbach U, Afifi K, Scholder P, Gisler P (1979) Verlauf der idiopathischen Coxa antetorta. Orthopäde 8: 5–11
Kitaoka HB, Weiner DS, Cook AJ, Hoyt Jr WA, Askew MJ (1989) Relationship between femoral anteversion and osteoarthritis of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop 9: 396–404
Klaue K, Sherman M, Perren SM, Wallin A, Looser C, Ganz R (1993) Extra-articular augmentation for residual hip dysplasia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 75: 750–4
Konishi N, Mieno T (1993) Determination of acetabular coverage of the femoral head with use of a single anteroposterior radiograph. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1318–33
Kummer B (1968) Die Beanspruchung des menschlichen Hüftgelenkes. I. Allgemeine Problematik. Z Anat Entwick-lungsgesch 127: 277–85
Lanz T von, Wachsmuth W (1972) Praktische Anatomie, I. Bd 4. Teil: Bein und Statik. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Legal H, Reinecke M, Ruder H (1977) Zur biostatischen Analyse des Hüftgelenks I. Z Orthop 115: 215–34
Legal H, Reinecke M, Ruder H (1978) Zur biostatischen Analyse des Hüftgelenks II. Z Orthop 116: 889–96
Legal H, Reinecke M, Ruder H (1980) Zur biostatischen Analyse des Hüftgelenks III. Z Orthop 118: 804–15
Morscher E (1992) Biomechanik als Grundlage der Orthopädie und Traumatologie (Editorial). Orthopäde 21: 1–2
Müller ME (1971) Die hüftnahen Femurosteotomien. Thieme, Stuttgart
Murphy SB, Ganz R, Mueller ME (1995) The prognosis in untreated dysplasia of the hip. A study of radiographic factors that predict the outcome. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 77: 985–9
Murray DW (1993) The definition and measurement of acetabular orientation. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 75: 228–32
Pauwels F (1935) Der Schenkelhalsbruch, ein mechanisches Problem. Grundlagen des Heilungsvorganges, Prognose und kausale Therapie. Z Orthop Chir 63 (Beilageheft)
Pauwels F (1936) Zur Therapie der kindlichen Coxa valga. Verh Orthop Ges. , 30. Kongr. 1935. Z Orthop 64 (1936) 372–87
Rösier H, Hamacher P (1972) Die biostatische Analyse der Belastung des Hüftgelenkes, I. Teil. Z Orthop 110: 67–75
Rösier H, Hamacher P (1972) Die biostatische Analyse der Belastung des Hüftgelenkes, IL Teil. Z Orthop 110: 186–96
Ruwe PA, Gage JR, Ozonoff MB, De Luca PA (1992) Clinical determination of femoral anteversion. A comparison with established techniques J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 820–30
Tönnis D (1976) Normal values of the hip joint for the evaluation of x-rays in children and adults. Clin Orthop 119: 39–48
Tönnis D (1984) Die angeborene Hüftdysplasie und Hüft-luxation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 26–59
Tönnis D, Heinecke A (1991) Diminished femoral antetor-sion syndrome: A cause of pain and osteoarthritis. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 419–31
Weiner LS, Kelley MA, Ulin RI, Wallach D (1993) Development of the acetabulum and hip: Computed tomography analysis of the axial plane. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 421–5
Wiberg G (1933) Studies on dysplastic acetabula and congenital subluxation of the hip. Acta Chir Scand Supp. 58: 83
Albiñana J, Morcuende JA, Weinstein SL (1996) The tera-drop in congenital dislocation of the hip diagnosed late. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 78: 1048–55
Atar D, Lehmann WB, Tetenbaum Y, Grant AD (1993) Pavlik harness versus Frejka splint in treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip: Bicenter study. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 311–3
Bachmann G, Pfeifer T, Spies H, Katthagen BD (1993) 3D-CT und Angiographie an Ausgusspräparaten von Beckengefässen: Darstellung der arteriellen Durchblutung der Hüftgelenkpfanne. Rofo Fortschr Geb Röntgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr 158: 214–20
Barlow TG (1962) Early diagnosis and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 44: 292–301
Becker F (1952) Kleine technische Neuerungen für die Praxis. Z Orthop 82: 324
Bernau A (1990) Die Tübinger Hüftbeugeschiene zur Behandlung der Hüftdysplasie. Z Orthop 128: 432–5
Blavier L, Blavier J (1962) Traitement de la subluxation de la hanche. Rev Chir Orthop 48: 208–13
Boeree NR, Clarke NM (1994) Ultrasound imaging and secondary screening for congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 525–33
Bon RA, Exner GU (1992) Frühdiagnose der Hüftdysplasie-Argumente für ein generelles sonographisches Screening in der Schweiz. Schweiz Rundschau Med Praxis 81: 519–23
Brougham DI, Broughton NS, Cole WG, Menelaus MB (1990) Avascular necrosis following closed reduction of congenital dislocation of the hip. Review of influencing factors and long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 72: 557–62
Broughton NS, Brougham DI, Cole WG, Menelaus MB (1989) Reliability of radiological measurements in the assessment of the child’s hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 6–8
Brown D (1948) Treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. Proc R Soc Med 41: 388
Calvert PT, Kernohan JG, Sayers DC, Catterall A (1984) Effects of vascular occlusion on the femoral head in growing rabbits. Acta Orthop Scand 55: 526–30
Castelein RM, Sauter AJ (1988) Ultrasound screening for congenital dysplasia of the hip in newborns: its value. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 666–70
Chen IH, Kuo KN, Lubicky JP (1994) Prognostic factors in acetabular development following reduction of developmental dysplasia of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 3–8
Chiari K (1955) Ergebnisse mit der Beckenosteotomie als Pfannendachplastik. Z Orthop 87: 14
Clarke NM, Harcke HT, McHugh P, Lee MS, Borns PF, MacEwen GD (1985) Real-time ultrasound in the diagnosis of congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 67: 406–12
Clarke NM, Clegg J, Al-Chalabi AN (1989) Ultrasound screening of hips at risk for CDH. Failure to reduce the incidence of late cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 9–12
Coleman SS (1968) Congenital dysplasia of the hip in Navajo infant, Clin Orthop 33: 119–28
Craig WA, Risser JC, Kramer WG (1955) Review of four hundred cases of congenital dysplasia and dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 37: 403–4
Darmonov AV (1996) Clinical screening for congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 78: 383–8
Dega W (1964) Schwierigkeiten in der chirurgischen Reposition der veralteten kongenitalen Subluxation des Hüftgelenkes bei Kindern. Beitr Orthop Traumatol 11: 642–7
Dias JJ, Thomas ICH, Lamont AC, Mody BS, Thompson JR (1993) The reliability of ultrasonographic assessment of neonatal hips. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 75: 479–82
Dorn U, Hattwich (1987) M Erste Erfahrungen mit der routinemassig durchgeführten Hüftsonographie bei Neugeborenen. Wien Klin Wochenschr 99: 92–5
Dorn U (1990) Hüftscreening bei Neugeborenen. Klinische und sonographische Ergebnisse. Wien Klin Wochenschr Suppl 181: 3–22
Dunn PM (1976) Perinatal observations on the etiology of congenital dislocation of the hip. Clin Orthop 119: 11–22
Dutoit M, Moulin P, Morscher E (1989) Ostéotomie innomi-née de Salter 20 ans après... Chir Pediatr 30: 277–83
Edelstein (1964) Congenital dislocation of the hip in the Bantu. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 48: 397
Eller K, Katthagen BD (1987) Sonographische Verlaufskontrollen der Hüftdysplasie unter Spreizhosentherapie. Z Orthop 125: 534–41
Engesaeter LB, Wilson DJ, Nag D, Benson MKD (1990) Ultrasound and congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 72: 197–201
Exner GU, Kern SM (1994) Spontanverlauf milder Hüftdysplasien. Orthopäde 23: 181–4
Faciszewski T, Coleman SS, Biddulph G (1993) Triple innominate osteotomy for acetabular dysplasia. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 426–30
Fettweis E (1968) Sitz-Hock-Stellungsgips bei Hüftgelenkdysplasien. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 63: 38–51
Freijka B (1941) Prävention der angeborenen Hüftverrenkung durch Abduktionspolster. Wien Klin Wochenschr 91: 523
Forlin E, Choi H, Guille JT, Bowen JR, Gluttuing J (1992) Prognostic factors in congenital dislocation of the hip treated with closed reduction. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 1140
Galpin RD, Roach JW, Wenger DR, Herring JA, Birch JG (1989) One-stage treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip in older children, including femoral shortening. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 734–41
Ganz R, Klaue K, Vinh TS, Mast JW (1988) A new periace-tabular osteotomy for the treatment of hip dysplasias. Clin Orthop 232: 26–36
Gardiner HM, Dunn PM (1990) Controlled trial of immediate splinting versus ultrasonographic surveillance in congenially dislocatable hips. Lancet 336: 1553–6
Getz B (1918) The hip in lapps and its bearing on the problem of congenital dislocation. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 22: 186
Graf R (1984) Fundamentals of sonographic diagnosis of infant hip dysplasia. J Pediatr Orthop 4: 735–40
Graf R, Tschauner C, Steindl M (1987) Ist die Ila-Hüfte behandlungsbedürftig? Ergebnisse einer Langsschnittunter-suchung sonographisch kontrollierter Säuglingshüften unter dem 3. Lebensmonat. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 135: 832–7
Graf R (1992) Hip sonography-how reliable? Sector scanning versus linear scanning? Dynamic versus static examination. Clin Orthop 281: 18–21
Green NE, Lowery ER, Thomas R (1993) Orthopaedic aspects of prune belly syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 496–500
Grill F, Bensahel H, Canadell J, Dungl P, Matasovic T, Viz-kelety T (1988) The Pavlik harness in the treatment of congenital dislocating hip: Report on a multicenter study of the European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 1–8
Guille JT, Forlin E, Kumar J, MacEwen GD (1992) Triple osteotomy of the innominate bone in treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 718–21
Hansson G, Althoff B, Bylund P, Jacobsson B, Löfberg AM, Lönnerholm T (1990) The Swedish experience with Salter’s innominate osteotomy in the treatment of congenital subluxation and dislocation of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 159–62
Harcke HT, Kumar SJ (1991) The role of ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip. Current concepts review. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 73: 622
Harcke HT (1992) Imaging in congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip. Clin Orthop 281: 22–8
Harris IE, Dickens R, Menelaus MB (1992) Use of the Pavlik harness for hip displacements. Clin Orthop 281: 29–33
Hefti F, Morscher E (1989) Die schenkelhalsverlängernde Osteotomie. Operat. Orthop Traumatol 1: 170–8
Hefti F (1989) Sphärische Berechnung der Kontaktfläche zwischen Azetabulum und Femurkopf. Z Orthop 127: 118–24
Hernandez RJ, Cornell RG, Hensinger RN (1994) Ultrasound diagnosis of neonatal congenital dislocation of the hip. A decision analysis assessment. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 539–43
Herring JA (1992) Conservative treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip in the newborn and infant. Clin Orthop 281: 41–7
Hilgenreiner (1925) Zur Frühdiagnose und Frühbehandlung der angeborenen Hüftgelenkverrenkung. Med Klin 21: 1385–1388, 1425–9
Hoaglund FT, Healey JH (1990) Osteoarthritis and congenital dysplasia of the hip in family members of children who have congenital dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 1510–8
Hoffmann-Daimler S (1964) Vorläufige Mitteilung über eine funktionelle Methode zur Behandlung der sog. angeborenen Hüftluxation. Z Orthop 98: 447–451
Hopf A (1966) Hüftverlagerung durch doppelte Beckeno-steotomie zur Behandlung der Hüftgelenkdysplasie und Subluxation bei Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen. Z Orthop 101: 559–86
Hsin J, Saluja R, Eilert RE, Wiedel JD (1996) Evaluaton of the biomechanics of the hip following a triple osteotomy if the innominate bone. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 78: 855–62
Jones A, Powell N (1990) Ultrasound and neonatal hip screening. A prosepctive study of „high risk“ babies. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 72: 457–9
Jones DA (1991) Neonatal hip stability and the Barlow test. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 216–8
Katthagen BD, Mittelmeier H, Becker D (1988) Häufigkeit und stationärer Behandlungsbeginn kindlicher Hüftgelen-kluxationen in der BR Deutschland. Z Orthop 126: 475–83
Klapsch W, Tschauner C, Graf R (1991) Kostendämpfung durch die generelle sonographische Hüftvorsorgeuntersuchung. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 139: 141–3
König F (1891) Bildung einer knöchernen Hemmung für den Gelenkkopf bei der kongenitalen Luxation. Zentralbl Chir 17: 146–7
Kotz R, David T, Helwig U, Uyka D, Wanivenhaus A, Windhager R (1992) Polygonal triple osteotomy of the pelvis. Int Orthop 16: 311–6
Krämer J, Spilker H, Inoue C (1975) Ergebnisse der Behandlung kindlicher Luxationshüften durch Extensionsreposition und Haunausek-Retention. Z Orthop 113: 6–11
Lack W et al. (1991) Chiari pelvic osteotomy for osteoarthritis secondary to hip dysplasia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 229
Lange F (1898) Die Behandlung der angeborenen Hüftluxa-tion. MMW 31: 451, 491
Law EG, Heistad DD, Marcus ML, Mickeson MR (1982) Effect of hip position on blood flow to the femur in puppies. J Pediatr Orthop 2: 133–7
LeCoeur P (1965) Ostéotomie isthmique de bascule. In: Chapchal G (ed) Internationales Symposium über Beckeno-steotomie/Pfannendachplastik. Thieme, Stuttgart
Loew M, Niethard FU, Schneider E (1990) Die prognostische Bedeutung klinischer und radiologischer Parameter für die Revalgisierung des Schenkelhalses nach intertro-chanterer Derotations-Varisierungsosteotomie. Z Orthop 128: 592–7
Lorenz A (1895) Ueber die mechanische Behandlung der angeborenen Hüftverrenkung. Zentralbl Chir 22: 153
Ludloff (1908) Zur blutigen Einrenkung der angeborenen Hüftluxation. Z Orthop Chir 22: 272–6
MacNicol MF (1990) Results of a 25-year screening programme for neonatal hip instability. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 72: 1057
Mardam-Bey TH, MacEwen GD (1982) Congenital hip dislocation after walkaing age. J Pediatr Orthop 2: 478–86
Marks DS, Clegg J, al-Chalabi AN (1994) Routine ultrasound screening for neonatal hip instability. Can it abolish late-presenting congenital dislocation of the hip? J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 534–8
Matsuno T, Ichioka Y, Kaneda K (1992) Modified Chiari pelvic osteotomy: a long-term follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 470–8
Morrison DL, MacEwen GD (1982) Congenital muscular torticollis: Observations regarding clinical findings, associated conditions, and results of treatment. J Pediatr Orthop 2: 500–5
Moulin P, Morscher E (1988) Langzeitresultate der Becken-Osteotomie nach Salter. Orthopäde 17: 479–94
Naumann T, Zahniel K(1990) Comparing the rate of femoral head necrosis of two different treatments of congenital dislocation of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 780–5
Niethard FU, Roesler H (1987) Die Genauigkeit von Längen- und Winkelmessungen im Röntgenbild und Sonogramm des kindlichen Hüftgelenkes. Z Orthop 125: 170–6
Nogi J, MacEwen GD (1982) Congenital dislocation of the knee. J Pediatr Orthop 2: 509–13
Ombrédanne L (1923) Précis clinique et opératoire de chirurgie infantile. Masson, Paris
Ortolani M (1937) Un segno poco noto e sua importanza per la diagnosi precoce de prelussazione congenita dell-’anca. Pediatria 45: 129
Pavlik A (1957) Die funktionelle Behandlungsmethode mittels Riemenbügel als Prinzip der konservativen Therapie bei angeborener Hüftverrenkung der Säuglinge. Z Orthop 89: 341–352
Pemberton PA (1965) Pericapsular osteotomy of the ileum for treatment of congenital subluxation and dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 47: 65–86
Plaster RL, Schoenecker PL, Capelli AM (1991) Premature closure of the triradiate cartilage: A potential complication of pericapsular acetabuloplasty. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 676–8
Pravaz CG (1847) Traité théorique et pratique des luxations congénitales du fémur. Baillère, Paris
Rombouts JJ, Kaelin A (1992) Inferior (obturator) dislocation of the hip in neonates. A complication of treatment by the Pavlik harness. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 708
Saies AD, Foster BK, Lequesne GW (1988) The value of a new ultrasound stress test in assessment and treatment of clinically detected hip instability. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 436–41
Salter RB (1961) Innominate osteotomy in the treatment of congenital dislocation and subluxation of the hip in the older child. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 43: 518–37
Salter RB, Kostuik J, Dallas S (1969) Avascular necrosis of the femoral head as a complication of treatment for congenital dislocation of the hip in young children. A clinical and experimental investigation. Can J Surg 12: 44–61
Scher MA, Jakim I (1991) Combined intertrochanteric and Chiari pelvic osteotomy for hip dysplasia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 626–31
Schoenecker PL, Strecker EB (1984) Congenital dislocation of the hip in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 21–27
Schoenecker PL, Anderson DJ, Capelli M (1995) The acetabular response to proximal femoral varus rotational osteotomy. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 77: 990–7
Siffert RS (1981) Patterns of deformity of the developing hip. Clin Orthop 160: 14–29
Spitzy H (1923) Künstliche Pfannendachbildung, Benutzung von Knochenbolzen zur temporären Fixation. Z Orthop Chir 43: 284–94
Staheli LT, Chew DE (1992) Slotted augmentation in childhood and adolescence. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 569–80
Steel HH (1971) Triple osteotomy of the innominate bone. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 53: 343–50
Sutherland DH, Greenfield R (1977) Double innominate osteotomy. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 59: 1082–91
Suzuki S, Yamamouro T (1990) Avascular necrosis in patients treated with the Pavlik harness for cngenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 1048–55
Suzuki S, Kashiwagi N, Kasahara Y, Seto Y, Futami T (1996) Avascular necrosis and the Pavlik harness. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 78: 631–5
Svenningsen S, Apalset K, Terjesen T, Anda S (1989) Osteotomy for femoral anteversion. Complications in 95 children. Acta Orthop Scand 60: 401–5
Teot L, Deschamps F, Rodiere M, Daures JP, Sarda P, Hedon B (1990) Les „dangers“ de l’échographie de la hanche. Ann Pediatr 37: 30–8
Teot L, Deschamps F (1990) Correlations histologiques et echographiques de la hanche du nouveau-né. Laboratoire de Chirurgie experimentale, Institut de Biologie, Montpellier. Rev Chir Orthop 76: 8–16
Terjesen T, Bredland T, Berg V (1989) Ultrasound for hip assessment in the newborn. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 767–73
Terjesen T (1992) Closed reduction guided by dynamic ultrasound in late-diagnosed hip dislocation. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 54–60
Tönnis D (1978) Hüftluxation und Hüftkopfnekrose. Eine Sammelstatistik des Arbeitskreises Hüftdysplasie. Enke, Stuttgart (Bücherei des Orthopäden, Bd 21)
Tönnis D, Behrens K, Tscharani R (1981) A modified technique of the triple pelvic osteotomy: Early results. J Pediatr Orthop 1: 241–9
Tönnis D (1984) Die angeborene Hüftdysplasie und Hüftluxation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 60–3
Tönnis D, Storch K, Ulbrich H (1990) Results of newborn screening for CDH with and without sonography and correlation of risk factors. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 145–52
Tönnis D, Heinecke A (1991) Diminished femoral ante-torsion syndrome: A cause of pain and osteoarthritis. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 419–31
Tredwell SJ (1990) Economic evaluation of neonatal screening for congenital dislocation of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 327–30
Tredwell SJ (1992) Neonatal screening for hip joint instability. Its clinical and economic relevance. Clin Orthop 281: 63–8
Tucci JJ, Jay Kumar S, Guille JT, Rubbo ER (1991) Late acetabular dysplasia following early successful Pavlik harness treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 502–5
Valentin B (1961) Geschichte der Orthopädie. Thieme, Stuttgart
Viere RG, Birch JG, Herring JA, Roach JW, Johnston CE (1990) Use of the Pavlik harness in congenital dislocation of the hip. An analysis of failures of treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 238–44
Wagner H (1965) Korrektur der Hüftgelenkdysplasie durch die sphärische Pfannenosteotomie. In: Chapchal G (Hrsg) Internationales Symposium über Beckenosteoto-mie/Pfannendachplastik. Thieme, Stuttgart
Wedge JH, Munkacsi I, Loback D (1989): Anteversion of the femur and idiopathic osteoarthrosis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 1040–3
Weickert H, Merk H (1985) Wertung und Prognose der Veränderungen am koxalen Femurende bei der Luxations-hüfte. Z Orthop 123: 141–6
Williamson DM, Glover SD, Benson MK (1989) Congenital dislocation of the hip presenting after the age of three years. A long-term review. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 745–51
Windhager R, Pongracz N, Schonecker W, Kotz R (1991) Chiari osteotomy for congenital dislocation and subluxation of the hip. Results after 20 to 34 years follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 890–5
Wong-Chung J et al. (1990) Movement of the femoral head after Salter osteotomy for acetabular dysplasia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 72: 563–7
Zieger M (1986) Ultrasound of the infant hip. Part 2. Validity of the method. Pediatr Radiol 16: 488–92
Zieger M, Wiese H, Schulz RD (1986) Stellenwert der Winkelmessung bei der Hüftsonographie. Methodischtechnische Analyse. Radiologe 26: 253–6
Andersen PE Jr, Schantz K, Bollerslev J, Justesen P (1988) Bilateral femoral head dysplasia and osteochondritis. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia tarda, spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia tarda, and bilateral Legg-Perthes disease. Acta Radiol 29: 705–9
Barker DJ, Hall AJ (1986) The epidemiology of Perthes’ disease. Clin Orthop 209: 89–94
Bassett GS, Apel DM, Wintersteen VG, Tolo VT (1991) Measurement of femoral head microcirculation by Laser Doppler Flowmetry. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 307–13
Bellyei A, Mike G (1991) Weight bearing in Perthes’ disease. Orthopedics 14: 19–22
Bowen JR, Foster BK, Hartzell CR (1984) Legg-Valve-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop 185: 97–108.
Burwell RG, Vernon CL, Dangerfield PH, Hall DJ, Krist-mundsdottir F (1986) Raised somatomedin activity in the serum of young boys with Perthes’ disease revealed by bioassay. A disease of growth transition? Clin Orthop 209: 129–38
Calvé J (1910) Sur une forme particulière de coxalgie greffeé. Sur les déformations caracteristiques de l’extremité supérieure du fémur. Rev Chir 42: 54
Calvert PT, Kernohan JG, Sayers DC, Catterall A (1984) Effects of vascular occlusion on the femoral head in growing rabbits. Acta Orthop Scand 55: 526–30
Cannon SR, Pozo JL, Catterall A (1989) Elevated growth velocity in children with Perthes’ disease. J Pediatr Orthop 9: 285–92
Catterall A (1971) The natural history of Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 53: 37–53
Christensen F, Soballe K, Ejsted R, Luxhoj T (1986) The Catterall classification of Perthes’ disease: an assessment of reliability. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 68: 614–5
Coates CJ, Paterson JM, Woods KR, Catterall A, Fixsen JA (1990) Femoral osteotomy in Perthes’ disease. Results at maturity. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 72: 581–5
Conway JJ (1993) A scintigraphic classification of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Semin Nucl Med 23: 274–95
Cooperman DR, Stulberg SD (1986) Ambulatory containment treatment in Perthes’ disease. Clin Orthop 203: 289–300
Crutcher JP, Staheli LT (1992) Combined osteotomy as a salvage procedure for severe Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 151–6
De Camargo FP, de Godoy RM (1984) Angiography in Perthes disease. Clin Orthop 191: 216–20
Evans IK, Deluca PA, Gage JR (1988) A comparative study of ambulation-abduction bracing and varus derotation osteotomy in the treatment of severe Legg-Calve-Perthes disease in children over 6 years of age. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 676–82
Exner GU, Schreiber A (1986) Wachstumsretardierung und Aufholwachstum bei Morbus Perthes. Z Orthop 124: 192–5
Farsetti P, Tudisco C, Caterini R, Potenza V, Ippolito E (1995) The Herring lateral pillar classification for prognosis in Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 77: 739–42
Ferguson AB Jr (1985) Segmental vascular changes in the femoral head in children and adults. Clin Orthop 200: 291–8
Fulford GE, Lunn PG, Macnicol MF (1993) A prospective study of nonoperative and operative management for Perthes’ disease. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 281–5
Glueck CJ, Crawford A, Roy D, Freiberg R, Glueck H, Stroop D (1996) Association of antithrombotic factor deficiencies and hypofibrinolysis with Legg-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 78: 3–13
Green NE, Griffin PP (1982) Intraosseous venous pressure in Legg-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 64: 666–71
Hall AJ, Barker DJ, Dangerfield PH, Osmond C, Taylor JF (1988) Small feet and Perthes’ disease. A survey in Liverpool. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 70: 611–3
Hall AJ, Barker DJ, Lawton D (1990) The social origins of Perthes’ disease of the hip. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 4: 64–70
Hall AJ, Margetts BM, Barker DJ et al. (1989) Low blood manganese levels in Liverpool children with Perthes’ disease. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 3: 131–5
Hall DJ, Harrison MH, Burwell RG (1979) Congenital abnormalities and Perthes’ disease. Clinical evidence that children with Perthes’ disease may have a major congenital defect. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 61: 18–25
Herring JA, Neustadt JB, Williams JJ, Early JS, Browne RH (1992) The lateral pillar classification of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 143–50
Hoffinger SA, Rab GT, Salamon PB (1991) „Metaphyseal“ cysts in Legg-Calve-Perthes’ disease. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 301–7
Hoikka V, Lindholm TS, Poussa (1986) M: Intertrochanteric varus osteotomy in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease: a report of 112 hips. J Pediatr Orthop 6: 600–4
Howell CJ, Wynne Davies R (1986) The tricho-rhino-pha-langeal syndrome. A report of 14 cases in 7 kindreds. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 68: 311–4
Ippolito E, Tudisco C, Farsetti P (1987) The long term prognosis of unilateral Perthes’ disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 69: 243–50
Jani L, Hefti F (1990) Die Femurkopfnekrose des Kindesalters. Orthopäde 19: 191–9
Joseph B (1991) Serum Immunoglobulin in Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 509–10
Joseph B, Srinivas G, Thomas R (1996) Management of Perthes disease of late onset in southern India. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 78: 625–30
Kallio P, Ryoppy S, Kunnamo I (1986) Transient synovitis and Perthes’ disease. Is there an aetiological connection? J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 68: 808–11
Kamegaya M, Moriya H, Tsuchiya K, Akita T, Ogata S, Someya M (1989) Arthrography of early Perthes’ disease. Swelling of the ligamentum teres as a cause of subluxation. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 413–7
Kemp HB (1986) Perthes’ disease in rabbits and puppies. Clin Orthop 209: 139–59
Kendig RJ, Evans GA (1986) Biologic osteotomy in Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop 6: 278–84
Kitsugi T, Kasahara Y, Seto Y, Komai S (1989) Normal somatomedin C activity measured by radioimmunoassay in Perthes’ disease. Clin Orthop 244: 217–21
Kohn D, Wirth CJ, John H (1991) The function of the Thomas splint. An experimental study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 111: 26–8
Kristmundsdottir F, Burwell RG, Hall DJ, Marshall WA (1986) A longitudinal study of carpal bone development in Perthes’ disease: its significance for both radiologic standstill and bilateral disease. Clin Orthop 209: 115–23
Kristmundsdottir F, Burwell RG, Harrison MH (1987) Delayed skeletal maturation in Perthes’ disease. Acta Orthop Scand 58: 277–9
Kumasaka Y, Harada K, Watanabe H, Higashihara T, Kishi-moto H, Sakurai K, Kozuka T (1991) Modified epiphyseal index for MRI in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD). Pediatr Radiol 21: 208–10
Küsswetter W, Magers H (1985) Changes in the pelvis after the Chiari and Salter osteotomies. Int Orthop 9: 139–46
Legg AT (1910) An obscure affection of the hip joint. Boston Med Surg J 162: 202
Leitch JM, Paterson DC, Foster BK (1991) Growth disturbance in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and the consequences of surgical treatment. Clin Orthop 262: 178–84
Martinez AG, Weinstein SL, Dietz FR (1992) The weight-bearing abduction brace for the treatment of Legg-Perthes diasease. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 12–21
McAndrew MP, Weinstein SL (1984) A long-term follow-up of Legg-Calve-Perthes diasease. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 860–9
Meehan PL, Angel D, Nelson JM (1992) The Scottish Rite abduction orthosis for the treatment of Legg-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 2–12
Menelaus MB (1986) Lessons learned in the management of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Clin Orthop 209: 41–8
Mirovskyy Y, Axer A, Hendel D (1984) Residual shortening after osteotomy for Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 66: 184–8
Moberg A, Rehnberg L (1992) Incidence of Perthes’ disease in Uppsala, Sweden. Acta Orthop Scand 63: 157–8
Motokawa S (1990) Effect of serum factors on skeletal growth in Perthes’ disease. Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi 64: 790–7
Muirhead-Allwood W, Catterall A (1982) The treatment of Perthes’ disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 64: 282–5
Mukherjee A, Fabry G (1991) Evaluation of the prognostic indices in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: Statistical analysis of 116 hips. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 153–8
Nomura T, Terayama K, Watanabe S (1980) Perthes’ disease: a comparison between two methods of treatment, Thomas’ splint and femoral osteotomy. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 97: 135–40
Norlin R, Hammerby S, Tkaczuk H (1991) The natural history of Perthes’ disease. Int Orthop 15: 13–6
Orzincolo C, Castaldi G, Scutellari PN, Bariani L, Pinça A (1986) Aseptic necrosis of femoral head complicating thalassemia. Skeletal Radiol 15: 541–4
Parsch K, Haesen D (1994) Spontanverlauf des Morbus Perthes. Orthopäde 23: 200–5
Perthes GC (1910) Über die Arthrosis deformans juvenilis. Deutsch Z Chir 107: 111
Pettersson H, Wingstrand H, Thambert C, Nilsson IM, Jonsson K (1990) Legg-Calve-Perthes disease in hemophilia: incidence and etiologic considerations. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 28–32
Price CT, Day DD, Flynn JC (1988) Behavioral sequelae of bracing versus surgery for Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 285–7
Purry NA (1982) The incidence of Perthes disease in three population groups in the eastern cape region of South Africa. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 64: 286–8
Raimann A, de la Fuente M, Raimann A (1994) Dysplasia Capitis Femoris und ihre Beziehung zur Hüftkopfnekrose (Morbus Perthes). Z Orthop 132: 140–56
Rand C, Pearson TC, Heatley FW (1987) Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in sickle cell syndrome: a report of 5 cases. Acta Haematol 78: 186–92
Richards BS, Coleman SS (1987) Subluxation of the femoral head in coxa plana. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 69: 1312–8
Ritterbusch JF, Shantharam SS, Gelinas C (1993) Comparison of lateral pillar classification and Catterall classification of Legg-Calvé-Perthes’disease. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 200–02
Royle SG, Galasko CS (1992) The irritable hip. Scintigraphy in 192 children. Acta Orthop Scand 63: 25–8
Salter RB, Thompson GH (1984) Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. The prognostic significance of the subchondral fracture and a two-group classification of the femoral head involvement. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 479–89
Salter RB (1984) The present status of surgical treatment for Legg-Perthes disease. Current Concept Review. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 961–6
Schwarz N, Leixnering M, Hopf R, Jantsch S (1988) Pressure volume ratio in human cadaver hip joints. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 107: 322–5
Shang-li L, Ho TC (1991) The role of venous hypertension in the pathogenesis of Legg-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 73: 194–200
Sponseller PD, Desai SS, Millis MB (1988) Comparison of femoral and innominate osteotomies for the treatment of Legg-Calve ,-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 70: 1131–9
Stulberg SD, Cooperman DR, Wallenstein R (1981) The natural history of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 63: 1095–108
Thompson GH, Salter RB (1987) Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Current concepts and controversies. Orthop Clin North Am 18: 617–35
Vasseur PB, Foley P, Stevenson S, Heitter D (1989) Mode of inheritance of Perthes’ disease in Manchester terriers. Clin Orthop 244: 281–92
Vegter J, Lubsen CC (1987). Fractional necrosis of the femoral head epiphysis after transient increase in joint pressure. An experimental study in juvenile rabbits. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 69: 530–5
Vizkelety T, Kery L (1988) The treatment of Perthes’ disease. Acta Chir Hung 29: 73–85
Weiner SD, Weiner DS, Riley PM (1991) Pitfalls in treatment of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease using proximal femoral varus osteotomy. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 20–4
Wenger DR, Ward WT, Herring JA (1991) Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Current concept review. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 73: 778–88
Yrjonen T (1992) Prognosis in Perthes’ disease after non-containment treatment. 106 hips followed for 28–47 years. Acta Orthop Scand 63: 523–6
Abraham E, Garst J, Barmada R (1993) Treatment of moderate to severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis with extracapsular base-of-neck osteotomy. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 294–302
Aronson DD, Carlson WE (1992) Slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 810–9
Aronson DD, Loder RT (1992) Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in black children. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 74–9
Aronson DD, Aronson RT (1996) Treatment of the unstable (acute) slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop 322:99–110
Aronson J, Tursky EA (1996) The torsional basis for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop 322: 37–42
Ballmer PM, Gilg M, Aebi B, Ganz R (1990): Ergebnisse nach subkapitaler und Imhäuser-Weber Osteotomie bei Epiphy-seolysis capitis femoris. Z Orthop 128: 63–6
Bassett GS (1993) Bone endoscopy: direct visual confirmation of cannulated screw placement in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 159–63
Bellemans J, Fabry G, Molenaers G, Lammens J, Moens P (1994) Pin removal after in-situ pinning for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Acta Orthop Belg 60: 170–2
Betz RR, Steel HH, Emper WD, Huss GK, Clancy M (1990) Treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Spica-cast immobilization. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 587–600
Brenkel IJ, Dias JJ, Davies TG, Jobal SJ, Gregg PJ (1989) Hormone status in patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 33–8
Carney BT, Weinstein SL (1996) Natural history of untreated chronic slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop 322: 43–7
Castriota-Scanderbeg A, Orsi E (1993) Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: ultrasonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol 22: 191–3
Chung JW, Strong ML (1991) Physeal remodeling after internal fixation of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 2–5
Debrunner HU (1982) Orthopädisches Diagnostikum. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 127
Denton JR (1993) Progression of a slipped capital femoral epiphysis after fixation wit a single cannulated screw. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 425–7
DeRosa GP, Mullins RC, Kling TF (1996) Cuneiform osteotomy of the femoral neck in severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop 322: 43–7
Dietz FR (1994) Traction reduction of acute and acute-on-chronic slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop 302: 101–10
Engelhardt P (1990) Epiphyseolysis capitis femoris: Überlegungen zur Therapie der Gegenhüfte am Wachstumsende. Z Orthop 128: 262–5
Engelhardt P (1994) Spontanverlauf der Epiphyseolysis capitis femoris. Orthopäde 23: 195–9
Fish JB (1994) Cuneiform osteotomy of the femoral neck in the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. A follow-up note. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 76: 46–59
Futami T, Kasahara Y, Suzuki, S, Seto Y, Ushibuko S (1992) Arthroscopy for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 592–7
Goodman WW, Johnson JT, Robertson WW (1996) Single screw fixation for acute and acute-on-chronic slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop 322: 86–90
Harris WH (1986) Etiology of osteoarthritis of the hip. Clin Orthop 213: 20–33
Herman MJ, Dormans JP, Davidson RS, Drummond DS, Gregg JR (1996) Screw fixation of grade III slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop 322: 77–85
Imhäuser G (1954) Die operative Behandlung der pathologischen Antetorsion am coxalen Femurende. Z Orthop 85: 395–405
Jerre R, Billing L, Hansson G, Wallin J (1994) The contralateral hip in patients primarily treated for unilateral slipped upper femoral epiphysis. Long-term follow-up of 61 hips. J Bone Joint Surg 76: 563–7
Kahle WK (1994) The case against routine metal removal. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 229–37
Kallio PE, Lequesne GW, Paterson DC, Foster BK, Jones JR (1991) Ultrasonography in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Diagnosis and assessment of severity. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 884–9
Kallio PE, Paterson DC, Foster BK, Lequesne GW (1993) Classification in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Sonographic assessment of stability and remodeling. Clin Orthop 294: 196–203
Karol LA, Doane RM, Cornicelli SF, Zak PA, Haut RC, Manoli A (1992) Single versus double screw fiaxtion for treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. A biomecha-nical analysis. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 741–5
Keenan WNW, Clegg J (1994) Idiopathic bilateral slipped upper femoral epiphyses in a child under six years of age. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 495–6
Kelsey JL, Keggi KL, Southwick WO (1970) The incidence and distribution of slipped capital femoral epiphysis in Connecticut and Southwestern United States. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 52: 1203–16
Koval KJ, Lehman WB, Rose D, Koval RP, Grant A, Strong-water A (1989) Treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis with a cannulated-screw technique. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 1370–7
Loder RT, Aronson DD, Bollinger RO (1990) Seasonal variation of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 378–81
Loder RT, Richards BS, Shapiro PS, Reznick LR, Aronson DD (1993) Acute slipped capital femoral epiphysis: the importance of physeal stability. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1134–40
Loder RT, Farley FA, Herzenberg JE, Hensinger RN, Kuhn JL (1993) Narrow window of bone age in children with slipped capital femoral epiphyses. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 290–3
Loder RT and 47 coinvestigators (1996) The demographics of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop 322: 8–27
Meier MC, Meyer LC, Ferguson RL (1992) Treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis with a spica cast. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 1522–9
Morscher, E (1962) Resultate der subcapitalen Keilosteoto-mie bei der Epiphyseolysis capitis femoris. Verh der Deutschen Orthop. Ges. , 49. Kongress. Zürich. Enke, Stuttgart, S 256–60
Morscher E (1967) Development and clinical significance of the anteversion of the femoral neck. Wiederherstellungschir Traumatol 9: 107–25
Morscher E (1968) Strength and morphology of growth cartilage under hormonal influence of puberty. Karger, Basel New York (Reconstr Surg Traumatology, vol 10)
Müller, E (1888–1889) Über die Verbiegungen des Schenkelhalses im Wachstumsalter. Beitr Klin Chir 4: 137
Murray RO, Duncan C (1971) Athletic activity in adolescence as an etiological factor in degenerative hip disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 53: 406–9
Nguyen, D, Morrissy, RT (1990) Slipped capital femoral epiphysis 4 (1. Rationale for the technique of percutaneous in situ fixation). J Pediatr Orthop 10: 341–6
Puri R, Smith CS, Malhotra D, Williams AJ, Oeven R, Harrsi F (1985) Slippped upper femoral epiphysis and primary juvenile hypothyroidism. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 77: 14–20
Rattey T, Piehl F, Wright JG (1996) Acute slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 78: 398–402
Riley PM, Weiner DS, Gillespie R, Weiner SD (1990) Hazards of internal fixation in the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 1500–9
Ross PM, Lyne D, Morawa (1979) Slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Long-term results after 10–38 years. Clin Orthop 141: 176–80
Schnyder H, Kramis A (1984) Schadet Spitzensport? Dissertation, Basel
Segal LS, Davidson RS, Robertson WW, Drummond DS (1991) Growth disturbances of the proximal femur after pinning of juvenile slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 631–7
Segal LS, Weitzel PP, Davidson RS (1996) Valgus slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Clin Orthop 322: 91–8
Southwick WO (1967) Osteotomy through the lesser trochanter for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 49: 807–35
Taillard W, Mégevand A, Scholder P, Morscher E (1964) Die epiphyseolysis capitis femoris. Documenta Geigy, Acta Rheumatologica
Terjesen T (1992) Ultrasonography for diagnosis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Comparison with radiography in 9 cases. Acta Orthop Scand 63: 653–7
Vrettos BC, Hoffman EB (1993) Chondrolysis in slipped upper femoral epiphysis. Long-term study of the aetiology and natural history. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 75: 956–61
Ward WT, Stefko J, Wood KB, Stanitski CL (1992) Fixation with a single screw for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 799–809
Weber BG (1965) Die Imhäuser-Osteotomie bei floridem Gleitprozess. Z Orthop 100: 312–20
Wells D, King JD, Roe TF, Kaufman FR (1993) Review of slipped capital femoral epiphysis associated with endocrine disease. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 610–4
Aitken GT (1969) Proximal femoral focal deficiency-definition, classification and management. In: Proximal femoral focal deficiency: A congenital anomaly. Nat Acad Sci 1731: 1–22
Amstutz HC (1969) The morphology, natural history, and treatment of proximal femoral focal deficiency. Nat Acad Sci 1731: 50–76
Amstutz HC (1970) Developmental (infantile) coxa vara-a distinct entity. Report of two patients with previously normal roentgenograms. Clin Orthop 72: 242–7
Andersen PE Jr, Schantz K, Bollerslev J, Justesen P (1988) Bilateral femoral head dysplasia and osteochondritis. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia tarda, spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia tarda, and bilateral Legg-Perthes disease. Acta Radiol 29: 705–9
Catonne Y, Dubousset J, Seringe R, Conard JP, Dintimille H, Gottin M, Rouvillain JL (1992) Les coxa-vara infantiles. A propos de 28 cas. Rev Chir Orthop Repar Appar Mot 78: 153–63
Cordes S, Dickens DR, Cole WG (1991) Correction of coxa vara in childhood. The use of Pauwels’ Y-shaped osteotomy. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 3–6
Desai SS, Johnson LO (1993) Long-term results of valgus osteotomy for congenital coxa vara. Clin Orthop 294: 204–10
Exner GU, van der Lern, D, Wetz HH (1995) Classification of the so called proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD) as a spectrum of a longitudinal deficiency. EPOS, 14th meeting, Papers and Abstracts 4–12
Fairbank HAT (1935) Generalized diseases of the skeleton. Proc R Soc Med 28:1611–23
Fixsen JA, Lloyd-Roberts GC (1974) The natural history and early treatment of proximal femoral dysplasia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 56: 86–95
Frantz CH, O’Rahilly R (1961) Congenital skeletal limb deficiencies. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 42: 1202–10
Friscia DA, Moseley CF, Oppenheim WL (1989) Rotational osteotomy for proximal femoral focal deficiency. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 1386–92
Gillespie R, Torode P (1983) Classification and management of congenital abnormalities of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 65: 557–68
Graf R (1984) Fundamentals of sonographic diagnosis of infant hip dysplasia. J Pediatr Orthop 4: 735–40
Grill F, Dungl P (1991) Lengthening for congenital short femur. Results of different methods. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 439–47
Grissom LE, Harcke HT (1994) Sonography in congenital deficiency of the femur. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 29–33
Hahn MP, Ostermann PAW, Richter D, Muhr G (1996) Pseu-darthrosen im Kindesalter. Orthopäde 25: 470–7
Hall CB, Brooks MB, Dennis JF (1962) Congenital skeletal deficiencies of the extremities: Classification and fundamentals of treatment. JAMA 181: 590
Hamanishi C (1980) Congenital short femur. Clinical, genetic and epidemiological comparison of the naturally occurring condition with that caused by thalidomide. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 62: 307–20
Hummer CD, MacEwen GD (1972) The coexistence of torticollis and congenital dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 54: 1255–6
Ingram RR (1992) Early diagnosis of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 241–4
Johanning K (1951) Coxa vara infantum. I. Clinical appearance and aetiological problems. Acta Orthop Scand 21: 273
Kalamchi A, Cowell HR, Kim KI (1985) Congenital deficiency of the femur. J Pediatr Orthop 5: 129–34
Khermosh O, Wientroub S (1991) Dysplasia epiphysealis capitis femoris. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 621
King RE (1967) Some concepts of proximal femoral focal deficiency. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 49: 1470–9
Koman LA, Meyer LC, Warren FH (1982) Proximal femoral focal deficiency: natural history and treatment. Clin Orthop 162: 135–43
Livesley PJ, McAllister JC, Catterrall A (1994) The treatment of progressive coxa vara in children with bone softening disorders. Int Orthop 18: 310–2
Meyer J (1964) Dysplasia epiphysealis capitis femoris: a clinical-radiological syndrome and its relationship to Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Acta Orthop Scand 34: 183–97
Pappas AM (1983) Congenital abnormalities of the femur and related lower extremity malformations: classification and treatment. J Pediatr Orthop 3: 45–60
Pauwels F (1936) Zur Therapie der kindlichen Coxa vara. Z Orthop 64: 372
Pirani S, Beauchamp RD, Li D, Sawatzky B (1991) Soft tissue anatomy of proximal femoral focal deficiency. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 563–70
Poul J, Bajerova J, Sommernitz M, Straka M, Pokorny M, Wong FY (1992) Early diagnosis of congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 695–700
Raimann A, de la Fuente M, Raimann A (1994) Dysplasia capitis femoris und ihre Beziehung zur Hüftkopfnekrose (Morbus Perthes). Z Orthop 132: 140–56
Renzi-Brivio L, Lavini F, De Bastiani G (1990) Lengthening in the congenital short femur. Clin Orthop 250: 112–6
Ribbing S (1937) Studien über hereditäre multiple Epiphy-senstörungen. Acta Radiol Suppl 34
Rogala EJ, Wynne-Davies R, Littlejohn A, Gormley J (1974) Congenital limb anomalies: frequency and aetiological factors. Data from the Edinburgh Register of the Newborn (1964–1968). J Med Genet 11: 221–33
Sampera I, Sparks LT (1994) Proximal femoral focal deficiency: Does a radiologic classification exist? J Pediatr Orthop 14: 34–8
Torode IP, Gillespie R (1983) Rotationplasty of the lower limb for congenital defects of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 65: 560–73
Treble NJ, Jensen FO, Bankier A, Rogers JG, Cole WG (1990) Development of the hip in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. Natural history and susceptibility to premature osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 72: 1061–4
Williams PF, Cole WG (1991) Orthopaedic management in childhood, 2nd edn. Chapman & Hall, London New York Tokyo Melbourne Madras
Wynne-Davies R (1970) Acetabular dysplasia and familial joint laxity: two etiological factors in congenital dislocation of the hip. A review of 589 patients and their families. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 52: 704–16
Atar D, Grant AD, Mirsky E, Lehman WB (1995) Femoral varus derotatiönal osteotomy in cerebral palsy. Am J Orthop 24: 337–41
Atar D, Grant AD, Bash J, Lehman WB (1995) Combined hip surgery in cerebral palsy patients. Am J Orthop 24: 52–5
Auffray Y (1987) Osteotomie directionnelle du femur chez Pencephalopathe grabataire. Rev Chir Orthop 73: 213–7
Baciu CC (1984) Transposition of the gluteus minimus in spastic hip. Apropos of 11 cases. Ann Chir 38: 435–8
Bagg MR, Farber J, Miller F (1993) Long-term follow-up of hip subluxation in cerebral palsy patients. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 32–6
Baxter MP, D’Astous JL (1986) Proximal femoral resection-interposition arthroplasty: salvage hip surgery for the severely disabled child with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 6: 681–5
Bazih J, Gross RH (1981) Hip surgery in the lumbar level myelomeningocele patient. J Pediatr Orthop 1: 405–11
Bleck EE (1980) The hip in cerebral palsy. Orthop Clin North Am 11: 79–104
Bos CF, Rozing PM, Verbout AJ (1987) Surgery for hip dislocation in cerebral palsy. Acta Orthop Scand 58: 638–40
Bouchard J, D’Astous J (1991) Postoperative heterotopic ossification in children: a comparison of children with spina bifida and with cerebral palsy. Can J Surg 34: 454–6
Bowen JR, MacEwen GD, Mathews PA (1981) Treatment of extension contracture of the hip in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 23: 23–9
Breed AL, Healy PM (1982) The midlumbar myelomeningocele hip: mechanism of dislocation and treatment. J Pediatr Orthop 2: 15–24
Broughton NS, Menelaus MB, Cole WG, Shurtleff DB (1993) The natural history of hip deformity in myelomeningocele. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 75: 760–3
Brunner R, Baumann JU (1994) Clinical benefit of reconstruction of dislocated or subluxated hip joints in patients with spastic cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 290–4
Brunner R, Döderlein (1996) Pathologische Frakturen. J Pediatr Orthop (European Edition) (in press)
Brunner R, Baumann JU (1996) Long term effects of inter-trochenteric varus derotation osteotomy on femur and acetabulum in spastic cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop (Am) (in print)
Brunner R, Picard C, Robb JE (in press): Morphology of the acetabulum in hip mdislocations due to cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop Part B
Bunch WH, Hakala MW (1984) Iliopsoas transfers in children with myelomeningocele. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 224–7
Carstens C, Niethard FU, Schwinning M (1992) Die operative Behandlung der Huftluxation bei Patienten mit infantiler Zerebralparese. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 130: 419–25
Cobeljic G, Vukasinovic Z, Djoric I (1994) Surgical prevention of paralytic dislocation of the hip in cerebral palsy. Int Orthop 18: 313–6
Cooperman DR, Bartucci E, Dietrick E, Millar EA (1987) Hip dislocation in spastic cerebral palsy: long-term consequences. J Pediatr Orthop 7: 268–76
Dias LS, Hill JA (1980) Evaluation of treatment of hip subluxation in myelomeningocele by intertrochanteric varus derotation femoral osteotomy. Orthop Clin North Am 11: 31–7
Dias LS, Jasty MJ, Collins P (1984) Rotational deformities of the lower limb in myelomeningocele. Evaluation and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 215–23
Drummond DS, Moreau M, Cruess RL (1980) The results and complications of surgery for the paralytic hip and spine in myelomeningocele. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 62: 49–53
Eng GD, Binder H, Koch B (1984) Spinal muscular atrophy: experience in diagnosis and rehabilitation management of 60 patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 65: 549–53
Erken EH, Bischof FM (1994) Iliopsoas transfer in cerebral palsy: the long-term outcome. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 295–8
Feldkamp M, Denker P (1989) Importance of the iliopsoas muscle in soft-tissue surgery of hip deformities in cerebral palsy children. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 108: 225–30
Fraser RK, Hoffman EB, Sparks LT, Buccimazza SS (1992) The unstable hip and mid-lumbar myelomeningocele. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 143–6
Frischhut B, Krismer M, Sterzinger W (1992) Die Hüfte bei der infantilen Zerebralparese, natürlicher Entwicklungsverlauf und Behandlungskonzepte. Orthopäde 21: 316–22
Gamble JG, Rinsky LA, Bleck EE (1990) Established hip dislocations in children with cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop 253: 90–9
Guth V, Abbink F, Guth E (1985) Ganganalyse beim Cere-bralparetiker — Beziehungen zwischen Störungen der Muskelkoordination und Ganganomalien. Z Orthop 123: 306–11
Heimkes B, Stotz S, Heid T (1992) Pathogenese und Prävention der spastischen Huftluxation. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 130: 413–8
Herndon WA, Bolano L, Sullivan JA (1992) Hip stabilization in severely involved cerebral palsy patients. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 68–73
Hoffer MM, Koffman M (1980) Cerebral palsy: the first three years. Clin Orthop 151: 222–7
Hoffer MM, Stein GA, Koffman M, Prietto M (1985) Femoral varus-derotation osteotomy in spastic cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 67: 1229–35
Hoffer MM, Knoebel RT, Roberts R (1987) Contractures in cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop 219: 70–7
Howard CB, Williams LA (1984) A new radiological sign in the hips of cerebral palsy patients. Clin Radiol 35: 317–9
Howard CB, McKibbin B, Williams LA, Mackie I (1985) Factors affecting the incidence of hip dislocation in cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67: 530–2
Jerosch J, Senst S, Hoffstetter I (1995) Combined realignment procedure (femoral and acetabular) of the hip joint in ambulatory patients with cerebral palsy and secondary hip dislocation. Acta Orthop Belg 61: 92–9
Kalen V, Bleck EE (1985) Prevention of spastic paralytic dislocation of the hip. Dev Med Child Neurol 27: 17–24
Lai KA, Kuo KN, Andriacchi TP (1988) Relationship between dynamic deformities and joint moments in children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 690–5
Laplaza FJ, Root L, Tassanawipas A, Glasser DB (1993) Femoral torsion and neck-shaft angles in cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 192–9
Laplaza FJ, Root L (1994) Femoral anteversion and neck-shaft angles in hip instability in cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 719–23
Lee EH, Carroll NC (1985) Hip stability and ambulatory status in myelomeningocele. J Pediatr Orthop 5: 522–7
Lonstein JE, Beck K (1986) Hip dislocation and subluxation in cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 6: 521–6
Matsuo T, Tada S, Hajime T (1986) Insufficiency of the hip adductor after anterior obturator neurectomy in 42 children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 6: 686–92
Matthiass HH (1990) Hüftgelenksveranderungen bei infantiler Cerebralparese. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 128: 373–6
McHale KA; Bagg M; Nason SS (1990) Treatment of the chronically dislocated hip in adolescents with cerebral palsy with femoral head resection and subtrochanteric valgus osteotomy. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 504–9
McHale KA (1991) Bilateral spontaneous arthrodesis of the hip after combined shelf acetabular augmentation and femoral varus osteotomies. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 108–11
Menelaus MB (1980) Progress in the management of the paralytic hip in myelomeningocele. Orthop Clin North Am 11: 17–30
Molloy MK (1986) The unstable paralytic hip: treatment by combined pelvic and femoral osteotomy and transiliac psoas transfer. J Pediatr Orthop 6: 533–8
Mubarak SJ, Valencia FG, Wenger DR (1992) One-stage correction of the spastic dislocated hip. Use of pericapsular acetabuloplasty to improve coverage. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 1347–57
Nene AV, Evans GA, Patrick JH (1993) Simultaneous multiple operations for spastic diplegia. Outcome and functional assessment of walking in 18 patients. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 75: 488–94
Onimus M, Allamel G, Manzone P, Laurain JM (1991) Prevention of hip dislocation in cerebral palsy by early psoas and adductors tenotomies. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 432–5
Onimus M, Manzone P, Cahuzac JP, Laurain JM, Lebarbier P (1992) Le traitement chirurgical des luxations et subluxations de hanche chez l’IMC par ostetomie femorale et pelvienne. Rev Chir Orthop Repar Appar Mot 78: 74–81
Phillips DP, Lindseth RE (1992) Ambulation after transfer of adductors, external oblique, and tensor fascia lata in myelomeningocele. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 712–7
Pilliard D, Masse P, Taussig G (1982) Hanches de la myelomeningocele et autonomie fonctionnelle. Rev Chir Orthop Repar Appar Mot 68: 455–60
Pope DF, Bueff HU, De Luca PA (1994) Pelvic osteotomies for subluxation of the hip in cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 724–30
Pritchett JW (1983) The untreated unstable hip in severe cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop 173: 169–72
Reimers J (1980) The stability of the hip in children: a radiological study of the results of muscle surgery in cerebral palsy. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 184
Reimers J, Poulsen S (1984) Adductor transfer versus tenotomy for stability of the hip in spastic cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 4: 52–4
Rink P, Miller F (1990) Hip instability in spinal cord injury patients. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 583–7
Root L, Spero CR (1981) Hip adductor transfer compared with adductor tenotomy in cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 63: 767–72
Root L (1987) Treatment of hip problems in cerebral palsy. Instr Course Lect 36: 237–52
Roye DP Jr, Chorney GS, Deutsch LE, Mahon JH (1990) Femoral varus and acetabular osteotomies in cerebral palsy. Orthopedics 13: 1239–43
Samuelsson L, Skoog M (1988) Ambulation in patients with myelomeningocele: a multivariate statistical analysis. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 569–75
Samuelsson L, Eklof O (1990) Hip instability in myelomeningocele. 158 patients followed for 15 years. Acta Orthop Scand 61: 3–6
Sauser DD, Hewes RC, Root L (1986) Hip changes in spastic cerebral palsy. Am J Roentgenol 146: 1219–22
Schultz RS, Chamberlain SE, Stevens PM (1984) Radiographic comparison of adductor procedures in cerebral palsied hips. J Pediatr Orthop 4: 741–4
Sharrard WJ, Burke J (1982) Iliopsoas transfer in the management of established dislocation and refractory progressive subluxation of the hip in cerebral palsy. Int Orthop 6: 149–54
Sherk HH, Pasquariello PD, Doherty J (1983) Hip dislocation in cerebral palsy: selection for treatment. Dev Med Child Neurol 25: 738–46
Sherk HH, Uppal GS, Lane G, Melchionni J (1991) Treatment versus non-treatment of hip dislocations in ambulatory patients with myelomeningocele. Dev Med Child Neurol 33: 491–4
Silver RL, Rang M, Chan J, de la Garza J (1985) Adductor release in nonambulant children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 5: 672–7
Smetana V, Schejbalova A (1993) Vyznam tenotomie adduk-toru pro leceni projevu detske mozkove obrny na dolnich koncetinach. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 60: 301–5
Smith JT, Stevens PM (1989) Combined adductor transfer, iliopsoas release, and proximal hamstring release in cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 9: 1–5
Steel HH (1980) Gluteus medius and minimus insertion advancement for correction of internal rotation gait in spastic cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 62: 919–27
Tylkowski CM, Rosenthal RK, Simon SR (1980) Proximal femoral osteotomy in cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop 151: 183–92
Vidal J, Deguillaume P, Vidal M (1985) The anatomy of the dysplastic hip in cerebral palsy related to prognosis and treatment. Int Orthop 9: 105–10
Weisl H, Fairclough JA, Jones DG (1988) Stabilisation of the hip in myelomeningocele. Comparison of posterior iliopsoas transfer and varus-rotation osteotomy. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 70: 29–33
Wheeler ME, Weinstein SL (1984) Adductor tenotomy-obtu-rator neurectomy. J Pediatr Orthop 4: 48–51
Yngve DA, Lindseth RE (1982) Effectiveness of muscle transfers in myelomeningocele hips measured by radiographic indices. J Pediatr Orthop 2: 121–5
Zuckerman JD, Staheli LT, McLaughlin JF (1984) Acetabular augmentation for progressive hip subluxation in cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 4: 436–42
Asche G (1990) Erfahrungen mit dem Fixateur externe bei der Behandlung kindlicher Oberschenkelfrakturen. In: Rahmanzadeh R, Breyer H-G (Hrsg) Verletzungen der unteren Extremitäten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 42
Azouz EM, Karamitsos C, Reed MH, Baker L, Kozlowski K, Hoeffel JC (1993) Types and complications of femoral neck fractures in children. Pediatr Radiol 23: 415–20
Bennek J (1993) Die Versorgung kindlicher Frakturen-Das Leipziger Konzept. In: Neumann S, Klein W, Brug E (Hrsg) Die dynamisch-axiale externe Fixation. Marseille, München, S 125
Bennek J, Müller W, Rothe K, Brock, U (1994) Versorgung kindlicher Femurschaftfrakturen mit dem Fixateur externe. Vortrag, gehalten in Münster: „Standortbestimmung der externen Frakturfixation unter Berücksichtigung unaufge-bohrter Nageltechniken“ vom 20. –22. 10. 1994
Bouyala JM, Bollini G, Clement JL, Tallet JM, Lieutaud D (1986) Les fractures transcervicales de l’enfant. A propos de 50 cas. Rev Chir Orthop 72: 43–9
Davison BL, Weinstein SL (1992) Hip fractures in children: a long-term follow-up study. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 355
Dietz HG, Schmittenbecher PP, Knorr P, Stehr M (1993) Biologische Osteosynthesen von Schaftfrakturen der unteren Extremität im Wachstumsalter. Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl 946
Engelhardt P (1992) Die Malgaigne-Beckenringverletzung im Kindesalter. Orthopäde 21: 422
Feld C, Gotzen L, Hannich T (1993) Die kindliche Femur-schaftfraktur in der Altersgruppe 6–14. Unfallchirurg 96: 169
Forlin E, Guille JT, Kumar SJ, Rhee KJ (1992) Transepiphy-seal fractures of the neck of the femur in very young children. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 164
Forlin E, Guille JT, Kumar SJ, Rhee KJ (1992) Complications associated with fracture of the neck of the femur in children. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 503
Ganz R, Mast JW (1990) Rekonstruktive Chirurgie nach fehlverheilten Verletzungen der Hüftregion. Orthopäde 19: 360
Ganz R, Klaue K, Mast J (1990) L’osteotomie periaceta-bulaire de reorientation du cotyle. Acta Orthop Belg 56: 357
Gonzalez-Herranz P, Burgos-Flores J, Rapariz JM, Lopez-Mondejar JA, Ocete JG, Amaya S (1995) Intramedullary nailing of the femur in children. Effects on its proximal end. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 77: 262
Havranek P, Staudacherova I, Hajkova H (1989) Proximal femoral fractures in children. Acta Univ Carol 35: 223
Haynert W (1990) Langzeitergebnisse nach Acetabuloplasti-ken mit kortikospongiösen Bankspan bei Hüftdysplasien und-luxationen. Beitr Orthop Traumatol 37: 468
Hehl G, Kiefer H. , Bauer G, Volck C (1993) Posttraumatische Beinlängendifferenzen nach konservativer und operativer Therapie kindklicher Oberschenkelschaftfrakturen. Unfallchirurg 96: 651
Herranz PG, Lopez-Mondejar JA, Flores JB, Ocete JG, Amaya al Arcon J (1993) Fractures of the femoral shaft in children: a study comparing orthopaedic treatment, intramedullary nailing and monolateral external fixation. Suppl Intern J Orthop Trauma 3: 64
Hofmann-von Kapherr S (1989) Vergleich operativer und konservativer Behandlungsmethoden am Beispiel kindlicher Oberschenkel. Unfallchir Versicherungsmed 82: 236
Hughes LO, Beaty JH (1994) Fractures of the head and neck of the femur in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 76: 283
Klein W, Pennig D, Brug E (1989) Die Anwendung eines unilateralen Fixateur externe bei der kindlichen Femur-schaftfraktur im Rahmen des Polytraumas. Unfallchirurg 92: 282
Klein W, Mittman C, Brug E (1993) Dynamic axial fixation for femoral shaft fractures in children: indications and results. Suppl Intern J Orthop Trauma 3: 55
Kretteck C, Henzler D, Hoffmann R, Tscherne H (1994) Ein neues Verfahren zur Best immung von Beinlängen und Beinlängendifferenzen mit Hilfe der Sonographie. Unfallheilkunde 97: 98
Krettek C, Haas N, Walker J, Tscherne H (1991) Treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children by external fixation. Injury 22: 263
Kuner EH (1991) Die Plattenosteosynthese zur Behandlung von Femurschaftfrakturen bei Kindern. Operat Orthop Traumatol 3: 227
Kurz W, Grumbt H (1988) Die Schenkelhalsfraktur des Kindesalters. Zentralbl Chir 113: 881
Laer L von (1977) Beinlängendifferenzen und Rotationsfehler nach Oberschenkelschaftfrakturen im Kindesalter. Arch Orthop Unfallchir 89: 121
Laer L von, Jakob-Frey H, Girard T, Kälin L (1990) Die Behandlung der Schaftfrakturen der unteren Extremitäten aus der Sicht der Effektivität und der Effizienz. In: Rahmanzadeh R, Breyer H-G (Hrsg) Verletzungen der unteren Extremitäten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. 8. Steglitzer Unfalltagung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 3
Laer L von (1994) Spontanverläufe nach Frakturen im Wachstumsalter. Orthopäde 23: 211
Laer LR von (1996) Frakturen und Luxationen im Wachstumsalter, 3. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart New York
Leitner A, Ketterl R, Weinberg AM, Laer L von (1997) Die Behandlung der Oberschenkelschaftfraktur im Kindesalter mit dem Fixateur externe, (in Vorbereitung)
Leung PC, Lam SF (1986) Long-term follow-up of children with femoral neck fractures. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 68: 537
Ligier JP, Metaizeau J, Prévot P, Lascombes (1985) Elastic stable intramedullary pinning of long bone shaft fratures in children. Kinderchirurgie 40: 209
Linhart W, Stampfel O, Ritter G (1984) Posttraumatische Femurkopfnekrose nach Trochanterfraktur. Z Ortop 122: 743
Pelzl H (1982) Die Femurkopfnekrose als Komplikation der medialen Schenkelhalsfraktur. Unfallchirurgie 8: 105
Pförringer W, Rosemeyer B (1982) Spätergebnisse nach Schenkelhalsfrakturen im Kindesalter. Hefte Unfallheilkd 158: 259
Pistor G, Hofmann von Kapherr S, Batz W (1984) Die Schenkelhalsfraktur im Kindesalter. Unfallchirurgie 10: 293
Prévot JP (1989) L’embrochage élastique stable. Z Unfallchir Versicherungsmed 82: 252
Prevot J-P, Metaizeau J-N, Ligier P, Lascombes E, Lesur G (1993) Dautel Embochage centromédullaire éelastique stable. Encyclopédie Médico-Chirurgiale (Paris) 44–0181
Rangger C, Gabi M, Dolati B, Beck E (1994) Kindliche Beckenfrakturen. Unfallchirurg 97: 649
Rehli V, Slongo T, Gerber C (1993) Femurkopfnahe Frakturen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Helv Chir Acta 59: 547
Ruwe JR, Gage MB, Ozonoff P, DeLuca PA (1992) Clinical determination of femoral anteversion. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 820
Schmittenbecher PP, Dietz H-G (in Vorbereitung) Die Osteosynthese der Femurschaftfraktur im Kindesalter mit elastisch-stabiler Markraumschienung („Nancy-Nagelung“). Operat Orthop Traumatol
Schwarz N (1991) Secondary displacement of an undetected transphyseal femoral neck fracture. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 521
Sharma JC, Biyani A, Kalla R, Gupta SP, Arora A, Bhaskar SK (1992) Management of childhood femoral neck fractures. Injury 23: 453
Stedtfeld H-W, Tarutis, H, Schneider M (1993) Die Ober-schenkelfraktur des (Schul-)Kindes. In: Neumann S, Klein W, Brug E (Hrsg) Die dynamisch-axiale externe Fixation. Marseille, München, S 139
Taneda H, Azuma H (1994) Avascular necrosis of the femoral epiphysis complicating a minimally displaced fracture of solitary bone cyst of the neck of the femur in a child. A case report. Clin Orthop 304: 172
Weber U, Rettig H, Schauss A (1985) Die Schenkelhalsfrak-tur im Kindesalter. Teil I. Allgemeine Betrachtungen. Unfallchirurg 88: 505
Weber U, Rettig H, Brudet J (1985) Die Schenkelhalsfraktur im Kindesalter Teil II. Nachuntersuchungsergebnisse. Unfallchirurg 88: 512
Weinberg AM, Reilmann H, Lampert C, Laer L von (1994) Erfahrungen mit dem Fixateur externe bei der Behandlung von Schaftfrakturen im Kindesalter. Unfallchirurg 97: 107
Wiedmann H, Wiedmann K (1990) Schenkelhalsfraktur bei Kindern. Z Orthop 128: 418
Wölfel R, Beck H (1994) Wertigkeit der Bündelnagelung für die Frakturheilung des wachsenden Femur Vortrag gehalten in Münster: „Standortbestimmung der externen Fraktur-fixation unter Berücksichtigung unaufgebohrter Nageltechniken“ vom 20. –22. 10. 1994
Adams JA (1963) Transient synovitis of the hip joint in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 45: 471
Alexander JE, Seibert JJ, Glasier CM et al. (1989) Highresolution hip ultrasound in the limping child. J Clin Ultrasound 17: 19
Barta O, Bellyei A (1980) Transient arthritis of the hip in childhood and Perthes disease. Magy Traumatol Orthop 23: 98
Bernd L, Niethard FU, Graf J, Kaps HP (1992) Die flüchtige Hüftgelenksentzündung (Coxitis fugax). Z Orthop 130: 529
Bialik V, Volpin G, Jerushalmi J, Stein H (1991) Sonography in the diagnosis of painful hips. Int Orthop 15: 155
Bickerstaff DR, Neal LM, Booth AJ, Brennan PO, Bell MJ (1975) Ultrasound examination of the irritable hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 57: 175
Bower GD, Sprague P, Geijsel H, Holt K, Lovegrove FT (1985) Isotope bone scans in the assessment of children with hip pain or limp. Pediatr Radiol 15: 319
Castriota-Scanderbeg A, Orsi E, De Micheli V, Pedrazzi G, Letico M, Coppi M (1993) L’ecografia nella diagnosi e nel follow-up delie coxalgie dell’eta pediatrica. Radiol Med 86: 808
Del Beccaro MA, Champoux AN, Bockers T, Mendelman PM (1992) Septic arthritis versus transient synovitis of the hip: the value of screening laboratory tests. Ann Emerg Med 21: 1418
Dorr U, Zieger M, Hauke H (1988) Ultrasonography of the painful hip. Prospective studies in 204 patients. Pediatr Radiol 19: 36
Exner GU, Schreiber A (1992) Hüfterkrankungen beim Kind. Schweiz Rundschau Med Prax 81: 586
Fink AM, Berman L, Edwards D, Jacobson SK (1995) The irritable hip: immediate ultrasound guided aspiration and prevention of hospital admission. Arch Dis Child 72: 110, 113
Futami T, Kasahara Y, Suzuki S, Ushikubo S, Tsuchiya T (1991) Ultrasonography in transient synovitis and early Perthes’ disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 635
Glas K, Obletter N, Staudt F, Scheuerer K (1991) Beitrag zur Differentialdiagnose des kindlichen Hüftschmerzes in der MRI-Tomographie. Z Orthop 129: 164
Goertzen M, Schulitz KP, Assheuer J (1991) Die Bedeutung der bildgebenden Verfahren für die Diagnosestellung und Therapieplanung des M. Perthes. Z Orthop 129: 448
Graf J, Bernd L, Niethard FU, Kaps HP (1991) Die Diagnostik bei der Coxitis fugax, der häufigsten Hüfterkrankung beim Kind. Klin Pädiatr 203: 448
Jacobs BW (1971) Synovitis of the hip in children and ist significance. Pediatry 47: 558
Kallio P, Ryöppy S, Kunnamo, I (1986) Transient synovitis and perthes disease- is there an aethiological connection? J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 68: 808
Kallio P, Ryoppy S, Jappinen S, Siponmaa AK, Jaaskelainen J, Kunnamo I (1985) Ultrasonography in hip disease in children. Acta Orthop Scand 56: 367
Kallio PE (1988) Coxa magna following transient synovitis of the hip. Clin Orthop 228: 49
Kallio P, Ryöppy S (1985) Hyperpressure in juvenile hip disease. Acta Orthop Scand 56: 211
Kiepurska A, Zasacki W (1990) Transient synovitis of the hip joint in children. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol 55: 347
Konermann W, de Pellegrin M (1993) Die Differentialdiagnose des kindlichen Hüftschmerzes im Sonogramm. Coxitis fugax, Morbus Legg-Calve-Perthes, Epiphyseolysis capitis femoris. Orthopäde 22: 280
Kuttnig M, Kurz R, Ritter G, Fotter R, Breisach G (1981) Die Coxitis fugax. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 129: 688
Landin LA, Danielsson LG, Wattsgard C (1987) Transient synovitis of the hip-ist incidence, epidemiology and relation to Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 69: 238
Lohmander LS, Wingstrand H, Heinegard D (1988) Transient synovitis of the hip in the child: increased levels of proteoglycan fragments in joint fluid. J Orthop Res 6: 420
Marchai GJ, Van Holsbeeck MT, Raes M et al. (1987) Transient synovitis of the hip in children: role of ultrasound. Radiology 162: 825
Meradji M, Diepstraten AF (1988) Coxitis fugax. Sonografi-sches und radiologisches Bild in 65 Fällen. Radiologe 28: 473
Miralles M, Gonzalez G, Pulpeiro JR et al. (1989) Sonography of the painful hip in children: 500 consecutive cases. Am J Roentgenol 152:579
Parsch K (1992) Das schmerzhafte Hüftgelenk des Kindes: Differentialdiagnose und-therapie von coxitis fugax, Morbus Perthes und eitriger Coxitis. Pediatr Padol 27: 55
Ranner G, Ebner F, Fotter R, Linhart W, Justich E (1989) Magnetic resonance imaging in children with acute hip pain. Pediatr Radiol 20: 67
Rauch G, Schuler P, Wirth T, Griss P, Dorner P (1993) Zur Diagnostik und Therapie der Coxitis fugax unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wertigkeit der sonographisch gestützten Diagnostik und Hüftgelenkspunktion. Z Orthop 131: 105
Schittich L, Gradinger R, Scheyerer M, Burgkart R (1990/ 91) Der kindliche Hüftschmerz. Pädiatr Prax 41: 465
Szepesi J, Szabo E (1991) Value of ultrasonic diagnosis in transient coxitis. Magy Traumatol Orthop 34: 1
Terjesen T, Osthus P (1991) Ultrasonography in serous coxitis. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 111: 2970
Waters, E (1995) Toxic synovitis of the hip in children. Nurse Pract 20: 44
Wingstrand H, Bauer GC, Brismar J, Carlin NO, Pettersson H, Sunden G (1985) Transient ischaemia of the proximal femoral epiphysis in the child. Interpretation of bone scin-timetry for diagnosis in hip pain. Acta Orthop Scand 56: 197
Wingstrand, H, Egund, N, Carlin, NO, Forsberg, L, Gustafson, T. , Sunden, G (1985) Intracapsular pressure in transient synovitis of the hip. Acta Orthop Scand 56: 204
Zieger MM, Dorr U, Schulz RD (1987) Ultrasonography of hip joint effusions. Skeletal Radiol 16: 607
Ballard A, Burkhalter W, Mayfield GW, Dehne E, Brown PW (1975) The functional treatment of pyogenic arthritis of the adult knee. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 57: 1119
Bennett OM, Namnyak SS (1992) Acute septic arthritis of the hip joint in infancy and childhood. Clin Orthop 281: 123
Betz RR, Cooperman DR, Wopperer JM et al. (1990) Late sequelae of septic arthritis of the hip in infancy and childhood. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 365
Biyani A, Sharma JC (1988) Continuous suction and intermittent irrigation for septic coxitis. Acta Orthop Scand 59: 664
Blitzer CM (1993) Arthroscopic management of septic arthritis of the hip. Arthroscopy 9: 414
Campagnaro JG, Donzelli O, Urso R, Valdiserri L (1992) Treatment of the sequelae of septic osteoarthritis of the hip during pediatric age. Chir Organi Mov 77: 233
Cheng JC, Aguilar J, Leung PC (1995) Hip reconstruction for femoral head loss from septic arthritis in children. A preliminary report. Clin Orthop 314: 214
Choi IH, Pizzutillo PD, Bowen JR, Dragann R, Malhis T (1990) Sequelae and reconstruction after septic arthritis of the hip in infants. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 1150
Chung WK, Slater GL, Bates EH (1993) Treatment of septic arthritis of the hip by arthroscopic lavage. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 444
Cottalorda J, Bollini G, Jouve JL, Tallet JM, Labriet C, Bouyala JM (1992) Les séquelles des osteoqrthritis de hanche en période de croissance. A propos de 72 cas. Rev Chir Orthop 78: 544
Dal Monte A, Capelli A, Donzelli O, Libri R, Soncini G (1984) Trochanteroplasty in the treatment of infantile septic arthritis of the hip. Ital J Orthop Traumatol 10: 145
Fabry G, Meire E (1983) Septic arthritis of the hip in children: poor results after late and inadequate treatment. J Pediatr Orthop 3: 461
Facchini R. , Denti M, Peretti G (1986) Die septische Osteoarthritis des Neugeborenen. In: Sauer H, Ritter G (Hrsg) Osteomyelitis und Osteitis im Kindesalter. Fischer, Stuttgart New York
Fink CW, Nelson JD (1986) Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis in children. Clin Rheum Dis 12: 423
Gamble JG, Rinsky LA, Bleck EE (1984) Acetabular osteomyelitis in children. Clin Orthop 186: 71
Gutowicz LF, Boenning DA (1981) Septic hip in a child. J Fam Pract 12: 841
Härle A (1986) Diagnostik und Indikation zur operativen Behandlung bei der septischen Arthritis im Kindesalter. In: Sauer H, Ritter G (Hrsg) Osteomyelitis und Osteitis im Kindesalter. Fischer, Stuttgart New York
Hasegawa Y, Ito H (1991) Intracapsular pressure in hip synovitis in children. Acta Orthop Scand 62: 333
Hausbrandt D (1986) Die BCG-Osteomyelitis. In: Sauer H, Ritter G (Hrsg) Osteomyelitis und Osteitis im Kindesalter. Fischer, Stuttgart New York
Herndon WA, Knauer S, Sullivan JA, Gross RH (1986) Management of septic arthritis in children. J Pediatr Orthop 6: 576
Highland TR, Lamont RL (1983) Osteomyelitis of the pelvis in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 230
Ho Choi I, Pizzutillo PD, Bowen R, Dragann R, Malhis T (1990) Sequelae and reconstruction after septic arthritis of the hip in infants. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 1150
Hunka L, Said SE, MacKenzie DA, Rogala EJ, Cruess RL (1982) Classification and surgical management of the severe sequelae of septic hips in children. Clin Orthop 171: 30
Kamstra PE, Keessen W, Verbout AJ, van der Eijken JW (1988) Bacterial infantile coxitis and its sequelae. Tijdschr Kindergeneeskd 56: 258
Knudsen CJM, Hoffmann EB (1990) Neonatal osteomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 72: 846
Krummis M, Kalmins J, Lacis G (1993) Reconstruction of the proximal end of the femur after hematogenous osteomyelitis. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 63
Kustos J, Weisenbach J, Pintér AB, Schäfer J, Farkas A (1986) The role of time in the prognosis of acute osteomyelitis of the intertrochanteric region of the femur in children. In: Sauer H, Ritter G (Hrsg) Osteomyelitis und Osteitis im Kindesalter. Fischer, Stuttgart New York
Little DG, Barrett IR (1993) Septic arthritis of the hip in infancy. Aust N Z J Surg 63: 116
Malhotra R, Singh KD, Bhan S, Dave PK (1992) Primary pyogenic abscess of the psoas muscle. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 278
Miller A, Stanton RP, Eppes SC (1993) Acute arthritis of the hip in a child infected with the Lyme spirochete. Clin Orthop 286: 212
Mitchell GP (1980) Management of acquired dislocation of the hip in septic arthritis. Orthop Clin North Am 11: 51
Nade S (1983) Acute septic arthritis in infancy and childhood. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 65: 234
Ohl MD, Kean JR, Steensen RN (1991) Arthroscopic treatment of septic arthritic knees in children and adolescents. Orthop Rev 20: 894
Parsch K, Wiedmann H (1990) Diagnose und Therapie der septischen Arthritis (Coxitis). Z Orthop 128 396
Pavanini G, Turra S, Fama G, Gigante C (1989) Considera-zioni sull’artrite settica del bambino. Chir Organi Mov 74: 93
Peltola H, Vahvanen V, Aalto K (1984) Fever, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in monitoring recovery from septic arthritis: a preliminary study. J Pediatr Orthop 4: 170
Perry J, Barrack RL, Burke SW, Haddad RJ Jr (1985) Psoas abscess mimicking a septic hip. Diagnosis by computed tomography. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 67: 1281
Peters W, Irving J, Letts M (1992) Long-term effects of neonatal bone and joint infection on adjacent proth plates. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 806
Petersen S, Knudsen FU, Andersen EA, Egeblad M (1980) Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in childhood. A 10-year review and follow-up. Acta Orthop Scand 51: 451
Platt PN, Griffiths ID (1984) Pyogenic osteomyelitis presenting as an acute sterile arthropathy. Ann Rheum Dis 43: 607
Prevot J, Lascombes P, Mainard D, Ligier JN, Metaizeau JP (1985) Osteoarthritis du nourrisson. Aspects sequellaires et traitments. Chir Pediatr 26: 143
Prévot J, Lascombes P, Mainard D, Ligier JN (1996) Die Säuglingsosteoarthritiden, Folgen und therapeutische Aspekte. In: Sauer H, Ritter G (Hrsg) Osteomyelitis und Osteitis im Kindesalter. Fischer, Stuttgart New York
Salter RB, Hamilton HW, Wedge JH et al. (1984) Clinical application of basic research on continuous passive motion for disorders and injuries of synovial joints: a preliminary report of a feasibility study. J Orthop Res 1: 325
Salter RB, Simmonds DF, Malcolm BW, Rumble EJ, Macmichael D, Clements ND (1980) The biological effect of continuous passive motion on the healing of full-thickness defects in articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 62: 1232
Schaad UB (1987) Osteomyelitis und purulente Arthritis im Kindesalter. Schweiz Rundschau Med 76: 506
Schwarz N (1982) Behandlung und Ergebnisse der akuten bakteriellen Entzündung großer Gelenke. Unfallchirurgie 8: 236
Shiv VK, Jain AK, Taneja K, Bhargava SK (1990) Sonography of hip joint in infective arthritis. Can Assoc Radiol J 41: 76
Travers V, Koechlin P, Apoil A, Bonnet JC (1985) Traitement des arthrites aigues a pyogenes des grosses articulations des membres. Rev Chir Orthop 71: 235
Travers V, Norotte G, Augereau B, Gaudillat C (1988) L’ar-throscopie dans le traitement des arthrites aigues primitives du genou a pyogenes chez l’adulte. A propos de 12 observations. Rev Chir Orthop 74: 357
Ucla E, Beaufils P, Perreau M (1990) Osteoarthrite septique de hanche avec atteinte acetabulaire chez le grand enfent. Interet de la tomodensitometrie. Rev Chir Orthop Réparatrice Appar Mot 76: 333
Vestad E (1992) Coxitis in children. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 112: 2088
Wald ER, Mirro R, Gartner JC (1980) Pitfalls in the diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis by bone scan. Clin Pediatr 19: 597
Willems C (1919) Treatment of purulent Arthritis by wide arthrotomy followed by immediate active mobilization. Surg Gynecol Obstet 28: 546
Wilson NI, Di Paola M (1986) Acute septic arthritis in infancy and childhood. 10 years’ experience. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 68: 584
Wingstrand H, Egund N, Lidgren L, Sahistrand T (1987) Sonography in septic arthritis of the hip in the child: report of four cases. J Pediatr Orthop 2: 206
Wopperer JM, White JJ, Gillespie R, Obletz BE (1988) Long-term Follow-up of infantile hips sepsis. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 322
Zifko B (1984) Die funktionelle Knieempyembehandlung. Unfallheilkunde 87: 479
Cage DJ, Granberry WM, Tullos HS (1992) Long-term results of total arthroplasty in adolescents with debilitating polyarthropathy. Clin Orthop 283: 156–62
Duncan JW, Nasca R, Schrantz J (1979) Idiopathic chondro-lysis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 61: 1024–8
Gudmundsson GH, Harving S, Pilgaard S (1989) The Charn-ley total hip arthroplasty in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients. Orthopedics 12: 385–8
Harris CM, Baum J (1988) Involvement of the hip in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A longitudinal study. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 70: 821–33
Heimkes B, Stotz S (1992) Ergebnisse der Spätsynovektomie der Hüfte bei der juvenilen chronischen Arthritis. Z Rheumatol 51: 132–5
Jacobsen FS, Crawford AH, Broste S (1992) Hip involvement in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 45–53
Kobayakawa M, Rydholm U, Wingstrand H, Pettersson H, Lidgren L (1989) Femoral head necrosis in juvenile chronic arthritis. Acta Orthop Scand 60: 164–9
Lachiewicz PF, McCaskill B, Inglis A, Ranawat CS, Rosenstein BD (1986) Total hip arthroplasty in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Two to eleven-year results. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 68: 502–8
Learmonth ID, Heywood AW, Kaye J, Dall D (1989) Radiological loosening after cemented hip replacement for juvenile chronic arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 209–12
Moreno Alvarez MJ, Espada G, Maldonado-Cocco JA, Gagliardi SA (1992) Longterm followup of hip and knee soft tissue release in juvenile chronic arthritis. J Rheumatol 19: 1608–10
Patriquin HB, Camerlain M, Trias A (1984) Late sequelae of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis of the hip: a follow-up study into adulthood. Pediatr Radiol 14: 151–7
Ruddlesdin C, Ansell BM, Arden GP, Swann M (1986) Total hip replacement in children with juvenile chronic arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 68: 218–22
Severt R, Wood R, Cracchiolo A 3d, Amstutz HC (1991) Long-term follow-up of cemented total hip arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Orthop 265: 137–45
Swann M, Ansell BM (1986) Soft-tissue release of the hips in children with juvenile chronic arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 68: 404–8
Swann M (1994) Juvenile chronic arthritis. In: Benson MKD, Fixsen JA, Macnicol MF (eds) Children’s orthopaedics and fractures. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 93–111
Witt JD, Swann M, Ansell BM (1991) Total hip replacement for juvenile chronic arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 770–3
Witt JD, McCullough CJ (1994) Anterior soft-tissue release of the hip in juvenile chronic arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 267–70
Wynne-Davies R, Hall C (1982) Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda with progressive arthropathy. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 64: 442–5
Abdelwahab IF, Hermann G, Norton KI, Kenan S, Lewis MM, Klein MJ (1991) Simple bone cysts of the pelvis in adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 73: 1090–4
Becker W (1988) Diagnostik und Therapie von Knochentumoren im Bereich des Beckens. Z Orthop 126: 282–8
Bettelli G, Capanna R, van Horn JR, Ruggieri P, Biagini R, Campanacci M (1989) Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma of the pelvis. Clin Orthop 247: 261–71
Bohm P, Wirth CJ, Issels R, Riess H, Dressler W, Gokel JM (1988) Operabilität primar inoperabler Beckentumoren durch präoperative regionale Hyperthermie in Kombination mit systemischer Chemotherapie am Beispiel eines Ewing-Sarkoms. Chirurg 59: 734–9
Borggraeve (1930) Kniegelenksersatz durchdas in der Beinlängsachse um 180° gedrehte Fußgelenk. Arch Orthop Unfallchir 28: 175–8
Campanacci M, Capanna R (1991) Pelvic resections: The Rizzoli Institute experience. Orthop Clin N Am 22: 65–86
Capanna R, Dal Monte A, Gitelis S, Campanacci M (1982) The natural history of unicameral bone cyst after steroid injection. Clin Orthop 166: 204–11
Capanna R, Toni A, Sudanese A, McDonald D, Bacci G, Campanacci M (1990) Ewing’s sarcoma of the pelvis. Int Orthop 14: 57–61
Catier P, Bracq H, Canciani JP, Allouis M, Babut JM (1981) Indication inhabituelle de l’enclouage de Ender: le kyste osseux femoral de l’enfant. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 67: 147–9
Cole WG (1986) Treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts in childhood. J Pediatr Orthop 6: 326–9
Dahmen G, Heise U (1985) Alloplastischer Beckenteilersatz mit Hüftgelenk und proximalem Femur. Eine Möglichkeit der Tumorbehandlung. Z Orthop 123: 265–72
Dunst J, Sauer R, Burgers JM et al. (1991) Radiation therapy as local treatment in Ewing’s sarcoma. Results of the Cooperative Ewing’s Sarcoma Studies CESS 81 and CESS 86. Cancer 67: 2818–25
Eckardt JJ, Safran MR, Eilber FR, Rosen G, Kabo JM (1993) Expandable endoprosthetic reconstruction of the skeletally immature after malignant bone tumor resection. Clin Orthop 297: 188–202
Ekkernkamp A, Muhr G, Lies A (1990) Die kontinuierliche Dekompression. Ein neuer Weg in der Behandlung juveniler Knochenzysten. Unfallchirurg 93: 539–43
Fahey M, Spanier SS, Vander Griend RA (1992) Osteosarcoma of the pelvis. A clinical and histological study of twenty-five patients. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 321
Frassica FJ, Frassica DA, Pritchard DJ, Schomberg PJ, Wold LE, Sim FH (1993) Ewing sarcoma of the pelvis. Clinicopa-thological features and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1457–65
Gitelis S, Piasecki P (1991) Allograft prosthetic composite arthroplasty for osteosarcoma and other aggressive bone tumors. Clin Orthop 270: 197–201
Gradinger R, Rechl H, Ascherl R, Plotz W, Hipp E (1993) Endoprothetischer Teilersatz des Beckens bei malignen Tumoren. Orthopäde 22: 167–73
Habermalz HJ (1989) Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Strahlentherapie in der Behandlung von Beckentumoren im Kindesalter. Z Kinderchir 44: 17–20
Harrington KD (1992) The use of hemipelvic allografts or autoclaved grafts for reconstruction after wide resections of malignant tumors of the pelvis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 331–41
Johnson ME, Mankin HJ (1991) Reconstruction after resections of tumors involving the proximal femur. Orthop Clin N Am 22: 87–103
Komiya S, Minamitani K, Sasaguri Y, Hashimoto S, Morimatsu M, Inoue A (1993) Simple bone cyst. Treatment by trepanation and studies on bone resorptive factors in cyst fluid with a theory of its pathogenesis. Clin Orthop 287: 204–11
Langlais, R, Vielpeau, C. (1989) Allografts of the hemipelvis after tumour resection. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 58–62
Li WK, Lan JM, Rosen G, Marcove, RC, Caparros B, Huvos A, Groshen S (1983) Pelvic Ewing’s sarcoma. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 738–47
Mutschler W, Burri C (1987) Die chirurgische Therapie von Beckentumoren. Chirurg 58: 724–31
O’Connor MI, Sim FA (1989) Salvage of the limb in the treatment of malignant pelvic tumors. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 481–94
Okada Y, Awaya G, Ikeda T, Tada H, Kamisato S, Futami T (1989) Arthroscopic surgery for synovial chondromatosis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 198–9
Pelker RR, Drennan JC, Ozonoff MB (1983) Juvenile synovial chondromatosis of the hip. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 552–4
Rao AS, Viagarita VJ (1984) Pigmented villonodular synovitis (giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath and synovial membrane). J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 76–94
Schajowicz F, Aranjo ES, Berenstein M (1983) Sarcoma complicating Paget’s disease of bone. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 65: 299–307
Sudanese A, Toni A, Ciaroni D et al. (1990) The role of surgery in the treatment of localized Ewing’s sarcoma. Chir Organi Mov 75: 217–30
Thomas IH, Cole WG, Waters KD, Menelaus MB (1987) Function after partial pelvic resection for Ewing’s sarcoma. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 69: 271–5
Van Nes CP (1950) Rotation-plasty for congenital defects of the femur. Making use of the ankle of the shortened limb to control the knee joint of a prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 32: 12–16
Winkelmann WW (1986) Hip rotationplasty for malignant tumors of the proximal part of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 68: 362–9
Winkelmann WW (1988) Eine neue Operationsmethode bei malignen Tumoren des Darmbeins. Z Orthop 126: 671–4
Debrunner HU (1982) Orthopaedisches Diagnostikum. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 102–105
Henry JH, Craven PR Jr (1981) Traumatic meniscal lesions in children. South Med J 74: 1336–7
King AG (1983) Meniscal lesions in children and adolescents: a review of the pathology and clinical presentation. Injury 15: 105–8
Ruwe PA, Gage JR, Ozonoff MB, De Luca PA (1992) Clinical determination of femoral anteversion. A comparison with established techniques. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 820–30
Abernethy PJ, Townsend PR, Rose RM, Radin EL (1978) Is chondromalacia patellae a separate clinical entity? J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 60: 205–10
Burr DB, Milgrom C, Boyd RD, Higgins WL, Robin G, Radin EL (1990) Experimental stress fractures of the tibia. Biological and mechanical aetiology in rabbits. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 72: 370–75
Johansson S (1922) En förut icke besriven sjukdom i patella. Hydiea 84: 161–66
Johnson DP, Eastwood DM, Witherow PJ (1993) Symptomatic synovial plicae of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1485–96
Kujala UM, Kvist M, Heinonen O (1985) Osgood-Schlatter’s disease in adolescent athelets. Retrospective study of incidence and duration. Am J Sports Med 13: 236–41
Lennox IA, Cobb AG, Knowles J, Bentley G (1994) Knee function after patellectomy. A 12- to 48-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 485–87
Milgrom C, Finestone A, Eldad A, Shlamkovitch N (1991) Patellofemoral pain caused by overactivity. A prospective study of risk factors in infantry recruits. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 73: 1041–3
Milgrom C, Finestone A, Shlamkovitch N, Rand N, Lev B, Simkin A, Wiener M (1994) Youth is a risk factor for stress fracture. A study of 783 infantry recruits. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 20–2
Ogata K (1994) Painful bipartite patella. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 76: 573–8
Orava S, Hulkko A, Koskinen S, Taimela S (1995) Streßfrakturen bei Sportlern und Militärrekruten. Orthopaede 24: 457–66
Osgood RB (1903) Lesions of the tibialk tubercle during adolescence. Boston Med Surg L 148: 114–7
Sandow MJ, Goodfellow JW (1985) The natural history of anterior knee pain in adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67
Schlatter C (1903) Verletzungen des schnabelförmigen Fortsatzes der oberen Tibiaepiphyse. Beitr Klin Chir 38: 874–87
Segesser B, Morscher E, Goesele A (1995) Störungen der Wachstumsfugen durch sportliche Überlastung. Orthopaede 24: 446–56
Sinding-Larsen MF (1921) A hitherto unknown affection of the patella in children. Acta Radiol 1: 171–3
Smith AD, Stroud L, McQueen C (1991) Flexibility and anterior knee pain in adolescent elite figure skaters. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 77–82
Stanitski CL (1993) Anterior knee pain syndromes in the adolescent. Instr Course Lect J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1407–16
Weaver JK (1977) Bipartite patella as a cause of disability in the athlete. Am J Sports Med 5: 137–43
Aglietti P, Buzzi R, Bassi PB, Fioriti M (1994) Arthroscopic drilling in juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the medial femoral condyle. Arthroscopy 10: 286–91
Aichroth PM, Patel DV, Marx CL (1991) Congenital discoid lateral meniscus in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 932–6
Andrew TA, Spivey J, Lindebaum RH (1981) Familial osteochondritis dissecans and dwarfism. Acta Orthop Scand 52: 519–23
Barrie HJ (1987) Osteochondritis dissecans 1887–1987 A centennial look at Konig’s memorable phrase. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 69: 693–5
Blasius K, Greschniok A (1986) Zur Atiologie und Pathogenese der Osteochondrosis dissecans des Kniegelenkes. Z Orthop 124: 650–4
Bradley J, Dandy DJ (1989) Results of drilling osteochondritis dissecans before skeletal maturity. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 642–4
Bruns J, Klima H, Rosenbach B, Lussenhop S (1993) Langzeitergebnisse nach Klebung von osteochondralen Fragmenten bei Osteochondrosis dissecans. Langenbecks Arch Chir 378:160–6
Bruns J, Klima H (1993) Osteochondrosis dissecans genus und Sport. Sportverletz Sportschaden 7: 68–72
Bruns J, Klima H (1993) Osteochondrosis dissecans genus. Ergebnisse einer Nachuntersuchung. Z Orthop 131: 413–9
Cahill BR, Phillips MR, Navarro R (1989) The results of conservative management of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans using joint scintigraphy. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med 17: 601–5
Cahill BR, Berg BC (1983) 99m-Technetium phosphate compound joint scintigraphy in the management of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral condyles. Am J Sports Med 11: 329–35
Convery FR, Meyers MH, Akeson WH (1991) Fresh osteochondral allografting of the femoral condyle. Clin Orthop 273: 139–45
Cugat R, Garcia M, Cusco X, Monllau JC, Vilaro J, Juan X, Ruiz-Cotorro A (1993) Osteochondritis dissecans: a historical review and its treatment with cannulated screws. Arthroscopy 9: 675–84
Dipaola JD, Nelson DW, Colville MR (1991) Characterizing osteochondral lesions by magnetic resonance imaging. Arthroscopy 7: 101–4
Garrett JC (1994) Fresh osteochondral allografts for treatment of articular defects in osteochondritis dissecans of the lateral femoral condyle in adults. Clin Orthop 303: 33–7
Hefti F, Beguiristein J, Krauspe R et al. (1997) The EPOS multicenter study on osteochondritis dissecans. Presentation at the 17th Congress of the European Pediatric Orthopaedic Society. Heidelberg, 22. 3. 1997
Hughston JC, Hergenroeder PT, Courtenay BG (1984) Osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral condyles. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 1340–8
Jakob RP, Miniaci A (1989) A compression pinning system for osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Acta Orthop Scand 60: 319–21
Jerosch J, Lahm A, Castro WH, Assheuer J (1992) Möglichkeiten der Kernspintomographie in der Diagnostik der Osteochondrosis dissecans des Kniegelenkes. Sportverletz Sportschaden 6: 14–9
König F (1987) Über freie Körper in den Gelenken. Dtsch Z Chir 27: 90
Kozlowski K, Middleton R (1985) Familial osteochondritis dissecans: a dysplasia of articular cartilage? Skeletal Radiol 13: 207–10
Lutten C, Lorenz H, Thomas W (1988) Refixation bei der Osteochondrosis dissecans mit resorbierbarem Material unter Verlaufsbeobachtung mit der Kernspintomographie (MR). Sportverletz Sportschaden 2: 61–8
Maurer HJ, Schreiner M (1984) Ossifikation der distalen Femurepiphyse. Zur Frage der Osteochondrosis dissecans bei Kindern. Z Orthop 122: 803–9
Meyers MH, Akeson W, Convery FR (1989) Resurfacing of the knee with fresh osteochondral allograft. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 704–13
Mubarak SJ, Carroll NC (1981) Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: etiology. Clin Orthop 157: 200–11
Nambu T, Gasser B, Schneider E, Bandi W, Perren SM (1991) Deformation of the distal femur: a contribution towards the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis dissecans in the knee joint. J Biomech 24: 421–33
Paget J (1870) On production of some of the loose bodies in the joints. St Bart Hosp Rep 6: 1
Paré A (1840–1841) Oeuvres complètes Tome III. Balliere, Paris, p 32
Schenck RC, Goodnight JM (1996) Osteochondritis dissecans. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 78: 439–53
Slough JA, Noto AM, Schmidt TL (1991) Tibial cortical bone peg fixation in osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Clin Orthop 267: 122–7
Thomson NL (1987) Osteochondritis dissecans and osteochondral fragments managed by Herbert compression screw fixation. Clin Orthop 224: 71–8
Twyman RS, Desai K, Aichroth PM (1991) Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. A long-term study J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 461–4
Venbrocks R, Munzenberg KJ, Kempis VJ (1988) Vergleich und Wertung konservativer und operativer Therapiemog-lichkeiten bei Osteochondrosis dissecans des Kniegelenkes. Z Orthop 126: 30–3
Versteylen RJ, Zwemmer A, Lorie CA, Schuur KH (1988) Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia complicated by severe osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Incidence in two families. Skeletal Radiol 17: 407–12
Wilson N (1967) A diagnostic sign in osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 49: 477–80
Wirth T, Rauch G, Schuler P, Griss P (1991) Das autologe Knorpel-Knochen-Transplantat zur Therapie der Osteochondrosis dissecans des Kniegelenkes. Z Orthop 129: 80–4
Yamashita F, Sakakida K, Suzu F, Takai S (1985) The transplantation of an autogeneic osteochondral fragment for Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Clin Orthop 201: 43–250
Arnbjornsson A, Egund N, Rydling O, Stockerup R, Ryd L (1992) The natural history of recurrent dislocation of the patella. Long-term results of conservative and operative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 140–2
Dainer RD, Barrack RL, Buckley SL, Alexander AH (1988) Arthroscopic treatment of acute patellar dislocations. Arthroscopy 4: 267–71
Dandy DJ, Griffiths D (1989) Lateral release for recurrent dislocation of the patella. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 121–5
Floyd A, Phillips P, Khan MR, Webb JN, Mclnnes A, Hughes SP (1987) Recurrent dislocation of the patella. Histochemical and electromyographic evidence of primary muscle pathology. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 69: 790–3
Gao GX, Lee EH, Bose K (1990) Surgical management of congenital and habitual dislocation of the patella. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 255–60
Goldthwait JE (1895) Dislocation of the patella. Trans Am Orthop Assoc 8: 237
Grelsamer RP, Bazos AN, Proctor CS (1993) Radiographic analysis of patellar tilt. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 75: 822–4
Guidera KJ, Satterwhite Y, Ogden JA, Pugh L, Ganey T (1991) Nail patella syndrome: A review of 44 orthopaedic patients. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 737–42
Hauser EDW (1938) Total tendon transplant for slipping patella. Surg Gynecol Obstet 66: 199
Ikegawa S, Sakaguchi R, Kimizuka M, Yanagisako Y, Tokimura F (1993) Recurrent dislocation of the patella in Kabuki make-up syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 265–7
Insall JN, Salvati E (1971) Patella position in the normal knee joint. Radiology 101: 101–4
Insall J, Bullough PG, Burstein AH (1979) Proximal „tube“realignment of the patella for chondromalacia patellae. Clin Orthop 144: 63–9
Krogius A (1904) Zur operativen Therapie der habituellen Luxation der Kniescheibe. Zentralbl Chir 31: 254
Kujala UM, Osterman K, Kormano M, Nelimarkka O, Hurme M, Taimela S (1989) Patellofemoral relationships in recurrent patellar dislocation. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 788–92
Laurin CA, Lévesque HP, Dussault R, Labelle H, Peides JP (1978) The abnormal lateral patellofemoral angle. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 60: 55–60
Lennox IA, Cobb AG, Knowles J, Bentley G (1994) Knee function after patellectomy. A 12- to 48-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 485–7
Maquet P (1979) Mechanics and osteoarthritis of the patellofemoral joint. Clin Orthop 144: 70
Merchant AC, Mercer RL, Jacobsen RH, Cool CR (1974) Roentgenographic analysis of patellofemoral congruence. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 56: 1391–6
Miller PR, Klein RM, Teitge RA (1991) Medial dislocation of the patella. Skeletal Radiol 20: 429–31
Mizuta H, Kubota K, Shiraishi M, Nakamura E, Takagi K, Iwatani N (1994) Recurrent dislocation of the patella in Turner’s syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 74–7
Muhr G, Knopp W, Neumann K (1989) Luxation und Subluxation der Patella. Orthopäde 18: 294–301
Nietosvaara Y, Aalto K, Kallio PE (1994) Acute patellar dislocation in children: incidence and associated osteochondral fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 513–5
Roux C (1888) Luxation habituelle de la rotule. Rev Chir 8: 682
Sperner G, Benedetto KP, Glotzer W (1988) Die Wertigkeit der Arthroskopie nach traumatischer Patellaluxation. Sportverletz Sportschaden 2: 20–3
Stanisavljevic S, Zemenick G, Miller D (1976) Congenital, irreducible, permanent lateral dislocation of the patella. Clin Orthop 116: 190–9
Teitge RA (1990) Iatrogenic medial dislocation of the Patella. 4th Congress of the ESKA, Stockholm
Achterman C, Kalamchi A (1979) Congenital deficiency of the fibula. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 61 (2): 133–7
Aichroth PM, Patel DV, Marx CL (1991) Congenital discoid lateral meniscus in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 932–6
Andersen KS (1978) Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Thesis, Coppenhagen
Blauth W, Hippe P (1991) The surgical treatment of partial tibial deficiency and ankle diastasis. Prosthet Orthot Int 15: 127–30
Boyd HB (1982) Pathology and natural history of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Clin Orthop 166: 5–13
Brown FW (1971) The Brown operation for total hemimelia tibia. In: Aitken GT (ed) Selected lower limb anomalies. National Academy of Science, Washington DC, pp 20–28
Christini D, Levy EJ, Facanha FAM, Jay Kumar S (1993) Fibular transfer for congenital absence of the tibia. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 378–81
Coleman SS, Coleman DA (1994) Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia: Treatment by transfer of the ipsilateral fibula with vascular pedicle. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 156–60
Crawford AH (1986) Neurofibromatosis in children. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 218: 1–60
Crawford AH Jr, Bagamery N (1986) Osseous manifestations of neurofibromatosis in childhood. J Pediatr Orthop 6: 72–88
Curtis BH, Fisher RL (1969) Congenital hyperextension with anterior subluxation of the knee. Surgical treatment and long-term observations. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 51: 255–69
Dashefsky JH(1971) Discoid lateral meniscus in three members of a family. Case reports. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 53: 1208–10
Dickhaut SC, De Lee JC (1982) The discoid lateral-meniscus syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 64: 1068–73
Epps CH Jr, Tooms RE, Edholm CD, Kruger LM, Bryant DD 3d (1991) Failure of centralization of the fibula for congenital longitudinal deficiency of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 73: 858–67
Ferris B, Aichroth P (1987) The treatment of congenital knee dislocation. A review of nineteen knees. Clin Orthop 216: 135–40
Garbarino JL, Clancy M, Harcke HT, Steel HH, Cowell HR (1985) Congenital diastasis of the inferior tibiofibular joint: a review of the Literature and report of two cases. J Pediatr Orthop 5: 225–8
Gebhardt MC, Rosenthal RK (1979) Bilateral lateral discoid meniscus in identical twins. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 61: 1110–1
Grill F (1989) Correction of complicated extremity deformities by external fixation. Clin Orthop 241: 166–76
Grill F, Bollini G, Dungl P et al. (1996) EPOS multicentre study on congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Presentation at the 16th Congress of the European Pediatric Orthopaedic Society. Prag, 11. 4. 1996
Grogan DP, Holt GR, Ogden JA (1994) Talocalcaneal coalition in patients who have fibular hemimelia or proximal femoral focal deficiency. A comparison of the radiographic and pathological findings. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 76: 1363–70
Han CS, Wood MB, Bishop AT, Cooney WP 3d (1992) Vascularized bone transfer. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 1441–9
Harvell JC Jr, Fu FH, Stanitski CL (1989) Diagnostic arthroscopy of the knee in children and adolescents. Orthopedics 12: 1555–60
Hayashi LK, Yamaga H, Ida K, Miura T (1988) Arthroscopic meniscectomy for discoid lateral meniscus in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 70: 1495–500
Hefti FL, Baumann JU, Morscher EW (1980) Ankle joint fusion — determination of optimal position by gait analysis. Arch Orthop Traumat Surg 96: 187–95
Hefti F (1996) EPOS multicentre study on congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia: History and epidemiological data. 16th Congress of the European Pediatric Orthopaedic Society. Prag, 11. 4. 1996
Ikeuchi H (1982) Arthroscopic treatment of the discoid lateral meniscus. Technique and long-term results. Clin Orthop 167: 19–28
Jacobsen ST, Crawford AH, Millar EA, Steel HH (1983) The Syme amputation in patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 533–7
Jacobsen K, Vopalecky F (1985) Congenital dislocation of the knee. Acta Orthop Scand 56: 1–7
Johannson E, Aparisi T (1983) Missing cruciate ligament in congenital short femur. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 1109–15
Kaelin A, Hulin PH, Carlioz H (1986) Congenital aplasia of the cruciate ligaments. A report of six cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 68: 827–8
Kalamchi A, Dawe RV (1985) Congenital deficiency of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67: 581–4
Kaplan EB (1957) Discoid lateral meniscus of the knee joint: Nature, mechanism, and operative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 39: 77–85
Katz MP, Grogono BJ, Soper KC (1967) The etiology and treatment of congenital dislocation of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 49: 112–20
Kostuik J (Hrsg) (1985) Amputationschirurgie und Rehabilitation. (Übersetzer: Hefti F, Simmen B, Stäubli A) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 80–4
Kumar A, Kruger LM (1993) Fibular dimelia with deficiency of the tibia. J Pediatr Orthop 13
Letts M, Vincent N (1993) Congenital longitudinal deficiency of the fibula (fibular hemimelia). Parental refusal of amputation. Clin Orthop 287: 160–6
Maffull N, Fixsen JA (1991) Fibular hypoplasia with absent lateral rays of the foot. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 1002
Morrissy RT (1982) Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Factors that affect results. Clin Orthop 166: 21–7
Murray HH, Lovell WW (1982) Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. A long-term follow-up study. Clin Orthop 166: 14–20
Onimus M, Laurain JM, Picard F (1990) Congenital diastasis of the inferior tibiofibular joint. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 172–6
Ooishi T, Sugioka Y, Matsumoto S, Fujii T (1993) Congenital dislocation of the knee. Its pathologic features and treatment. Clin Orthop 287: 187–92
Paley D, Catagni M, Argnani F, Prevot J, Bell D, Armstrong P (1992) Treatment of congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia using the Ilizarov technique. Clin Orthop 280: 81–93
Paterson DC, Simonis RB (1985) Electrical stimulation in the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67: 454–62
Pellacci F, Montanari G, Prosperi P, Galli G, Celli V (1992) Lateral discoid meniscus: treatment and results. Arthroscopy 8: 526–30
Pho RW, Levack B (1986) Preliminary observations on epiphyseal growth rate in congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia after free vascularized fibular graft. Clin Orthop 206: 104–8
Pho RWH et al. (1985) Free vascularized fibular graft in the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67: 64–70
Plawecki S, Carpentier E, Lascombes P, Prevot J, Robb JE (1990) Treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia by the Ilizarow method. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 786–90
Räber D, Friederich NF, Hefti F (1997) 20 years follow-up after total removal of lateral discoid meniscus in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 79: (in press)
Rijnberg WJ, van Linge B (1993) Central grafting for persistent nonunion of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 75: 926
Roach JW, Shindell R, Green NE (1993) Late-onset pseudarthrosis of the dysplastic tibia. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1593–601
Rogala EJ, Wynne-Davies R, Littlejohn A, Gormley J (1974) Congenital limb anomalies: frequency and aetiological factors. Data from the Edinburgh Register of the Newborn (1964–1968). J Med Genet 11: 221–33
Ross JA, Tough ICK, English TA (1958) Congenital discoid cartilage. Report of a case of discoid medial cartilage, with an embryological note. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 40: 596–605
Seong SC, Park MJ (1992) Analysis of the discoid meniscus in Koreans. Orthopedics 15: 61–5
Sharrard WJW (1990) A double-blind trial of pulsed electromagnetic fields for delayed union of tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 72: 347
Silverman JM, Mink JH, Deutsch AL (1989) Discoid menisci of the knee: MR imaging appearance. Radiology 173: 351–4
Simonis RB et al. (1991) Free vascularized fibular grafts for congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 211
Smillie JS (1948) The congenital discoid meniscus. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 30: 671–83
Stern A, Hallel T (1988) Medial discoid meniscus with cyst formation in a child. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 471–3
Strong ML, Wong-Chung J (1991) Prophylactic bypass grafting of prepseudarthrotic tibia in neurofibromatosis. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 757–64
Tachdijan MO (1990) Pediatric Orthopaedics, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo, pp 637–51
Thomas NP, Jackson AM, Aichroth PM (1985) Congenital absence of the anterior cruciate ligament. A common component of knee dysplasia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67:572–5
Uchida Y, Kojima T, Sugioka Y (1991) Vascularized fibular graft for congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 846–50
Washington ER, Root L, Liener UC (1995) Discoid lateral meniscus in children. Long-term follow-up after excision. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 77: 1357–61
Watanabe M (1979) Arthroscopy: the present state. Orthop Clin North Am 10: 505–22
Weiland AJ, Weiss AP, Moore JR, Tolo VT (1990) Vascularized fibular grafts in the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 654–62
Wright J, Dormans J, Rang M (1991) Pseudarthrosis of the rabbit tibia: A model for congenital pseudarthrosis? J Pediatr Orthop 11: 277–83
Wynne-Davies R, Hall CM, Apley AG (1985) Atlas of skeletal dysplasias. Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 566–75
Aspden RM, Porter RW (1994) Nerve traction during correction of knee flexion deformity. A case report and calculation. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 471–3
Baumann JU, Ruetsch H, Schurmann K (1980) Distal hamstring lengthening in cerebral palsy. An evaluation by gait analysis. Int Orthop 3: 305–9
Baumann JU (1992) Behandlungskonzepte bei Kniefehlstellung im Rahmen neurologischer Grunderkrankungen. Orthopäde 21: 323–31
Bleck EE (1987) Orthopaedic management in cerebral palsy Mac Keith, London
Bonnet I, Burgot D, Bonnard C, Glorion B (1991) La chirurgie des membres inférieurs dans la dystrophic musculaire de Duchenne. Rev Chir Orthop Réparatrice Appar Mot 77: 189–97
Browne AO, McManus F (1987) One-session surgery for bilateral correction of lower limb deformities in spastic diplegia. J Pediatr Orthop 7: 259–61
Brunner R, Döderlein L (1997) Pathological fractures in patients with cerebral alsy. J Pediatr Orthop (in press)
Carstens C, Schmidt E, Fromm B, Schiitenwolf M (1992) Ergebnisse der operativen Therapie von Kniebeugekontrak-turen bei Patienten mit Myelomeningozele. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 130: 207–12
Damron TA, Breed AL, Cook T (1993) Diminished knee flexion after hamstring surgery in cerebral palsy patients: prevalence and severity. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 188–91
Dhawlikar SH, Root L, Mann RL (1992) Distal lengthening of the hamstrings in patients who have cerebral palsy. Long-term retrospective analysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 1385–91
Dias LS (1982) Surgical management of knee contractures in myelomeningocele. J Pediatr Orthop 2: 127–31
Forst R, Kronchen-Kaufmann A, Forst J (1991) Duchenne-Muskeldystrophie — Kontraktur-prophylaktische Operationen der unteren Extremitaten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung anasthesilogischer Aspekte. Klin Pädiatr 203: 24–27
Forst R, Forst J (1995) Importance of lower limb surgery in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 114: 106–11
H. Gage JR, Perry J, Hicks RR, Koop S, Werntz JR (1987) Rectus femoris transfer to improve knee function of children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 29: 159–66
Gage JR (1990) Surgical treatment of knee dysfunction in cerebral palsy Clin Orthop 253: 45–54
Gage JR (1991) Gait analysis in cerebral palsy. Mac Keith, London
Grujic H, Aparisi T (1982) Distal hamstring tendon release in knee flexion deformity. Int Orthop 6: 103–6
Heckmatt JZ, Dubowitz V, Hyde SA, Florence J, Gabain AC, Thompson N (1985) Prolongation of walking in Duchenne muscular dystrophy with lightweight orthoses: review of 57 cases. Dev Med Child Neurol 27: 149–54
Hoffer MM, Knoebel RT, Roberts R (1987) Contractures in cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop 219: 70–7
Hoffinger SA, Rab GT, Abou-Ghaida H (1993) Hamstrings in cerebral palsy crouch gait. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 722–6
Hsu LC, Li HS (1990) Distal hamstring elongation in the management of spastic cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 378–81
Khodadadeh S, McClelland MR, Patrick JH, Edwards RH, Evans GA (1986) Knee moments in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Lancet 8506: 544–5
Nene AV, Evans GA, Patrick JH (1993) Simultaneous multiple operations for spastic diplegia. Outcome and functional assessment of walking in 18 patients. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 75: 488–94
Normand X, Dubousset J (1985) Remise en tension de l’appareil extenseur du genou dans la démarche en triple flexion chez l’enfant infirme moteur. Rev Chir Orthop 71: 301–10
Õunpuu S, Muik M, Davis III RB, Gage JR, DeLuca PA (1993) Rectus femoris surgery in children with cerebral palsy. Part I: The effect of rectus femoris transfer location on knee motion. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 325–30
Õunpuu S, Muik M, Davis III RB, Gage JR, DeLuca PA (1993) Rectus femoris surgery in children with cerebral palsy. Part II: A comparision between the effect of transfer and release of the distal rectus femoris on knee motion. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 331–5
Perry J (1987) Distal rectus femoris transfer. Dev Med Child Neurol 29: 153–8
Reimers J (1990) Functional changes in the antagonists after lengthening the agonists in cerebral palsy. II. Quadriceps strength before and after distal hamstring lengthening. Clin Orthop 253: 35–7
Rideau Y (1986) Prophylactic surgery for scoliosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dev Med Child Neurol 28: 398–9
Rideau Y, Duport G, Delaubier A, Guillou C, Renardel-Irani A, Bach JR (1995) Early treatment to preserve quality of locomotion for children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Semin Neurol 15: 9–17
Roberts A, Evans GA (1993) Orthopedic aspects of neuromuscular disorders in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 5: 379–83
Smith SE, Green NE, Cole RJ, Robison JD, Fenichel GM (1993) Prolongation of ambulation in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy by subcutaneous lower limb tenotomy. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 336–40
Sutherland DH, Davids JR (1993) Common gait abnormalities of the knee in cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop 288: 139–47
Tachdjian MO (1990) Pediatric Orthopaedics. Saunders, Philadelphia
Thometz J, Simon S, Rosenthal R (1989) The effect on gait of lengthening of the medial hamstrings in cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 345–53
Westcott MA, Dynes MC, Remer EM, Donaldson JS, Dias LS (1992) Congenital and acquired orthopedic abnormalities in patients with myelomeningocele. Radiographics 12: 1155–73
Wright JG, Menelaus MB, Broughton NS, Shurtleff D (1991) Natural history of knee contractures in myelomeningocele. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 725–30
Abdon P, Bauer M (1989) Incidence of meniscal lesions in children. Increase associated with diagnostic arthroscopy. Acta Orthop Scand 60: 710–1
Angel KR, Hall DJ (1989) Anterior cruciate ligament injury in children and adolescents. Arthroscopy 5: 197–200
Angel KR, Hall DJ (1989) The role of arthroscopy in children and adolescents. Arthroscopy 5: 192–6
Baxter MP (1988) Assessment of normal pediatric knee ligament laxity using the genucom. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 546–50
Bosch U, Kasperczyk WJ (1992) Healing of the patellar tendon autograft after posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction — a process of ligamentization? An experimental study in a sheep model. Am J Sports Med 20: 558–66
Cheng LCY, Chan PS, Hui PW (1991) Joint laxity in children. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 752–6
Clanton TO, DeLee JC, Sanders B, Neidre A (1979) Knee ligament injuries in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 61: 1195–201
DeLee JC, Curtis R (1983) Anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency in children. Clin Orthop 172: 112–8
Eiskjaer S, Larsen ST (1987) Arthroscopy of the knee in children. Acta Orthop Scand 58: 273–6
Engebretsen L, Svenningsen S, Benum P (1988) Poor results of anterior cruciate ligament repair in adolescence. Acta Orthop Scand 59: 684–6
Galway R, Beaupré A, Mcintosh DL (1972) Pivot-shift: A clinical sign of symptomatic anterior cruciate insufficiency. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 54: 763
Hede A, Jensen DB, Blyme P, Sonne-Holm S (1990) Epidemiology of meniscal lesions in the knee. 1,215 open operations in Copenhagen 1982–84. Acta Orthop Scand 61: 435–7
Hefti F, Kress A, Fasel J, Morscher EW (1991) Healing of the transected anterior cruciate ligament in the rabbit. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 73: 373–83
Hefti F, Müller W, Jakob RP, Stäubli HU (1993) Evaluation of knee ligament injuries with the IKDC-form. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrose 1: 226–34
Hefti F, Müller W (1993) Heutiger Stand der Evaluation von Kniebandläsionen. Das neue IKDC-Knie-Evaluationsblatt. Orthopäde 22: 351–62
Henry JH, Craven PR Jr (1981) Traumatic meniscal lesions in children. South Med J 74: 1336–7
Jakob RP, Ruegsegger M (1993) Therapie der posterioren und posterolateralen Knieinstabilität. Orthopäde 22: 405–13
Kannus P, Jarvinen M (1988) Knee ligament injuries in adolescents. Eight year follow-up of conservative management. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 70: 772–6
Keene GC, Bickerstaff D, Rae PJ, Paterson RS (1993) The natural history of meniscal tears in anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. Am J Sports Med 21: 672–9
King AG (1983) Meniscal lesions in children and adolescents: a review of the pathology and clinical presentation. Injury 15: 105–8
Kloeppel-Wirth S, Koltai JL, Dittmer H (1992) Significance of arthroscopy in children with knee joint injuries. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2: 169–72
Lind T, Johannsen HV, Lauritzen J (1990) Resultater efter primaer sutur af ruptur af forreste korsbandsläsioner. En 4–5 ars efterundersogelse. Ugeskr Laeger 152: 670–2
Lipscomb AB, Anderson AF (1986) Tears of the anterior cruciate ligament in adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 68: 19–28
Mattli J, Holzach P, Soklic P (1993) Meniskus-Sonographie-ein sicherer Weg zur Diagnose von Meniskuslasionen? Z Unfallchir Versicherungsmed Suppl 1:133–40
McCarroll JR, Rettig AC, Shelbourne KD (1988) Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the young athlete with open physes. Am J Sports Med 16: 44–7
McCarroll JR, Shelbourne KD, Porter DA, Rettig AC, Murray S (1994) Patellar tendon graft reconstruction for midsub-stance anterior cruciate ligament rupture in junior high school athletes an algorithm for management. Am J Sports Med 22: 478–84
Medlar RC, Mandiberg JJ, Lyne ED (1980) Meniscectomies in children. Report of long-term results (mean, 8. 3 years) of 26 children. Am J Sports Med 8: 87–92
Räber D, Friederich NF, Hefti F (1997) 20 years follow-up after total removal of lateral discoid meniscus in children. J Pediatr Orthop 17 (in press)
Sanders WE, Wilkins KE, Neidre A (1980) Acute insufficiency of the posterior cruciate ligament in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 62: 129–31
Shelbourne KD, Wilckens JH, Mollabashy A, De Carlo M (1991) Arthrofibrosis in acute anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The effect of timing of reconstruction and rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med 19: 332–6
Stanitski CL, Harvell JC, Fu F (1993) Observations on acute knee hemarthrosis in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 13
Suman RK, Stother IG, Illingworth G (1984) Diagnostic arthroscopy of the knee in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 66: 535–7
Ure BM, Tiling T, Roddecker K, Klein J, Rixen D (1992) Arthroscopy of the knee in children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2: 102–5
Zobel MS, Borrello JA, Siegel MJ, Stewart NR (1994) Pediatric knee MR imaging: pattern of injuries in the immature skeleton. Radiology 190: 397–401
Aronson DD, Stewart MC, Crissman JD (1990) Experimental tibial fractures in rabbits simulating proximal tibial metaphyseal fractures in children. Clin Orthop 255: 61
Bachelin P, Bugmann P (1988) Active subluxation in extension, radiological control in intercondylar eminence fractures in childhood. Z Kinderchir 43: 180
Bale RS, Banks A (1995) Arthroscopically guided Kirschner wire fixation for fractures of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. J R Coll Surg Edinb 40: 260
Balthazar A, Pappas AM (1983) Acquired valgus deformity of the tibia in children pediatrics. Orthop Traumatol 9: 5
Bang J, Broeng L (1995) Spontan avulsion af tuberositas tibiae efter morbus Osgood-Schlatter. Ugeskr Laeger 157: 3061
Ben-Itzhak I, Erken EH, Malkin C (1987) Progressive valgus deformity after juxta-epiphyseal fractures of the upper tibia in children. Injury 18: 169
Breyer HG (1995) Ausrißfrakturen der Eminentia intercon-dylaris bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Hefte Z Unfallchir 249: 464
Bronfen C, Rigault P, Glorion C et al. (1994) Desepiphysio-desis-elimination of partial premature epiphyseal closure. Experience of 17 cases. Eur J Pediatr Surg 4: 30
Buckley SL, Smith G, Sponseller PD, Thompson JD, Griffin PP (1990) Open fractures of the tibia in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 1462
Buess-Watson E, Exner GU, Uli OE (1994) Fractures about the knee: Growth disturbances and problems of stability at long-term follow-up. Eur J Pediatr Surg 4: 218
Buhari SA, Singh S, Wong HP, Low YP (1993) Tibial tuberosity fractures in adolescents. Singapore Med J 34: 421
Caillon F, Rigault P, Padovani JP, Janklevicz P, Langlais J, Touzet P (1990) Les traumatismes de l’extremite superieure du tibia chez l’enfant. A l’exclusion des fractures des epines tibiales. Chir Pediatr 31: 322
Caterini R, Farsetti P, d’Arrigo C, Ippolito E (1991) Unusual physeal lesions of the lower limb. A report of 16 cases with very long-term follow-up observation. J Orthop Trauma 5: 38
Dallek M (1990) Einfluß von autologen und homologen Knochentransplantaten in experimentell gesetzten Epiphy-senfugendefekten. Habilitationsschrift, Hamburg
Davies AM, Evans N, Grimer RJ (1988) Fatigue fractures of the proximal tibia simulating malignancy. Br J Radiol 61: 903
Ferriter P, Shapiro D (1987) Infantile Tibia vara: Factors affecting outcome following proximal tibial osteotomy. Pediatr Orthop 7: 1
Frey P (1990) Growth disturbance following metaphyseal bending fracture of the proximal tibia-An experimental study in the mini Pig. Kinderchirurgie 45: 291
Glaser F, Neumann K, Muhr G (1987) Verletzungen der proximalen Tibiaepiphyse. Unfallchirurg 90: 412
Goudarzi YM (1985) Zur operativen Behandlung von Abrißfrakturen der Eminentia intercondylica Kindesalter. Aktuel Traumatol 15: 66
Grabowski MT, Schmitt O (1987) Ermüdungsbruch der proximalen Tibia im Kindesalter — diagnostische und differentialdiagnostische Probleme. Aktuel Traumatol 17: 55
Green NE (1983) Tibia valga caused by asymmetrical overgrowth following a nondisplaced fracture of the proximal tibial metaphysis. J Pediatr Orthop 3: 235
Gregory RJ, Cubison TC, Pinder IM, Smith SR (1992) External fixation of lower limb fractures in children. J Trauma 33: 691
Hresko MT, Kasser JR (1989) Physeal arrest about the knee associated with non-physeal fractures in the lower extremity. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 698
Ippolito E, Pentimalli G (1984) Post-traumatic valgus deformity of the knee in proximal tibial metaphyseal fractures in children. Ital J Orthop Traumatol 10: 103
Isay M, Laer L von, Kälin L (1990) Fehlheilungen nach knienahen Epiphysenlösungen. In: Rahmanzadeh R, Breyer HG (Hrsg) Verletzungen der unteren Extremitäten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Johnson PH (1983) Beware: greenstick fracture of the proximal tibial metaphysis. J Ark Med Soc 80: 215
Jordan SE, Alonso JE, Cook FF (1987) The etiology of valgus angulation after metaphyseal fractures of the tibia in children. J Pediatr Orthop 7: 450
Keret D, Harcke HT, Bowen JR (1991) Tibia valga after fracture: documentation of mechanism. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 110: 216
Krueger-Franke M, Siebert CH, Pförringer W (1992) Sports-related epiphyseal injuries of the lower extremity. An epidemiologic study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 32: 106
Kruger-Franke M, Schroers U (1990) Apophysenausriß der Tuberositas tibiae beim Skifahren. Sportverletz Sportschaden 4: 193
Kühl W (1987) Die operative Behandlung von Abrißfrakturen der Eminentia intercondylica mittels firstformig gekreuzten transepiphysaren Kirschner-Drähten. Unfallchirurgie 13: 315
Kunze H (1995) Ossäre Verletzungen der proximalen Tibia: Epiphysenverletzungen. Hefte Z Unfallchir 249: 459
Laer L von (1991) Neues Therapiekonzept für die instabilen Schaftfrakturen der oberen und unteren Extremitäten in Wachstumsalter — Indikation und Technik. Z Unfallchir Ver-sicherungsmed 84: 225
Laer L von (1994) Spontanverläufe nach Frakturen im Wachstumsalter. Orthopäde 23: 211
Laer L von (1996) Frakturen und Luxationen im Wachstumsalter, 3. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart New York
Laer L von, Brunner R (1984) Einteilung und Therapie der Ausrißfrakturen der Eminentia intercondylica im Wachstumsalter. Unfallheilkunde 87: 144
Laer L von, Jani L, Cuny T, Jenny P (1982) Die proximale Unterschenkelfraktur im Wachstumsalter. Ursache und Prophylaxe des posttraumatischen Genu valgum. Unfallheilkunde 85: 215
Laer L von, Kaelin L, Girard T (1989) Spätresultate nach Schaftfrakturen im Bereich der unteren Extremitäten im Wachstumsalter. Z Unfallchir Versicherungsmed Berufs-krankh 82: 209
Lais E, Hertel P, Goudarzi AM (1987) Die arthroskopische Versorgung der dislozierten Ausrisse der Eminentia intercondylica bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Unfallchirurg 90: 471
Laura G, Berruto M, Bianchi M (1992) Genu recurvatum following distal epiphysiodesis of the femur: X-ray evaluation and therapeutical approach. Ital J Orthop Traumatol 18: 505
Legaye J, Lokietek W (1991) Fracture-avulsion of the anterior tibial tuberosity in adolescents. Acta Orthop Belg 57: 199
Lewallen RP, Peterson HA (1985) Nonunion of long bone fractures in children: a review of 30 cases. J Pediatr Orthop 5: 135
Meyers MH, McKeever FM (1959) Fracture of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia, J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 41: 209
Mikkelsen SS, Pedersen CT, Rasmussen BS (1985) Osgood-Schlatter’s disease complicated by fracture of the tibial tuberosity. Ugeskr Laeger 147: 3071
Mylle J, Reynders P, Broos P (1993) Transepiphysial fixation of anterior cruciate avulsion in a child. Report of a complication and review of the Literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 112: 101
Ogden JA (1984) Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. IX. Proximal tibia and fibula. Skeletal Radiol 11: 169
Ogden JA (1984) Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. X. Patella and tibial tuberosity. Skeletal Radiol 11: 246
Pappas AM, Anas P, Toczylowski HM Jr (1984) Asymmetrical arrest of the proximal tibial physis and genu recurvatum deformity. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 575
Perez Carro L, Garcia Suarez G, Gomez Cimiano F (1994) The arthroscopic knot technique for fracture of the tibia in children. Arthroscopy 10: 698
Pinkowski JL, Weiner DS (1995) Complications in proximal tibial osteotomies in children with presentation of technique. J Pediatr Orthop 15: 307
Rappold G (1992) Traumatische Lasionen der proximalen Tibiaepiphyse. Unfallchirurgie 18: 154
Robert M, Khouri N, Carlioz H, Alain JL (1987) Fractures of the proximal tibial metaphysis in children: review of a series of 25 cases. J Pediatr Orthop 7: 444
Rumlova E, Vogel E (1983) Dislozierte suprakondylare Oberschenkel-Frakturen, Epiphysenlösungen und Epiphy-sen-Frakturen bei Kindern. Z Kinderchir 38 (Suppl): 48
Salter RB, Best TN (1992) Pathogenesis of progressive valgus deformity following fractures of the proximal metaphyseal region of the tibia in young children. Instr Course Lect 41: 409
Schepp HJ, Brudet J (1988) Posttraumatische Spätschäden nach Epiphysenverletzungen des distalen Oberschenkelendes. Z Unfallchir Versicherungsmed Berufskr 81: 174
Schwarzkopf W (1983) Ausrisse der Schienbeinrauhigkeit bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Zentralbl Chir 108: 200
Schwobel MG (1987) Die Fraktur der Tibia-Apophyse-Eine typische Sportverletzung bei Jugendlichen. Z Kinderchir 42: 181
Sennerich T, Kurock W (1987) Apophysenverletzungen an Becken und Tibia beim jugendlichen Sportler. Z Kinderchir 42: 184
Shannak AO (1988) Tibial fractures in children: follow-up study. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 306
Skak SV, Jensen TT, Poulsen TD (1987) Fracture of the proximal metaphysis of the tibia in children. Injury 18: 149
Skak SV, Jensen TT, Poulsen TD, Sturup J (1987) Epidemiology of knee injuries in children. Acta Orthop Scand 58: 78
Stilli S, Sabetta E, Marchiodi L, Donzelli O (1992) The external fixator in the treatment of closed diaphyseal fractures of the lower limb during childhood. Indications and limits. Chir Organi Mov 77: 159
Tenenbein M, Reed MH, Black GB (1990) The toddler’s fracture revisited. Am J Emerg Med: 8 208
Wajanavisit W, Orapin S (1994) Biplane fracture of distal femoral epiphysis: a case report. J Med Assoc Thai 77: 501
Willis RB, Blokker C, Stoll TM, Paterson DC (1993) Long Term Follow Up of Anterior Tibial Emience Fractures Publikation. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 361–4
Wozasek GE, Moser KD, Haller H, Capousek M (1991) Trauma involving the proximal tibial epiphysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 110: 301
Wurfel A, Hofmann-von Kapherr SH, Engel V, Linke F (1995) Diagnostische Möglichkeiten und Behandlungsstrategien für die Fraktur der Eminentia intercondylica im Wachstumsalter. Unfallchirurgie 21: 124
Zionts LE, Harcke HT, Brooks KM, MacEwen GD (1987) Posttraumatic tibia valga: a case demonstrating asymmetric activity at the proximal growth plate on technetium bone scan. J Pediatr Orthop 7: 458
Daoud A, Saighi-Bouaouina A (1989) Treatment of sequestra, pseudarthrosis and defects in the long bones of children, who have chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 1448
Glorion C, Palomo J, Bronfen C, Touzet P, Padovani JP, Rigault P (1993) Les arthrites aigues infectieuses du genou de l’enfant. Pronostic et discussion therapeutique a propos de 51 cas ayant un recul moyen de 5 ans. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 79: 650
Herndon WA, Knauer S, Sullivan JA, Gross RH (1986) Management of septic arthritis in children. J Pediatr Orthop 6: 576
Ohl MD, Kean JR, Steensen RN (1991) Arthroscopic treatment of septic arthritic knees in children and adolescents. Orthop Rev 20: 894
Papavasiliou VA, Sferopoulos NK (1989) Osteomyelite hema-togene aigue de la rotule. A propos de 3 cas. Rev Chir Orthop 75: 130
Roy DR, Greene WB, Gamble JG (1991) Osteomyelitis of the patella in children. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 364
Singson RD, Berdon WE, Feldman F, Denton JR, Abramson S, Baker DH (1986) „Missing“femoral condyle: an unusual sequela to neonatal osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Radiology 161: 359
Skyhar MJ, Mubarak SJ (1987) Arthroscopic treatment of septic knees in children. J Pediatr Orthop 7: 647
Smith MJ (1986) Arthroscopic treatment of the septic knee. Arthroscopy 2: 30
Brunner R, Hefti F, Tgetgel JD (1997) Arthrogrypotic joint contracture at the knee and the foot — Correction with a circular frame. J Pediatr Orthop (in press)
Carmichael E, Chaplin DM (1986) Total knee arthroplasty in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A seven-year follow-up study. Clin Orthop 210: 192–200
Damsin JP, Trousseau A (1996) Treatment of severe flexion deformity of the knee in children and adolescents wusing the Ilizarov technique. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 78: 140–4.
Heimkes B, Stotz S (1992) Ergebnisse der Spätsynovektomie der Hüfte bei der juvenilen chronischen Arthritis. Z Rheumatol 51: 132–5
Moreno Alvarez MJ, Espada G, Maldonado-Cocco JA, Gagliardi SA (1992) Long-term follow-up of hip and knee soft tissue release in juvenile chronic arthritis. J Rheumatol 19: 1608–10
Swann M (1994) Juvenile chronic arthritis. In: Benson MKD, Fixsen JA, Macnicol MF (eds) Children’s orthopaedics and fractures. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh London Madrid Melbourne New York Tokyo, pp 93–111
Black B, Dooley J, Pyper A, Reed M (1993) Multiple hereditary exostoses. An epidemiologic study of an isolated community in Manitoba. Clin Orthop 287: 212–7
Blackwell JB, McCarthy SW, Xipell JM, Vernon-Roberts B, Duhig RE (1988) Osteofibrous dysplasia of the tibia and fibula. Pathology 20: 227–33
Borggraeve (1930) Kniegelenksersatz durch das in der Beinlängsachse um 180° gedrehte Fußgelenk. Arch Orthop Unfallchir 28: 175–8
Cammisa FP Jr, Glasser DB, Otis JC, Kroll MA, Lane JM, Healey JH (1990): The Van Nes tibial rotationplasty. A functionally viable reconstructive procedure in children who have a tumor of the distal end of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 1541–7
Campanacci M (1976) Osteofibrous dysplasia of long bones. A new clinical entity. Ital J Orthop Traumatol 2: 221–38
Canella P, Gardini F, Boriani S (1981) Exostosis: development, evolution and relationship to malignant degeneration. Ital J Orthop Traumatol 7: 293–8
Capanna R, Morris HG, Campanacci D, Del Ben M, Campanacci M (1994) Modular uncemented prosthetic reconstruction after resection of tumours of the distal femur. Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 178–86
Carey RPL (1983) Synovial chondromatosis of the knee in childhood. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 65: 444–7.
Carter SR, Grimer RJ, Sneath RS (1991) A review of 13-years experience of osteosarcoma. Clin Orthop 270: 45–51
Clohisy DR, Mankin HJ (1994) Osteoarticular allografts for reconstruction after resection of a musculoskeletal tumor in the proximal end of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 76: 549
Eckardt JJ, Safran MR, Eilber FR, Rosen G, Kabo JM (1993) Expandable endoprosthetic reconstruction of the skeletally immature after malignant bone tumor resection. Clin Orthop 297: 188–202
Gebhardt MC, Ready JE, Mankin HJ (1990) Tumors about the knee in children. Clin Orthop 255: 86–110
Gherlinzoni F, Rock M, Picci P (1983) Chondromyxoid fibroma. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 198–204
Gitelis S, Piasecki P (1991) Allograft prosthetic composite arthroplasty for osteosarcoma and other aggressive bone tumors. Clin Orthop 270: 197–201
Gitelis S, Mallin BA, Piasecki P, Turner F (1993) Intralesio-nal excision compared with en bloc resection for giant-cell tumors of bone. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1648–55
Glasser DB, Lane JM (1991) Stage IIB osteogenic sarcoma. Clin Orthop 270: 29–39
Goodman SB, Bell RS, Fornasier VL, De Demeter D, Bateman JE (1984) Ollier’s disease with multiple sarcomatous transformations. Hum Pathol 15: 91–3
Gottsauner-Wolf F, Kotz R, Knahr K, Kristen H, Ritschi P, Salzer M. (1991) Rotationplasty for limb salvage in the treatment of malignant tuimors at the knee. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 73: 1365
Horowitz SM, Glasser DB, Lane JM, Healey JH (1993) Prosthetic and extremity survivorship after limb salvage for sarcoma. How long do the reconstructions last? Clin Orthop 293: 280–6
Kenan S, Bloom N, Lewis MM (1991) Limb-sparing surgery in skeletally immature patients with osteosarcoma. Clin Orthop 270: 223–30
Köhler P, Kreicbergs A (1993) Chondrosarcoma treated by reimplantation of resected bone after autoclaving and supplementation with allogeneic bone matrix. A case report. Clin Orthop 294: 281–4
Kotz R, Salzer M (1982) Rotation plasty for childhood osteosarcoma of the distal part of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 64: 959–69
Kotz R (1993) Tumorendoprothesen bei malignen Knochentumoren. Orthopaede 22: 160–6
Krajbich JI, Carroll NC (1990) Van Nes rotationplasty with segmental limb resection. Clin Orthop 256: 7–13
Kransdorf MJ, Moser RP Jr, Vinh TN, Aoki J, Callaghan JJ (1989) Primary tumors of the patella. A review of 42 cases. Skeletal Radiol 18: 365–71
Kransdorf MJ, Sweet DE, Buetow PC, Giudici MA, Moser RP Jr (1992) Giant cell tumor in skeletally immature patients. Radiology 184: 233–7
Kropej D, Schiller C, Ritschl P, Salzer-Kuntschik M, Kotz R (1991) The management of IIB osteosarcoma. Experience from 1976 to 1985. Clin Orthop 270: 40–4
Link MPO, Goorin AM, Horowitz M et al. (1991) Adjuvant chemotherapy of high-grade osteosarcoma of the extremity. Updated results of the multi-institutional osteosarcoma study. Clin Orthop 270: 8–14
Lucas D, Tupler R, Enneking WF (1990) Multicentric chondrosarcomas associated with Ollier’s disease. Review and case report. J Fla Med Assoc 77: 24–8
Marcove RC (1984) The surgery of tumors of bone and cartilage. Grune 8c Stratton, Orlando
Murray MP, Jacobs PA, Gore DR, Gardner GM, Mollinger LA (1985) Functional performance after tibial rotationspla-sty. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 67: 392–9
Muscolo DL, Petracchi LJ, Ayerza MA, Calabrese ME (1992) Massive femoral allografts followed for 22 to 36 years. Report of six cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 887–92
Muscolo DL, Ayerza MA, Calabrese ME, Gruenberg M (1993) The use of a bone allograft for reconstruction after resection of giant-cell tumor close to the knee. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1656–62
O’Connor MI, Pritchard DJ (1991) Ewing’s sarcoma. Prognostic factors, disease control, and the reemerging role of surgical treatment. Clin Orthop 262: 78–87
Picci P, Manfrini M, Zucchi V, Gherlinzoni F, Rock M, Bertoni F, Neff JR (1983) Giant-cell tumor of bone in skeletally immature patients. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 486–90
Peterson HA (1989) Multiple hereditary osteochondromata. Clin Orthop 239: 222–30
Rao AS, Viagarita VJ (1984) Pigmented villonodular synovitis (giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath and synovial membrane). J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 76–94
Ritschl P, Karnel F, Hajek P (1988) Fibrous metaphyseal defects-determination of their origin and natural history using a radiomorphological study. Skeletal Radiol 17: 8–15
Roberts P, Chan D, Grimer RJ, Sneath RS, Scales JT (1991) Prosthetic replacement of the distal femur for primary bone tumours. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 762–9
Rougraff BT, Simon MA, Kneisl JS, Greenberg DB, Mankin HJ (1994) Limb salvage compared with amputation for osteosarcoma of the distal end of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 76: 649
Safran MR, Eckardt JJ, Kabo JM, Oppenheim WL (1992) Continued growth of the proximal part of the tibia after prosthetic reconstruction of the skeletally immature knee. Estimation of the minimum growth force in vivo in humans. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 1172–9
Shapiro F (1982) Ollier s disease. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 64: 95–103
Stockley I, McAuley JP, Gross AE (1992) Allograft reconstruction in total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 393–7
Thompson RC Jr, Pickvance EA, Garry D (1993) Fractures in large-segment allografts. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1663–73
Ueda Y, Blasius S, Edel G, Wuisman P, Bocker W, Roessner A (1992) Osteofibrous dysplasia of long bones — a reactive process to adamantinomatous tissue. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 118: 152–6
Van Nes CP (1950) Rotation-plasty for congenital defects of the femur. Making use of the ankle of the shortened limb to control the knee joint of a prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 32: 12–16
Van der Griend RA (1994) The effect of internal fixation of the healing of large allografts. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 76: 657–63
Walawer MM, Chou LB (1995) Prosthetic survival and clinical results with use of large-segment replacements in the treatment of high-grade bone sarcomas. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 77: 1154–65
Wang JW, Shih CH, Chen WJ (1992) Osteofibrous dysplasia (ossifying fibroma of long bones). A report of four cases and review of the Literature. Clin Orthop 278: 235–43
Winkelmann W (1993) Umdrehplastiken. Orthopaede 22: 152–9
Winkelmann WW (1986) Hip rotationplasty for malignant tumors of the proximal part of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 68: 362–9
Winkler K, Bieling P, Bielack S (1992) Die Chemotherapie des Osteosarkoms. Z Orthop 130: 285–9
Brunner R, Hefti F, Tgetgel JD (1997) Arthrogrypotic joint contracture at the knee and the foot — Correction with a circular frame. J Pediatr Orthop (in press)
Damsin JP, Trousseau A (1996) Treatment of severe flexion deformity of the knee in children and adolescents wusing the Ilizarov technique. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 78: 140–4
DelBello DA, Watts HG (1996) Distal femoral extension osteotomy for knee flexion contracture in patients with arthrogryposis. J Pediatr Orthop 16: 22–6
Franke J, Grill F, Hein G, Simon M (1990) Correction of clubfoot relapse using Ilizarov’s apparatus in children 8–15 years old. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 110: 33–7
Gartsman GM, Bennett JB, Cain TE (1988) Surgical correction of severe knee pterygium. Microsurgery 9: 246–8
Grill F, Franke J (1987) The Ilizarov distractor for the correction of relapsed or neglected clubfoot. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 69: 593–7
Grill F (1989) Correction of complicated extremity deformities by external fixation. Clin Orthop 241:166–76
Hahn G (1985) Arthrogryposis. Pediatric review and habi-litative aspects. Clin Orthop 194: 104–14
Sodergard J, Ryoppy S (1990) The knee in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 177–82
Thomas B, Schopler S, Wood W, Oppenheim WL (1985) The knee in arthrogryposis. Clin Orthop 194: 87–92
Bensahel H, Catterall A, Dimeglio A (1990) Practical applications in idiopathic clubfoot: A retrospective multicentric study in EPOS. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 186–8
Bensahel H, Guillaume A, Czukonyi Z, Desgrippes Y (1990) Results of physical therapy for idiopathic clubfoot: A long-term follow-up-study. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 189–92
Browne D (1955) Congenital deformities of mechanical origin. Arch Dis Child 30: 37–45
Clavert JM (1990) Pathogenese, Embyrologie des Klumpfußes. Mitteilungsbl Dtsch Ges Orthop Traumatol 20: 15
Cooper DM, Dietz FR (1995) Treatment of idiopathic clubfoot. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 77: 1477–89
Crawford AH, Marxen JL, Osterfeld DL (1982) The Cincinnati incision: A comprehensive approach for surgical procedures of the foot and ankle in childhood. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 64: 1355–8
Dimeglio A, Bensahel H, Souchet P, Mazeau P, Bonnet F (1995) Classification of clubfoot. J Pediatriatr Orthop 4: 129–36
Dwyer FC (1959) Osteotomy of the calcaneum for pes cavus. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 41: 80–6
Dwyer FC (1963) The treatment of relapsed club foot by insertion of a wedge into the calcaneum. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 45: 67–75
Fukuhara K, Schollmeier G, Uhthoff HK (1994) The pathogenesis of club foot. A histomorphometric and immuno-histochemical study of fetuses. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 450–7
Green NE, Griffin PP, Shiavi R (1983) Split posterior tibial-tendon transfer in spastic cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 748–54
Greider TD, Siff SJ, Gerson P, Donovan MM (1982) Arteriography in club foot. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 64: 837–40
Grill F (1989) Correction of complicated extremity deformities by external fixation. Clin Orthop 241: 166–76
Grill F (1990) Manuelle Redression, Gips beim Klumpfuß. Mitteilungsbl Dtsch Ges Orthop Traumatol 20: 28
Guidera KJ, Raney E, Ogden JA, Highhouse M, Habal M (1991) Caudal regression: A review of seven cases, including the Mermaid syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 743–7
Harrold AJ, Walker CJ (1983) Treatment and prognosis in congenital club foot. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 65: 8–11
Hjelmstedt A, Sahlstedt B (1990) Role of talocalcaneal osteotomy in clubfoot surgery: Results in 31 surgically treated feet. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 193–7
Howard CB, Benson MDK (1992) The ossific nuclei and the cartilage anlage of the talus and calcaneum. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 620–3
Hudson I, Catterall A (1994) Posterolateral release for resistant club foot. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 281–4
Ilizarov GA, Deviatov AA (1969) Operativnoe udlinenie goleni s odnovremennym ustraneniem deformatsii (Chirurgische Unterschenkelverlängerung mit gleichzeitiger Korrektur von Deformitäten). Ortop Travmatol Protez 30: 32–7
Irani RN, Sherman MS (1963) The pathological anatomy of idiopathic clubfoot. J Bone Jt Surg (Am) 45: 45–57
Isaacs H, Handelsman JE, Badenhorst M, Pickering A (1977) The muscles in club foot-a histological histochemi-cal and electron microscopic study. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 59: 465–72
Kawashima T, Uhthoff HK (1990) Development of the foot in prenatal life in relation to idiopathic club foot. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 232–237
Kitziger K, Wilkins K (1991) Absent posterior tibial artery in an infant with talipes varus. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 777–8
Kling TF Jr, Kaufer H, Hensinger RN (1985) Split posterior tibial-tendon transfers in children with cerebral spastic paralysis and equinovarus deformity. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 67: 186–94
Krishna M, Evans R, Sprigg A, Taylor JF, Theis JC (1991) Tibial torsion measured by ultrasound in children with talipes equinovarus. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 207–10
Lutter LD (1990) Larsen Syndrome: Clinical features and treatment. A report of two cases. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 270–4
Metaizou JP Metz (1990) Continous passive motion beim Klumpfuß. Mitteilungsbl Dtsch Ges Orthop Traumatol 20: 38
Moulin P, Hefti F (1986) Langzeitergebnisse der Klumpfußbehandlung. Orthopäde 15: 184–90
Paley D (1993) The correction of complex foot deformities using Ilisarow’s distraction osteotomies. Clin Orthop 293: 97–111
Ponseti IV (1992) Treatment of congenital club foot. Current concepts review. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74448
Rasool MN, Govender S, Naidoo KS, Moodley M (1992) Foot deformities and occult spinal abnormalities in children: A review of 16 cases. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 94–9
Ryoeppi S, Sairanen H (1983) Neonatal operative treatment of club foot. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 65: 320–25
Schäfer D, Hefti F (1995) Mid-term results of combined opening wedge medial cuneiform and closing wedge cuboid osteotomy for the treatment of residual clubfoot. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 77 [Suppl. II]: 205
Scott WA, Hosking SW, Catterall A (1984) Club foot. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 66: 71–6
Settle GW (1963) The anatomy of congenital talipes equino-varus. Sixteen dissected specimens. J Bone Jt Surg (Am) 45: 1341–50
Tachdijan MO (1990) Pediatric Orthopaedics. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2428–557
Tgetgel JD, Hefti F, Brunner R (1996) Correction of joint deformities with the Ilizarov apparatus. European Pediatric Orthopaedic Society, 16th meeting, papers and abstracts 42
Tibrewal SB, Benson MKD, Howard C, Fuller DJ (1992) The Oxford clubfoot programme. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 528
Valentin B (1961) Geschichte der Orthopaedic Thieme, Stuttgart, S 6
Velasco Polo de G, Lechtman CP (1970) Surgical treatment of congenital talipes equinovarus adductus. Clin Orthop 70: 87–92
Victoria-Diaz A, Victoria-Diaz J (1984) Pathogenesis of idiopathic clubfoot. Clin Orthop 185: 14–24
White JW (1929) The importance of the tibialis in the production and recurrence of clubfoot. South Med J 22: 675–82
Wynne-Davies R (1972) Genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of talipes equinovarus. Clin Orthop 84: 9–13
Burkus JK, Moore DW, Raycroft JF (1983) Valgus deformity of the ankle in myelodysplastic patients. Correction by stapling of the medial part of the distal tibial physis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 1157–62
Campos da Paz AC Jr, de Souza V, de Souza DC (1978) Congenital convex pes valgus. Orthop Clin North Am 9: 207–18
De Rosa GP, Ahlfeld SK (1984) Congenital vertical talus: the Riley experience. Foot Ankle 5: 118–24
Diepstraten AFM, Lacroix H (1992) Operative treatment of the congenital vertical talus. European Pediatric Orthopaedic Society, 11th meeting, papers and abstracts 25
Dodge LD, Ashley RK, Gilbert RJ (1987) Treatment of the congenital vertical talus: a retrospective review of 36 feet with long-term follow-up. Foot Ankle 7: 326–32
Drennan JC, Sharrard WJ (1971) The pathological anatomy of convex pes valgus. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 53: 455–61
Green NE, Lowery ER, Thomas R (1993) Orthopaedic aspects of prune belly syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 496–500
Greenberg AJ (1981) Congenital vertical talus and congenital calcaneovalgus deformity: a comparison. J Foot Surg 20: 189–93
Gurd AR, Thompson TR (1981) Scoliosis in Prader-Willi-Syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 1: 317–320
Hamanishi C (1984) Congenital vertical talus: classification with 69 cases and new measurement system. J Pediatr Orthop 4: 318–26
Henken R (1914) Contribution à l’étude des formes osseuses du pied valgus congénital. Thèse, Lyon
Jacobsen ST, Crawford AH (1983) Congenital vertical talus. J Pediatr Orthop 3: 306–10
Masterson E, Borton D, Stephens MM (1993) Peroneus lon-gus tendon sling in revision surgery for congenital vertical talus: a new surgical technique. Foot Ankle 14: 186–8
Napiontek M (1995) Congenital vertical talus: A retrospective and critical review of 32 feet operated on by peritalar reduction. J Pediatr Orthop 4: 179–87
Oppenheim W, Smith C, Christie W (1985) Congenital vertical talus. Foot Ankle 5: 198–204
Phillips GE (1983) A review of elongation of os calcis for flat feet. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 65: 15–18
Schlesinger AE, Deeney VF, Caskey PF (1989) Sonography of the nonossified tarsal navicular cartilage in an infant with congenital vertical talus. Pediatr Radiol 20: 134–5
Seimon LP (1987) Surgical correction of congenital vertical talus under the age of 2 years. J Pediatr Orthop 7: 405–11
Sharrard WJ, Grosfield I (1968) The management of deformity and paralysis of the foot in myelomeningocele. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 50: 456–65
Stanton RP, Rao N, Scott CI (1994) Orthopaedic manifestations in de Barsy syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 60–62
Stern HJ, Clark RD, Stroberg AJ, Shohat M (1989) Autosomal dominant transmission of isolated congenital vertical talus. Clin Genet 36: 427–30
Tachdijan MO (1990) Pediatric Orthopaedics. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2557–2578
Walker AP, Ghali NN, Silk FF (1985) Congenital vertical talus. The results of staged operative reduction. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67:117–21
Apert E (1906) L’acrocéphalosyndactylie. Bull Mem Soc Méd Hôp Paris 23: 1210–8
Barmakian JT, Posner MA, Silver L, Lehman W, Vine DT (1992) Proteus syndrome. J Hand Surg (Am) 17: 32–4
Bennett GL, Weiner DS, Leighley B (1990) Surgical treatment of symptomatic accessory tarsal navicular. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 445–9
Berndorfer A (1970) Gesichtsspalten gemeinsam mit Hand-und Fußspalten. Z Orthop 107: 344–54
Blauth W, Harten K, Kirgis A (1987) Frontale Talusspalte-Talus bipartitus. Z Orthop 125: 302–7
Blauth W, Olason AT (1988) Classification of Polydactyly of the hands and feet. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 107: 334–44
Blauth W (1989) Über die Behandlung angeborener Fußfehlbildungen. Z Orthop 127(1): 3–14
Blauth W, Torne O von (1978) Der “Apert-Fuß”. Z Orthop 116: 1–6
Blauth W, Borisch NC (1990) Cleft feet. Proposals for a new classification based on roentgenographic morphology. Clin Orthop 258: 41–8
Buck-Gramcko D, Behrens P (1989) Klassifikation der Polydaktylie fur Hand und Fuß. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 21: 195–204
Chambers RB, Cook TM, Cowell HR (1982) Surgical reconstruction for calcaneonavicular coalition. Evaluation of function and gait. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 64: 829–36
Connor JM, Evans DA (1982) Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 69: 76–83
Cowell HR, Elener V (1983) Rigid painful flatfoot secondary to tarsal coalition. Clin Orthop 177: 54–60
Cruveilhier J (1829) Anatomie Pathologique du Corps Humain. Tome I
Czeizel AE, Vitez M, Kodaj I Lenz (1993) An epidemiological study of isolated split hand/foot in Hungary, 1977–1984. J Med Genet 30 (7): 593–6
Driver JR, Denison AB (1914) The morphology of the long accessorius muscle. Anat Rec 8: 341–7
Elek C, Vitez M, Czeizel E (1991) Split hand / foot abnormalities: classification, pathogenesis, epidemiology. [Hasadt kez/lab rendellenesseg: osztalyozas, koreredet, epidemiolo-gia.] Orv Hetil 132: 1639–42
Falliner A, Blauth W, Olason AT (1988) Hallux varus conge-nitus bei Polydaktylien. Z Orthop 126: 239–49
Foulkes GD, Reinker K (1994) Congenital constriction band syndrome: A seventy-year experience. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 242–8
Gonzales P, Kumar, SJ (1990) Calcaneonavicular coalition treated by resection and interposition of the extensor digi-torum brevis muscle. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 71–85
Grogan DP, Holt GR, Ogden JA (1994) Talocalcaneal coalition in patients who have fibular hemimelia or proximal femoral focal deficiency. A comparison of the radiographic and pathological findings. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 76: 1363–70
Guidera KJ, Brinker MR, Kousseff BG, Helal AA, Pugh LI, Ganey TM, Ogden JA (1993) Overgrowth management of Klippel-Trenauny-Weber and Proteus syndromes. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 459–66
Gurd AR, Thompson TR (1981) Scoliosis in Prader-Willi-Syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 1: 317–20
Hadley N, Rahm M, Cain TE (1994) Dennyson-Fujford subtalar arthrodesis. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 363–8
Harris RI (1965) Retrospect: Peroneal spastic flat foot (rigid valgus foot). J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 47: 1657–65
Hefti F, Dick W, Fasel J (1985) Akzessorische Muskeln in der Retromalleolarregion als Ursache von Weichteilschwellungen. Orthop Praxis 21: 729–33
Herold HZ, Shmueli G, Baruchin AM (1986) Popliteal pterygium syndrome. Clin Orthop 209: 194–197
Hiroshima K, Kurata Y, Nakamura M, Ono K (1984) Ball-and-socket ankle joint: anatomical and kinematic analysis of the hindfoot. J Pediatr Orthop 4: 564–8
Imhäuser G (1970) Kugelförmige Knöchelgelenke bei angeborenen Fußwurzelsynostosen. Beitrag zur Form-Funktions-Beziehung. Z Orthop 108: 247–58
Johnon JD, Buratti RA, Balfour GW (1993) Accessory peroneus brevis muscle [see comments] J Foot Ankle Surg 32: 132–3
Johnson RP, Collier BD, Carrera GF (1984) The os trigonum syndrome: use of bone scan in the diagnosis. J Trauma 24: 761–4
Joseph B, Jacob T, Chacko V (1984) Hallux varus-a study of thirty cases. J Foot Surg 23: 392–7
Kumar SJ, Guille JT, Lee MS, Couto JC (1992) Osseous and non-osseous coalition of the middle facet of the talocalcaneal joint. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 529–35
Leonard MA (1974) The inheritance of tarsal coalition and its relationship to spastic flat foot. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 56: 520–6
Macnicol MF, Voutsinas S (1984) Surgical treatment of the symptomatic accessory navicular. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 66: 218–26
Mah J, Kasser J Upton (1991) The foot in Apert syndrome. Clin Plast Surg 18: 391–7
Majewski F, Küster W, ter Haar B, Goecke T (1985) Aplasia of tibia with split-hand/split-foot deformity. Report of six families with 35 cases and considerations about variability and penetrance. Hum Genet 70: 136–47
McGrory BJ, Amadio PC, Dobyns JH, Stickler GB, Unni KK (1991) Anomalies of the fingers and toes associated with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 73: 1537–46
Mittal RL, Sekhon AS, Singh G, Thakral H (1993) The prevalence of congenital orthopaedic anomalies in a rural community. Int Orthop 17: 11–2
O’Neill DB, Micheli LJ (1989) Tarsal coalition. A followup of adolescent athletes. Am J Sports Med 17: 544–9
Pappas AM, Miller JT (1982) Congenital ball-and-socket ankle joints and related lower-extremity malformation. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 64: 672–9
Phillips RS (1971) Congenital split foot (lobster claw) and triphalangeal thumb. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 53: 247–57
Pistoia F, Ozonoff MB, Wintz P (1987) Ball-and-socket ankle joint. Skeletal Radiol 16: 447–51
Rogala EJ, Wynne-Davies R, Littlejohn A, Gormley J (1974) Congenital limb anomalies: frequency and aetiological factors. Data from the Edinburgh Register of the Newborn (1964–1968). J Med Genet 11: 221–33
Ryoppy S, Poussa M, Merikanto J, Marttinen E, Kaitila I (1992): Foot deformities in diastrophic dysplasia. An analysis of 102 patients. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 441–4
Schreiber A, Differding P, Zollinger H (1985) Talus biparti-tus. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67: 430–1
Sella EJ, Lawson JP, Ogden JA (1986) The accessory navicular synchondrosis. Clin Orthop 209: 280–5
Spero CR, Simon GS, Tornetta P (1994) Clubfeet and tarsal coalition. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 372–6
Stormont DM, Peterson HA (1983) The relative incidence of tarsal coalition. Clin Orthop 181: 28–36
Stücker RD, Bennett JT (1993) Tarsal coalition presenting as a pes cavo-varus deformity: report of three cases and review of the Literature. Foot Ankle 14: 540–4
Takakura Y, Tamai S, Masuhara K (1986) Genesis of the ball-and-socket ankle. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 68: 834–7
Uhrbrand B, Jensen TT (1986) A case of accessory calcaneus. Acta Orthop Scand 57: 455
Vaughan WH, Segal G (1953) Tarsal coalition with special reference to roentgenographic interpretation. Radiology 60: 855–64
Von Lanz T, Wachsmuth W (1972) Praktische Anatomie, Bd 1, Teil 4: Bein und Statik, 2. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 377–9
Wood J (1868) Variations of human myology. Proc Roy Soc. London XVI. 483–525
Woolf CM, Woolf RM (1970) A genetic study of Polydactyly in Utah. Am J Hum Genet 22: 75–88
Zlotogora J, Nubani N (1989) Is there an autosomal recessive form of the split hand and split foot malformation? J Med Genet 26: 138–40
Berg EE (1986) A reappraisal of metatarsus adductus and skewfoot. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 68: 1185–96
Cook DA, Breed AL, Cook T, DeSmet AD, Muehle CM (1992) Observer variability in the radiographic measurement and classification of metatarsus adductus. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 86–9
Farsetti P, Weinstein SL, Ponseti IV (1994) The long-term functional and radiographic outcomes of untreated and non-operatively treated metatarsus adductus. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 76: 257–65
Katz K, Naor N, Merlob P, Wielunsky E (1990) Rotational deformities of the tibia and foot in preterm infants. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 483–5
La Reaux RL, Lee BB (1987) Metatarsus adductus and hallux abducto valgus: their correlation. J Foot Surg 26: 304–8
Peterson HA (1986) Skewfoot (forefoot adduction with heel valgus). J Pediatr Orthop 6: 24–30
Rushforth GF (1974) The natural history of hooked forefoot. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 60: 530–2
Smith JT, Bleck EE, Gamble JG, Rinsky LA, Pena T (1991) Simple method of documenting metatarsus adductus. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 679–80
Tönnis D (1986) Der Sichelfuß. Orthopäde 15: 174–83
Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE, Malagon V (1988) Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 70: 407–15
Bleck EE, Berzins UJ (1977) Conservative management of pes valgus with plantar flexed talus, flexible. Clin Orthop 122: 85–94
Chambers EFS (1946) An operation for correction of flexible flat feet of adolescents. West J Surg 54: 77–82
Dwyer FC (1961) Osteotomy of the calcaneum in the treatment of grossly everted feet with special reference to cerebral palsy. In : 8ème congrès de la societé internationale de chirurgie orthopédique et de traumatologie. NY 4. –9. 9. 1960. Imprimerie des Sciences, Bruxeilles, pp 892–7
Giannini S, Girolami M, Ceccarelli F (1985) The surgical treatment of infantile flat foot. A new expanding endo-orthotic implant. Ital J Orthop Traumatol 11: 315–22
Grice DS (1952) An extraarticular arthrodesis of the sub-astragal joint for correction if paralytic flat-feet in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 34: 929–35
Jani L (1986) Der kindliche Knick-Senkfuß. Orthopäde 15: 199–204
Koutsogiannis E (1971) Treatment of mobile flat foot by displacement osteotomy of the calcaneus. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 53: 96–100
Lowman CL (1923) An operative method for correctionof certain forms of flatfoot. JAMA 81: 1500–5
Masterson E, Jagannathan S, Borton D, Stephens MM (1994) Pes planus in childhood due to tibialis posterior tendon injuries. Treatment by flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 444–6
Mereday C, Dolan CM, Lusskin R (1972) Evaluation of the University of California Biomechanics Laboratory shoe insert in “flexible” pes planus. Clin Orthop 82: 45–58
Purnell ML, Drummond DS, Engber WD, Breed AL (1983) Congenital dislocation of the peroneal tendons in the calca-neovalgus foot. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 65: 316–9
Rao UB, Joseph B (1992) The influence of footwear on the prevalence of flat foot. A survey of 2300 children. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 525–7
Viladot A (1992) Surgical treatment of the child’s flatfoot. Clin Orthop 283: 34–8
Volpon JB (1994) Footprint analysis during the growth period. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 83–5
Wenger DR, Mauldin D, Speck G, Morgan D, Lieber RL (1989) Corrective shoes and inserts as treatment for flexible flatfoot in infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 800–10
Zollinger H, Fellmann J (1994) Spontanverlauf kindlicher Fußdeformitaten. Orthopäde 23: 206–10
Bacardi BE, Frankel JP (1986) Biplane cuneiform osteotomy for juvenile metatarsus primus varus. J Foot Surg 25: 472–8
Canale PB, Aronsson DD, Lamont RL, Manoli A 2d (1993) The Mitchell procedure for the treatment of adolescent hallux valgus. A long-term study. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1610–8
Cook DA, Breed AL, Cook T, DeSmet AD, Muehle CM (1992) Observer variability in the radiographic measurement and classification of metatarsus adductus. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 86–9
Farsetti P, Weinstein SL, Ponseti IV (1994) The long-term functional and radiographic outcomes of untreated and non-operatively treated metatarsus adductus. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 76: 257–65
Groiso JA (1992) Juvenile hallux valgus. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 1367
Kilmartin TE, Barrington RL, Wallace WA (1991) Metatarsus primus varus. A statistical study. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 937–40
Kilmartin TE, Wallace WA (1991) First metatarsal head shape in juvenile hallux abductovalgus. J Foot Surg 30: 506–8
Kilmartin TE, Wallace WA (1992) The significance of pes planus in juvenile hallux valgus. Foot Ankle 13: 53–6
Kilmartin TE, Barrington RL, Wallace WA (1994) A controlled prospective trial of a foot orthosis for juvenile hallux valgus. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 210–4
Mann RA, Rudicel S, Graves SC (1992) Repair of hallux valgus with a distal soft-tissue procedure and proximal metatarsal osteotomy. A long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 124–9
McBride ED (1967) The McBride bunion hallux valgus operation. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 49 1675–83
Mitchell LA, Baxter DE (1991) A Chevron-Akin double osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus. Foot Ankle 12: 7–14
Peterson MA, Newman SR (1993) Adolescent bunion deformity with double osteotomy and longitudinal pin fixation of the first ray. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 80–4
Wanivenhaus AH, Feldner-Busztin H (1988) Basal osteotomy of the first metatarsal for the correction of metatarsus primus varus associated with hallux valgus. Foot Ankle 8: 337–43
Literatur
Burr DB, Milgrom C, Boyd RD, Higgins WL, Robin G, Radin EL (1990) Experimental stress fractures of the tibia. Biological and mechanical aetiology in rabbits. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 72: 370–5
Freiberg AH (1914) Infraction of the second metatarsal bone. A typical injury. Surg Gynecol Obstet 19: 191–3
Fu FH, Gomez W (1989) Bilateral avascular necrosis of the first metatarsal head in adolescence. A case report. Clin Orthop 246: 282–4
Köhler A (1913) Das Köhlersche Knochenbild des Os navi-culare pedis bei Kindern-keine Fraktur. Langenbecks Arch Klein Chir 101: 560
Köhler A (1920) Eine typische Erkrankung des 2. Metatarso-phalangealgelenkes. MMW 45: 1289–90
Milgrom C, Finestone A, Shlamkovitch N, Rand N, Lev B, Simkin A, Wiener M (1994) Youth is a risk factor for stress fracture. A study of 783 infantry recruits. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 20–2
Orava S, Hulkko A, Koskinen S, Taimela S (1995) Streßfrakturen bei Sportlern und Militärrekruten. Orthopäde 24: 457–66
Segesser B, Morscher E, Goesele A (1995) Störungen der Wachstumsfugen durch sportliche Überlastung. Orthopäde 24: 446–56
Smith TW, Stanley D, Rowley DI (1991) Treatment of Freiberg’s disease. A new operative technique. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 129–30
Zollinger H (1986) Osteonekrosen am kindlichen Fuß. Orthopäde 15: 220–6
Alman BA, Craig CL, Zimbler S (1993) Subtalar arthrodesis for stabilization of valgus hindfoot in patients with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 634–41
Banta JV, Sutherland DH, Wyatt M (1981) Anterior tibial transfer to the os calcis with Achilles tenodesis for calcaneal deformity in myelomeningocele. J Pediatr Orthop 1: 125–30
Butler PB, Thompson N, Major RE (1992) Improvement in walking performance of children with cerebral palsy: preliminary results. Dev Med Child 34: 567–76
Evans D (1975) Calcaneo-valgus deformity. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 57: 270–8
Franchin F, Quagliarella L, Galante VN, Boccia G (1985) La correction de reversion du pied chez l’enfant IMC avec une nouvelle prothese du sinus du tarse. Acta Orthop Belg 51: 771–81
Fulford GE (1990) Surgical management of ankle and foot deformities in cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop 253: 55–61
Gage JR (1991) Gait Analysis in Cerebral Palsy. Mac Keith, London
Hamel J, Kissling C, Heimkes B, Stotz S (1994) A combined bony and soft-tissue tarsal stabilization procedure (Grice- Schede) for hindfoot valgus in children with cerebral palsy. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 113: 237–43
Hsu JD; Jackson R (1985) Treatment of symptomatic foot and ankle deformities in the nonambulatory neuromuscular patient. Foot Ankle 5: 238–44
Hullin MG, Robb JE, Loudon IR (1992) Ankle-foot orthosis function in low-level myelomeningocele. J Pediatr Orthop 12: 518–21
Huppertz R, Kaps HP (1991) Subtalare Arthrodese nach Grice-Langzeitergebnisse von 63 Operationen. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 129: 57–61
Janda JP, Skinner SR, Barto PS (1984) Posterior transfer of tibialis anterior in low-level myelodysplasia. Dev Med Child Neurol 26: 100–3
Khodadadeh S, McClelland MR, Patrick JH, Edwards RH, Evans GA (1986) Knee moments in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Lancet 8506: 544–5
Kling TF Jr, Kaufer H, Hensinger RN (1985) Split posterior tibial-tendon transfers in children with cerebral spastic paralysis and equinovarus deformity. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 67: 186–94
McCall RE, Lillich JS, Harris JR, Johnston FA (1985) The Grice extraarticular subtalar arthrodesis: a clinical review. J Pediatr Orthop 5: 442–5
Middleton EA, Hurley GR, Mcllwain JS (1988) The role of rigid and hinged polypropylene ankle-foot-orthoses in the management of cerebral palsy: a case study. Prosthet Orthot Int 12: 129–35
Mossberg KA, Linton KA, Friske K (1990) Ankle-foot orthoses: effect on energy expenditure of gait in spastic diplegic children. Arch Physiol Med Rehabil 71: 490–4
Nather A, Fulford GE, Stewart K (1984) Treatment of valgus hindfoot in cerebral palsy by peroneus brevis lengthening. Dev Med Child Neurol 26: 335–40
Ono K, Hiroshima K, Tada K, Inoue A (1980) Anterior transfer of the toe flexors for equinovarus deformity of the foot. Int Orthop 1: 225–9
Pistoia F, Ozonoff MB, Wintz P (1987) Ball-and-socket ankle joint. Skeletal Radiol 16: 447–51
Rosenthal RK (1984) The use of orthotics in foot and ankle problems in cerebral palsy. Foot Ankle 4:195–200
Ross PM, Lyne ED (1980) The Grice procedure: indications and evaluation of long-term results. Clin Orthop 153: 194–200
Seeger BR, Caudrey DJ, Little JD (1985) Progression of equinus deformity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Arch Physiol Med Rehabil 66: 286–8
Sutherland DH (1993) Varus foot in cerebral palsy: an overview. Instr Course Lect 42: 539–43
Taylor CL, Harris SR (1986) Effects of ankle-foot orthoses on functional motor performance in a child with spastic diplegia. Am J Occup Ther 40: 492–4
Tenuta J, Shelton YA, Miller F (1993) Long-term follow-up of triple arthrodesis in patients with cerebral palsy. J Pedia-tr Orthop 13: 713–6
Tynan MC, Klenerman L, Helliwell TR, Edwards RH, Hay-ward M (1992) Investigation of muscle imbalance in the leg in symptomatic forefoot pes cavus: a multidisciplinary. Foot Ankle 13: 489–501
Watt J, Sims D, Harckham F, Schmidt L, McMillan A, Hamilton JA (1986) prospective study of inhibitive casting as an adjunct to physiotherapy for cerebral-palsied children. Dev Med Child Neurol 28: 480–8
Westin GW, Dye S (1983) Conservative management of cerebral palsy in the growing child. Foot Ankle 4: 160–3
Williams EA, Read L, Ellis A, Morris P, Galasko CS (1984) The management of equinus deformity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 546–50
Bensahel H, Huguenin P (1981) Les fractures de la cheville et du pied de l’enfant. Ann Chir 35: 114
Blauth W, Ulrich HW (1986) Zur Klinik und Therapie von fibulären Bandrupturen im Kindesalter. Orthopäde 15: 427
Blumberg K, Patterson RJ (1991) The toddler’s cuboid fracture. Radiology 179: 93
Cass JR, Peterson HA (1983) Salter-Harris Type-IV injuries of the distal tibial epiphyseal growth plate, with emphasis on those involving the medial malleolus. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 1059
Chadwick CJ, Bentley G (1987) The classification and prognosis of epiphyseal injuries. Injury 18: 157
Chung T, Jaramillo D (1995) Normal maturing distal tibia and fibula: changes with age at MR imaging. Radiology 194: 227
Clement DA, Worlock PH (1987) Triplane fracture of the distal tibia. A variant in cases with an open growth plate. J Bone Joint Surg 69-B: 412
De Boeck K, Van Eldere S, De Vos P, Mortelmans L, Casteels-Van Daele M (1991) Radionuclide bone imaging in toddler’s fracture. Eur J Pediatr 150: 166
Devalentine SJ (1987) Epiphyseal injuries of the foot and ankle. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 4: 279
Dias LS, Giegerich CR (1983) Fractures of the distal tibial epiphysis in adolescence. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 65: 438
Doury P, Delahaye RP, Pattin S, Metges PJ (1981) Les fractures de fatigue du pied. Sem Hop 57: 121
Ehrensperger J (1983) Frakturen des kindlichen und jugendlichen Fußes. Ther Umsch 40: 996
Ertl JP, Barrack RL, Alexander AH, Van Buecken K (1988) Triplane fracture of the distal tibial epiphysis. Long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 70: 967
Fairbank AC, Lynch P, Jinnah RH (1993) Pure rotational displacement of the distal tibial epiphysis: a case report and a review of the Literature. Injury 24: 495
Feldman F, Singson RD, Rosenberg ZS, Berdon WE, Amodio J, Abramson SJ (1987) Distal tibial triplane fractures: diagnosis with CT. Radiology 164: 429
Grace DL (1983) Irreducible fracture-separations of the distal tibial epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 65: 160
Griffin LY (1994) Common sports injuries of the foot and ankle seen in children and adolescents. Orthop Clin North Am 25: 83
Karrholm J, Hansson LI, Laurin S, Selvik G (1983) Posttraumatic growth disturbance of the ankle treated by the Langenskiold procedure. Evaluation by radiography, roentgen stereophotogrammetry, scintimetry and histology: case report. Acta Orthop Scand 54: 721
Karrholm J, Hansson LI, Selvik G (1984) Changes in tibiofibular relationships due to growth disturbances after ankle fractures in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 1198
Kling TF Jr, Bright RW, Hensinger RN (1984) Distal tibial physeal fractures in children that may require open reduction. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 647
Klotter HJ, Muller HA, Pistor G, Schild H, Dahnert W (1983) Zur Diagnostik und Therapie der fibularen Bandverletzung im oberen Sprunggelenk bei Kindern. Aktuel Traumatol 13: 217
Koval KJ, Lehman WB, Koval RP (1989) Rotational injury of the distal tibial physis. Orthop Rev 18: 987
Krueger-Franke M, Siebert CH, Pfoerringer W (1992) Sports-related epiphyseal injuries of the lower extremity. An epidemiologic study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 32: 106
Laer L von (1981) Die „Unvollendete“ des Wachstumsalters: Die Übergangsfraktur der distalen Tibia. Unfallheilkunde 84: 373
Laer L von (1982) Der posttraumatische partielle Verschluß der distalen Tibiaepiphysenfuge. Ursache, Prognose und Prophylaxe? Teil I: Krankengut, Methodik und Ergebnisse. Unfallheilkunde 85: 445
Laer L von (1982) Der posttraumatische partielle Verschluß der distalen Tibiaepiphysenfuge. Ursache, Prognose und Prophylaxe? Teil II: Diskussion. Unfallheilkunde 85: 509
Laer L von, Gerber B, Jehle B (1982) Epiphysenfrakturen und Epiphysenlosungen der distalen Tibia. Z Kinderchir 36: 125
Laer L von (1985) Classification, diagnosis, and treatment of transitional fractures of the distal part of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 67: 687
Laer L von (1986) Distorsio pedis beim Kind. Orthopäde 15: 251
Laer L von (1986) Epiphysenfrakturen. Zentralbl Chir 111: 1217
Laer L von, Lampert Ch (1992) Epiphysenfrakturen der distalen Tibia. Operat Orthop Traumatol 4: 100
Laer L von (1994) Spontanverläufe nach Frakturen im Wachstumsalter. Orthopäde 23: 211
Laliotis N, Pennie BH, Carty H, Klenerman L (1993) Toddler’s fracture of the calcaneum. Injury 24: 169
Landin LA, Danielsson LG (1983) Children’s ankle fractures. Classification and epidemiology. Acta Orthop Scand 54: 634
Langenskiold A (1981) Surgical treatment of partial closure of the growth plate. J Pediatr Orthop 1: 3
Linhart W, Hollwarth M, Schimpl G (1983) Frakturen der distalen Tibiaepiphyse. Unfallheilkunde 86: 510
Linhart WE, Hollwarth ME (1986) Frakturen des kindlichen Fußes. Orthopäde 15: 242
Linhart WE, Hollwarth ME, Haberlik A, Steinwender G (1990) Ergebnisse der konservativen Behandlung von Bandläsionen des kindlichen Sprunggelenkes-Eine prospektive Studie. Z Kinderchir 45: 298
Love SM, Ganey T, Ogden JA (1990) Postnatal epiphyseal development: the distal tibia and fibula. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 298
MacNealy GA, Rogers LF, Hernandez R, Poznanski AK (1982) Injuries of the distal tibial epiphysis: systematic radiographic evaluation. Am J Roentgenol 138: 683
Manderson EL, Ollivierre CO (1992) Closed anatomic reduction of a juvenile tillaux fracture by dorsiflexion of the ankle. A case report. Clin Orthop 276: 262
Marti R, Besselaar PP, Raaymakers E (1991) Fehlstellungen nach Verletzungen der distalen Tibia und Fibulaepiphysen. Orthopäde 20: 367
Melchior B, Badeion O, Peraldi P, Bensahel H (1990) Les fractures-decollements epiphysaires de l’extrémité inférieure du tibia. Chir Pediatr 31: 113
Miller JH, Sanderson RA (1988) Scintigraphy of toddler’s fracture. J Nucl Med 29: 2001
Murakami S, Yamamoto H, Furuya K, Tomimatsu T (1994) Irreducible Salter-Harris type II fracture of the distal tibial epiphysis. J Orthop Trauma 8: 524–6
Ogden JA, McCarthy SM (1983), Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. VIII. Distal tibia and fibula. Skeletal Radiol 10: 209
Ogden JA, Lee J (1990) Accessory ossification patterns and injuries of the malleoli. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 306
Oudjhane K, Newman B, Oh KS, Young LW, Girdany BR (1988) Occult fractures in preschool children. J Trauma 28: 858
Peiro A, Aracil J, Martos F, Mut T (1981) Triplane distal tibial epiphyseal fracture. Clin Orthop 160: 196
Schneider A, Laer L von (1981) Die Diagnostik der fibularen Bandäsion am oberen Sprunggelenk im Wachstumsalter Unfallheilkunde 84: 133
Schuppert W (1992) Fahrradspeichenverletzungen. In: Schütze U (Hrsg) Freizeitunfälle im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 194
Silas SI, Herzenberg JE, Myerson MS, Sponseller PD (1995) Compartment syndrome of the foot in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 77: 356
Smith MG (1988) Rotational displacement of the distal epiphysis of the tibia without fracture. Injury 19: 209
Spiegel PG, Mast JW, Cooperman DR, Laros GS (1984) Triplane fractures of the distal tibial epiphysis. Clin Orthop 188: 74
Starke W (1989) Zur fibulären Bandruptur im Wachstumsalter. Unfallchirurg 92: 6
Stoll TM, Laer LR von (1993) Traumatologie des kindlichen Fußes. In: Venbrocks R, Salis Soglio G (Hrsg) Jahrbuch der Orthopädie. Biermann, Zülpich, S 115
Subrahmanyam M, Date VN, Samant NA, Patil AJ, Arwade DJ (1980) Bicycle injuries in children. J Indian Med Assoc 75: 220
Taddei L (1983) Über eine seltene Luxationsfraktur des Fußes. Z Unfallchir Versicherungsmed Berufskr 76: 51
Tenenbein M, Reed MH, Black GB (1990) The toddler’s fracture revisited Am J Emerg Med 8: 208
Vahvanen V, Westerlund M, Nikku R (1984) Lateral ligament injury of the ankle in children. Follow-up results of primary surgical treatment. Acta Orthop Scand 55: 21
Wicky B, Stauffer UG (1982) Epiphysenfrakturen der distalen Tibia. Behandlung und Ergebnisse. Chirurg 53: 697
Winker H, Rohner H, Weller S (1985) Die Prognose der distalen Tibia-Epiphysenverletzung in Abhängigkeit vom Verletzungstyp. Aktuel Traumatol 15: 165
Zwipp H, Tscherne H, Hoffmann R (1989) Zur operativen Behandlung der chronischen OSG-Instabilität im Kindesalter. Z Kinderchir 44: 97
Donovan RM, Shah KJ (1982) Unusual sites of acute osteomyelitis in childhood. Clin Radiol 33: 222
Härle A (1986) Diagnostik und Indikation zur operativen Behandlung bei der septischen Arthritis im Kindesalter. In: Sauer H, Ritter G (Hrsg) Osteomyelitis und Osteoitis im Kindesalter. Fischer, Stuttgart New York, S 123
Hayden CK Jr, Swischuk LE (1980) Paraarticular soft-tissue changes in infections and trauma of the lower extremity in children. Am J Roentgenol 134: 307
Lynch MC, Dorgan JC (1983) A case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa osteomyelitis of the tarsal cuboid following a penetrating wound of the foot in childhood. Injury 14: 354
Renyi-Vamos A, Lenart G, Csorba E (1986) Osteomyelitis of the bones of the foot in childhood. Magy Traumatol Orthop Helyreallito Seb 29: 17
Schneider G, Engelke K, Linhart W (1986) Die hämatogene Osteomyelitis der Fußwurzelknochen. In: Sauer H, Ritter G (Hrsg) Osteomyelitis und Osteoitis im Kindesalter. Fischer, Stuttgart New York, S 145
Casadei R, Ferraro A, Ferruzzi A, Biagini R, Ruggieri P (1991) Bone tumors of the foot: epidemiology and diagnosis. Chir Organi Mov 76: 47–62
Kirby EJ, Shereff MJ, Lewis MM (1989) Soft-tissue tumors and tumor-like lesions of the foot. An analysis of eighty-three cases. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 71: 621–6
Ochsner PE (1986) Tumoren des kindlichen Fußes. Orthopäde 15: 227–32
Owens JC, Shiu MH, Smith R, Hajdu SI (1985) Soft tissue sarcomas of the hand and foot. Cancer 55: 2010–8
Richter GM, Ernst HU, Dinkel E, Adler CP (1986) Morphologie und Diagnostik von Knochentumoren des Fußes. Radiologe 26: 341–52
Seale KS, Lange TA, Monson D, Hackbarth DA (1988) Soft tissue tumors of the foot and ankle. Foot Ankle 9: 19–27
Beals RK, Crawford S (1976) Congenital absence of the pectoral muscles. A review of twenty-five patients. Clin Orthop 119: 166–71
Bilhaut M (1890) Guérison d’un pouce bifide par un nouveau procède opératoire. Congr Fr Chir 4: 576
Birch-Jensen A (1949) Congenital deformities of the upper extremities. Odense, Munksgaard
Blauth W (1967) Der hypoplastische Daumen. Arch Orthop Unfallchir 62: 225–46
Blauth W, Olason AT (1988) Classification of Polydactyly of the hands and feet. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 107: 334–44
Bradbury ET, Kay SP, Hewison J (1994) The psychological impact of microvascular free toe transfer for children and their parents. J Hand Surg (Br) 19 (6): 689–95
Buck-Gramcko D (1985) Radialization as a new treatment for radial club hand. J Hand Surg (Am) 10: 964–8
Buck-Gramcko D, Behrens P (1989) Klassifikation der Polydaktylie fur Hand und Fuß. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 21: 195–204
Cleary JE, Omer GE Jr (1985) Congenital proximal radioulnar synostosis. Natural history and functional assessment. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 67: 539–45
Czeizel AE, Vitez M, Kodaj I, Lenz W (1993) An epidemiological study of isolated split hand/foot in Hungary, 1975–1984. J Med Genet 30: 593–6
Eaton CJ, Lister GD (1990) Syndactyly Hand Clin 6: 555–75
Engel D (1943) The etiology of the undescended scapula and related syndromes. J Bone Joint Surg 25: 613–8
Eulenberg M (1863) Casuistische Mitteilungen aus dem Gebiete der Orthopädie. Arch Klin Chir 4: 301–3
Foulkes GD, Reinker K (1994) Congenital constriction band syndrome: A seventy-year experience. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 242–248
Frantz CH, O’Rahilly R (1961) Congenital skeletal limb deficiencies. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 43: 1202
Gilbert A (1992) Malformations congénitles de la main. Cahiers d’enseignement de la SOFCOT, pp 33–49
Green WT, Mitai MA (1979) Congenital radio-ulnar synostosis: surgical treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 61: 738–43
Greitemann B, Rondhuis JJ, Karbowski A (1993) Treatment of congenital elevation of the scapula. 10 (2–18) year follow-up of 37 cases of Sprengel’s deformity. Acta Orthop Scand 64 (3): 365–8
Grogan DP, Stanley EA, Bobetchko WP (1983) The congenital undescended scapula. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 65: 598–605
Ireland DC, Takayama N, Flatt AE (1976) Poland’s syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 58: 52–8
Johnson J, Orner GE Jr (1985) Congenital ulnar deficiency. Natural history and therapeutic implications. Hand Clin 1: 499–510
Kalen V, Burwell DS, Orner GE (1988) Macrodactyly of the hands and feet. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 311–5
Kasser J, Upton J (1991) The shoulder, elbow, and forearm in Apert syndrome. Clin Plast Surg 18: 381–9
Klisic P, Filipovic M, Uzelac O, Miliukovic Z (1981) Relocation of congenitally elevated scapula. J Pediatr Orthop 1: 43–45
Lamb DW, Wynne-Davies R, Soto L (1982) An estimate of the population frequency of congenital malformations of the upper limb. J Hand Surg (Am) 7: 557–62
Lamb D (1994) Developmental anomalies of the upper limb. In: Benson MKD, Fixsen JA, Macnicol MF (eds) Children’s orthopädics & fractures. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 355–360
Laumann U, Cire B (1985) Der angeborene Schulterblatthochstand. Z Orthop 123: 380–7
Leibovic SJ, Ehrlich MG, Zaleske DJ (1990) Sprengel deformity. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 192–7
Lidge RT (1969) Congenital radial deficient ckub hand. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 51: 1041–3
Lister G (1993) The hand: Diagnosis and indications. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 459–512
Marcus NA, Omer GE (1984) Carpal deviation in congenital ulnar deficiency. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 1003–1007
McGroy BJ, Amadio PC, Dobyus JH, Stickler GB, Unni KK (1991) Anomalies of the fingers and toes associated with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 73: 1537
Miura T, Nakamura R, Horii E (1994) The position of sym-brachydactyly in the classification of congenital hand anomalies. J Hand Surg (Br) 19: 350–4
Neuhof H (1913) Angeborener Schulterhochstand (Sprengel’s Deformität). Familiärer Typ. Z Orthop Chir 31: 519–25
Patterson TJ (1969) Syndactyly and ring constrictions. Proc R Soc Med 62: 51–3
Rogala EJ, Wynne-Davies R, Littlejohn A, Gormley J (1974) Congenital limb anomalies. Frequency and etiological factors. J Med Gen 11: 221
Saint-Hilaire IG (1832–1837) Histoire générale et particulière des anomalies de l’organisation chez l’homme et les animaux. Baillière, Paris
Sprengel O (1891) Die angeborene Verscheibung des Schulterblattes nach oben. Arch Klein Chir 42: 545–9
Altchek DW, Warren RF, Skyhar MJ, Ortiz G (1991) T-plasty modification of the Bankart procedure for multidrectional instability of the anterior and inferior types. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 73: 105–12
Bankart ASB (1923) Recurrent or habitual dislocation of the shoulder. Br Med J II: 1131
Burkhead WZ, Rockwood CA (1992) Treatment of instability of the shoulder with an exercise programm. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 890–896
Dowdy PA, O’Driscoll SW (1993) Shoulder instability. An analysis of family history. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 75: 782–4
Gerber C, Terrier F, Ganz R (1988) The Trillat procedure for recurrent anterior instability of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 70: 130–4
Gohlke F, Eulert J (1991) Operative Behandlung der vorderen Schulterinstabilität. Orthopäde 20: 266–72
Hoffmann F, Reif G (1995) Arthroscopic shoulder stabilization using Mitek anchors. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 3 (1): 50–4
Huber H, Gerber C (1994) Voluntary subluxation of the shoulder in children. A long-term follow-up study of 36 shoulders. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 118–22
Kartschinov K, Kartschinov D (1989) Aetiopathogeneti-scher Faktor für die angeborene habituelle Schultergelenks-luxation. Zentralbl Chir 114: 253–6
Lusardi DA, Wirth MA, Wurtz D, Rockwood CA Jr (1993) Loss of external rotation following anterior capsulorrhaphy of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1185–92
Marans HJ, Angel KR, Schemitsch EH, Wedge JH (1992) The fate of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 74: 1242–4
O’Driscoll SW, Evans DC (1991) Contralateral shoulder instability following anterior repair. An epdemiological investigation. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 941–6
Simonet WT, Melton LJ 3d, Cofield RH, Ilstrup DM (1984) Incidence of anterior shoulder dislocation in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Clin Orthop 186: 186–91
Troum S, Floyd WE 3d, Waters PM (1993) Posterior dislocation of the humeral head in infancy associated with obstetrical paralysis. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1370–5
Vermeiren J, Handelberg F, Casteleyn PP, Opdecam P (1993) The rate of recurrence of traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder. A study of 154 cases and a review of the Literature. Int Orthop 17: 337–41
Wagner KT Jr, Lyne ED (1983) Adolescent traumatic dislocations of the shoulder with open epiphyses. J Pediatr Orthop 3: 61–2
Walch G, Boileau P, Levigne C, Mandrino A, Neyret P, Donell S (1995) Arthroscopic stabilization for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation: results of 59 cases. Arthroscopy 11: 173–9
Wirth MA, Lyons FR, Rockwood CA (1993) Hypoplasia of the glenoid. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1175–84
Allieu Y, Triki F, de Godebout J (1987) Les paralysies totales du plexus brachial. Valeur de la conservation du membre et de la restauration de la flexion active du coude. Rév Chir Orthop 73: 665–73
al-Qattan MM, Clarke HM, Curtis CG (1995) Klumpke’s birth palsy. Does it really exist? J Hand Surg (Br) 20: 19–23
Andrisano A, Porcellini G, Stilli S, Libri R (1990) The Steindler method in the treatment of paralytic elbow flexion. Ital J Orthop Traumatol 16: 235–9
Bayne LG (1985) Hand assessment and management of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Clin Orthop 194: 68–73
Beach WR, Strecker WB, Coe J, Manske PR, Schoenecker PL, Dailey L (1991) Use of the Green transfer in treatment of patients with spastic cerebral palsy: 17-year experience. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 731–6
Berger A, Millesi H (1978) Nerve grafting. Clin Orthop 133: 49–55
Berger A, Brenner P (1995) Secondary surgery following brachial plexus injuries. Microsurgery 16: 43–7
Brunner R (1995) Veränderung der Muskelkraft nach Sehnenverlängerung und Sehnenverlagerung. Orthopäde 24: 246–51
Büchler U (1993) Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita im Bereiche der oberen Extremitat. Handchir Mkrochir Plast Chir 25: 3–11
Chotigavanich C (1990) Tendon transfer for radial nerve palsy. Bull Hosp Joint Dis Orthop Inst 50: 1–10
Covey DC, Riordan DC, Milstead ME, Albright JA (1992) Modification of the L’Episcopo procedure for brachial plexus birth palsies. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 897–901
Ducloyer P, Nizard R, Sedel L, Witvoet J (1991) Arthrodèses d’épaule dans les paralysies du plexus brachal. A propos de 23 cas. Rév Chir Orthop Réparatrice Appar Mot 77: 396–405
Dumontier C, Gilbert A (1990) Traumatic brachial plexus palsy in children. Ann Chir Main Memb Supér 9: 351–7
Goldie BS, Coates CJ, Birch R (1992) The long term result of digital nerve repair in no-man’s land. J Hand Surg (Br) 17: 75–7
Goldner JL, Koman LA, Gelberman R, Levin S, Goldner RD (1990) Arthrodesis of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb in children and adults. Adjunctive treatment of thumb-in-palm deformity in cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop 253: 75–89
Green WT (1942) Tendon transplantation of the flexor carpi ulnaris for pronation-flexion deformity of the wrist. Surg Gynecol Obstet 75: 337
Gschwind C, Tonkin M (1993) Klassifikation und operative Behandlung der Pronationsdeformitat bei Zerebralparese. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 25: 155–9
Hastings H 2d, Davidson S (1988) Tendon transfers for ulnar nerve palsy. Evaluation of results and practical treatment considerations. Hand Clin 4: 167–78
Hastings H 2nd, McCollam SM (1994) Flexor digitorum superficialis lasso tendon transfer in isolated ulnar nerve palsy: a functional evaluation. J Hand Surg (Am) 19: 275–80
Hoang PH, Mills C, Burke FD (1989) Triceps to biceps transfer for established brachial plexus palsy. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 268–71
Hoffer MM, Zeitzew S (1988) Wrist fusion in cerebral palsy. J Hand Surg (Am) 13: 667–70
Hoffer MM, Perry J, Melkonian G (1990) Postoperative electromyographic function of tendon transfers in patients with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 32: 789–91
Jackson ST, Hoffer MM, Parrish N (1988) Brachial-plexus palsy in the newborn. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 70: 1217–20
Jones BN, Manske PR, Schoenecker PL, Dailey L (1985) Latissimus dorsi transfer to restore elbow extension in obstetrical palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 5: 287–9
Kallio PK, Vastamaki M (1993) An analysis of the results of late reconstruction of 132 median nerves. J Hand Surg (Br) 18: 97–105
Kallio PK, Vastamaki M, Solonen KA (1993) The results of secondary microsurgical repair of radial nerve in 33 patients. J Hand Surg (Br) 18: 320–2
Kallio PK (1993) The results of secondary repair of 254 digital nerves. J Hand Surg (Br) 18: 327–30
Koman LA, Gelberman RH, Toby EB, Poehling GG (1990) Cerebral palsy. Management of the upper extremty. Clin Orthop 253: 62–74
Kumar K, Kapahtia NK (1986) The pattern of muscle involvement in poliomyelitis of the upper limb. Int Orthop 10: 11–5
Lijftogt HJ, Dijkstra R, Storm van Leeuwen JB (1987) Results of microsurgical treatment of nerve injuries of the wrist. Neth J Surg 39: 170–4
Manske PR, McCarroll HR Jr, Hale R (1980) Biceps tendon rerouting and percutaneous osteoclasis in the treatment of supination deformity in obstetrical palsy. J Hand Surg (Am) 5: 153–9
Manske PR (1990) Cerebral palsy of the upper extremity. Hand Clin 6: 697–709
Michelow BJ, Clarke HM, Curtis CG, Zuker RM, Seifu Y, Andrews DF (1994) The natural history of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg 93: 675–80
Minami A, Ogino T, Ohnishi N, Itoga H (1990) The latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap for extremity reconstruction in orthopedic surgery. Clin Orthop 260: 201–6
Narakas AO (1987) Plexus brachialis und naheliegende periphere Nervenverletzungen bei Wirbelfrakturen und anderen Traumen der Halswirbelsäule. Orthopäde 16: 81–6
Narakas AO, Hentz VR (1988) Neurotization in brachial plexus injuries. Indication and results. Clin Orthop 237: 43–56
Narakas AO (1993) Muscle transpositions in the shoulder and upper arm for sequelae of brachial plexus palsy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 95 (Suppl): S 89–91
Orner GE Jr (1985) Reconstruction of a balanced thumb through tendon transfers. Clin Orthop 195: 104–16
Phipps GJ, Hoffer MM (1995) Latissimus dorsi and teres major transfer to rotator cuff for Erb’s palsy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 4: 124–9
Rouholamin E, Wootton JR, Jamieson AM (1991) Arthrodesis of the shoulder following brachial plexus injury. Injury 22: 271–4
Salonen IS, Uusitalo R (1990) Birth injuries: incidence and predisposing factors. Z Kinderchir 45: 133–5
Stotz S, Heimkes B (1992) Chirurgische Behandlungskonzepte von Fehlstellungen der oberen Extremtaten bei infantiler Zerebralparese. Orthopade 21: 301–8
Strecker WB, Emanuel JP, Dailey L, Manske PR (1988) Comparison of pronator tenotomy and pronator rerouting in children with spastic cerebral palsy. J Hand Surg (Am) 13: 540–3
Strecker WB, McAllister JW, Manske PR, Schoenecker PL, Dailey LA (1990) Sever-L’Episcopo transfers in obstetrical palsy: a retrospective review of twenty cases. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 442–4
Tachdjian MO (1990) Pediatric Orthopädics. Saunders, Philadelphia
Tada K, Tsuyuguchi Y, Kawai H (1984) Birth palsy: natural recovery course and combined root avulsion. J Pediatr Orthop 4: 279–84
Tona JL, Schneck CM (1993): The efficacy of upper extremity inhibitive casting: a single-subject pilot study. Am J Occup Ther 47: 901–10
Vastamaki M, Kallio PK, Solonen KA (1993) The results of secondary microsurgical repair of ulnar nerve injury. J Hand Surg (Br) 18: 323–6
Walle T, Hartikainen-Sorri AL (1993) Obstetric shoulder injury. Associated risk factors, prediction and prognosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 72: 450–4
Wenner SM, Johnson KA (1988) Transfer of the flexor carpi ulnaris to the radial wrist extensors in cerebral palsy. J Hand Surg (Am) 13: 231–3
Wilkinson MC, Birch R (1995) Repair of the common peroneal nerve. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 77: 501–3
Williams PF (1985) Management of upper limb problems in arthrogryposis. Clin Orthop 194: 60–7
Wood MB (1991) Peroneal nerve repair. Surgical results. Clin Orthop 267: 206–10
Yasukawa A (1990) Upper extremity casting: adjunct treatment for a child with cerebral palsy hemiplegia. Am J Occup Ther 44: 840–6
Zancolli EA (1981) Classification and management of the shoulder in birth palsy. Orthop Clin North Am 12: 433–57
Zancolli EA, Goldner LJ, Swanson AB (1983) Surgery of the spastic hand in cerebral palsy: report of the Committee on Spastic Hand Evaluation (International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand). J Hand Surg (Am) 8 Pt: 766–72
Aronson DC, Meeuwis JD (1994) Anterior exposure for open reduction of supracondylar humeral fractures in children: a forgotten approach? Eur J Surg 160: 263
Bauer G, Gonschorek O (1993) Zum Management instabiler Vorderarmschaftfrakturen bei Kindern. Unfallchirurg 96: 224
Bensahel H, Csukonyi Z, Badeion O, Badaoui S (1986) Fractures of the medial condyle of the humerus in children. J Pediatr Orthop 6: 430
Bernstein SM, McKeever P, Bernstein L (1993) Percutaneous reduction of displaced radial neck fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 85
Buch J, Leixnering M, Hintringer W, Poigenfurst J (1991) Markdrahtung instabiler Unterarmschaftbrüche bei Kindern. Unfallchirurgie 17: 253
Campbell CC, Waters PM, Emans JB, Kasser JR, Millis MB (1995) Neurovascular injury and displacement in type III supracondylar humerus fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 15: 47
Carey PJ, Alburger PD, Betz RR, Clancy M, Steel HH (1992) Both-bone forearm fractures in children. Orthopedics 15: 1015
Clement DA (1990) Assessment of a treatment plan for managing acute vascular complications associated with supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 97
D’souza S, Vaishya R, Klenerman L (1993) Management of radial neck fractures in children: a retrospective analysis of one hundred patients. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 232
Dallek M, Jungbluth KH (1990) Histomorphologische Untersuchungen zur Entstehung der Condylus-radialis-humeri-Fraktur im Wachstumsalter. Unfallchirurgie 16: 57–62
Davids JR, Maguire MF, Mubarak SJ, Wenger DR (1994) Lateral condylar fracture of the humerus following posttraumatic cubitus varus. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 466
Davidson RS, Markowitz RI, Dormans J, Drummond DS (1994) Ultrasonographic evaluation of the elbow in infants and young children after suspected trauma. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 76: 1804
de Jager LT, Hoffman EB (1991) Fracture-separation of the distal humeral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 143
de Pablos J, Franzreb M, Barrios C (1994) Longitudinal growth pattern of the radius after forearm fractures conservatively treated in children. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 492
Duun PS, Ravn P, Hansen LB, Buron B (1994) Osteosynthesis of medial humeral epicondyle fractures in children. 8-year follow-up of 33 cases. Acta Orthop Scand 65: 439
Exner GU (1994) Lengthening and Angulation of the Ulna by Callotasis for Reduction developmental or postt-trauma-tic Dislocation of the Radial Head in Children. Vortrag EPOS in Porto, Abstr, p 53
Flynn JC (1989) Nonunion of slightly displaced fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children: an update. J Pediatr Orthop 9: 691–6
Fowles JV, Slimane N, Kassab MT (1990) Elbow dislocation with avulsion of the medial humeral epcondyle. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 72: 102
Gehling H, Gotzen L, Giannadakis K, Hessmann M (1995) Behandlung und Ergebnisse bei suprakondylären Humerus-frakturen im Kindesalter. Unfallchirurg 98: 93
Gibbons CL, Woods DA, Pailthorpe C, Carr AJ, Worlock P (1994) The management of isolated distal radus fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 207
Grant HW, Wilson LE, Bisset WH (1993) A long-term follow-up study of children with supracondylar fractures of the humerus. Eur J Pediatr Surg 3: 284
Graves SC, Canale S (1993) Fractures of the olecranon in children: long-term follow-up. J Pediatr Orthop 13: 239
Haasbeek JF, Cole WG (1995) Open fractures of the arm in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 77: 576
Hasler C, Laer L von (1997) Spätergebnisse einer prospektiven Studie über die Diagnostik und Behandlung der Frakturen des Condylus radialis humeri im Wachstumsalter. Unfallchirurg 100 (in Vorbereitung)
Hässle M, Mellerowicz H (1991) Frakturen des proximalen Radius im Wachstumsalter. Unfallchirurgie 17: 24
Ippolito E, Moneta MR, D’Arrigo C (1990) Post-traumatic cubitus varus. Long-term follow-up of correctve supracondylar humeral osteotomy in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 72: 757
Khare GN, Gautam VK, Kochhar VL, Anand C (1991) Prevention of cubitus varus deformity in supracondylar fractures of the humerus. Injury 22: 202
Kuner EH, Munst P (1990) Kindliche distale Radiusfrakturen. Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl II Verh Dtsch Ges Chir 675
Kurer MH, Regan MW (1990) Completely displaced supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children. A review of 1 708 comparable cases. Clin Orthop 256: 205
Laer L von (1981) Die Fraktur des Condylus radialis humeri im Wachstumsalter. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 98: 275–83
Laer L von (1996) Frakturen und Luxationen im Wachstumsalter, 3. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart New York
Laer L von, Lampert C (1996) Fractures of the humerus in children. In: Flatow EL, Ulrich C (eds) Humerus. Butter-word-Heinemann, Oxford
Laer L von, Brunner R, Lampert C (1991) Fehlverheilte suprakondyläre und kondyläre Humerusfrakturen. Orthopäde 20: 331–40
Landin LA, Danielsson LG (1986) Elbow fractures in children. An epidemiological analysis of 589 cases. Acta Orthop Scand 57: 309
Larsen CF, Kiaer T, Lindequist S (1990) Fractures of the proximal humerus in children. Nine-year follow-up of 64 unoperated on cases. Acta Orthop Scand 61: 255
Lascombes P, Prevot J, Ligier JN, Metaizeau JP, Poncelet T (1990) Elastic stable intramedullary nailing in forearm shaft fractures in children: 85 cases. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 167
Le Huec JC, Schaeverbeke T, Moinard M, Kind M, Chauveaux D, Le Rebeller A (1994) Isolated avulsion fracture of the lesser tubercle of the humerus in children. Acta Orthop Belg 60: 427
Lincoln TL, Mubarak SJ (1994) „Isolated“ traumatic radial-head dislocation. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 454
Linhart WE (1989) Die Therapie der persistierenden Radiusköpfchenluxation bei Kindern. Beitr Orthop Trau-matol 36: 176
Machan FG, Vinz H (1993) Humerusschaftfrakturen im Kindesalter. Unfallchirurgie 19: 166
Mahaisavariya B, Laupattarakasem W (1993) Supracondylar fracture of the humerus: malrotation versus cubitus varus deformity. Injury 24: 416
Minkowitz B, Busch MT (1994) Supracondylar humerus fractures. Current trends and controversies. Orthop Clin North Am 25: 581
Mitsunari A, Muneshige H, Ikuta Y, Murakami T (1995) Internal rotation deformity and tardy ulnar nerve palsy after supracondylar humeral fracture. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 4: 23
Oner FC, Diepstraten AF (1993) Treatment of chronic posttraumatic dislocation of the radial head in children. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 75: 577
Prevot J, Lascombes P, Metaizeau JP, Blanquart D (1990) Fractures supra-condyliennes de l’humérus de l’enfant: traitement par embrochage déscendant. Rev Chir Orthop Réparatrice Appar Mot 76: 191
Reinberg O, Frey P, Meyrat BJ (1994) Traitement des fractures de l’enfant par enclouage centro-medullaire élastique stable (ECMES). Z Unfallchir Versicherungsmed 87: 110
Rockwood ChA, Wilkins KE, King RE (1996) Fractures in Children, 4th edn. Lippincott, Philadelphia
Rodriguez Merchan EC (1994) Percutaneous reduction of displaced radial neck fractures in children. J Trauma 37: 812
Rokito SE, Anticevic D, Strongwater AM, Lehman WB, Grant AD (1995) Chronic fracture-separation of the radial head in a child. J Orthop Trauma 9: 259
Royce RO, Dutkowsky JP, Kasser JR, Rand FR (1991) Neurologic complications after K-wire fixation of supracondylar humerus fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 191
Roye DP Jr, Bini SA, Infosino A (1991) Late surgical treatment of lateral condylar fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 11: 195
Royle SG (1992) The role of tissue pressure recording in forearm fractures in children. Injury 23: 549
Schmittenbecher PP, Dietz HG, Uhl S (1991) Spätergebnisse nach Vorderarmfrakturen im Kindesalter. Unfallchirurg 94: 186
Skak SV, Grossmann E, Wagn P (1994) Deformity after internal fixation of fracture separation of the medal epcon-dyle of the humerus. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 76: 297
Steinberg EL, Golomb D, Salama R, Wientroub S (1988) Radial head and neck fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 8: 35
Stoll TM, Willis RB, Paterson DC (1992) Treatment of the missed Monteggia fracture in the child. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 436
Stott NS, Zionts LE (1993) Displaced fractures of the apophysis of the olecranon in children who have osteogenesis imperfecta. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 1026
Sutton WR, Greene WB, Georgopoulos G, Dameron TB Jr (1992) Displaced supracondylar humeral fractures in children. A comparison of results and costs in patients treated by skeletal traction versus percutaneous pinning. Clin Orthop 278: 81
Theodorou SD, Lerodiaconou MN, Roussis N (1988) Fracture of the upper end of the ulna associated with dislocation of the head of the radius in children. Clin Orthop 228: 240
Toussaint D, Vanderlinden C, Bremen J (1991) L’enclouage élastique stable appliqué aux fractures diaphysaires de l’avant-bras chez l’enfant, Acta Orthop Belg 57: 147
Usui M, Ishii S, Miyano S, Narita H, Kura H (1995) Three-dimensional corrective osteotomy for treatment of cubitus varus after supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 4: 17
van Vugt AB, Severijnen RV, Festen C (1988) Fractures of the lateral humeral condyle in children: late results. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 107: 206–9
Verneret C, Langlais J, Pouliquen JC, Rigault P (1989) Luxations anciennes post-traumatiques de la tête radiale chez l’enfant. Rev Chir Orthop 75: 77–89
Vinz H (1989) Monteggiafrakturen im Kindesalter. Beitr Orthop Traumatol 36: 153
Vocke A, Laer LR von (1997) Die Fraktur des proximalen Radiusendes-Spätergebnisse einer prospektiven Studie. Unfallchirurg 100 (in Vorbereitung)
Voto SJ, Weiner DS, Leighley B (1990) Use of pins and plaster in the treatment of unstable pediatric forearm fractures. J Pediatr Orthop 10: 85
Walker JL, Rang M (1991) Forearm fractures in children. Cast treatment with the elbow extended. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73: 299
Wieser R, Scheier HJ, Grammont P, Chrestian P, Ramaherison P, Bouyala JM, Jani L (1981) Veraltete Radiusköpfchen-luxationen bei Kindern nach Monteggia-Frakturen. Behandlungsprinzipien und Resultate nach Reposition durch Ulnaosteotomie. Orthopäde 10: 307
Wouters E, Fortems Y, Mulier E, Stuyck J, Fabry G (1993) Isolated posterior dislocation of the radial head without fracture of the ulna in a child. Acta Orthop Belg 59: 109
Wurfel AM, Voigt A, Linke F, Hofmann von Kapherr S (1995) Neue Gesichtspunkte zur Behandlung der kompletten und isolierten diaphysaren Unterarmfrakturen im Kindesalter. Unfallchirurgie 21: 70
Younger AS, Tredwell SJ, Mackenzie WG, Orr JD, King PM, Tennant W (1994) Accurate prediction of outcome after pediatric forearm fracture. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 200
Bode H, Bubl R, Amacher A, Hefti F (1992) Differentialdiagnose der einseitigen Skapula alata. Der Kinderarzt 23: 597–600
Brien EW, Terek RM, Geer RJ, Caldwell G, Brennan MF, Healey JH (1995) Treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas of the hand. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 77: 564–71
Burgess RC (1993) Deformities of the forearm in patients who have multiple cartilaginous exostosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 13–8
Fogel GR, McElfresh EC, Peterson HA, Wicklund PT (1984) Management of deformities of the forearm in multiple hereditary osteochondromas. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 66: 670–80
Lavy CBD, Briggs TWR (1992) Failure of growing endopro-sthetic replacement of the humerus. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 74: 626
Malawer MM (1991) Tumors of the shoulder girdle. Technique of resection and description of a surgical classification. Orthop Clin N Am 22: 7–35
Masada K, Tsuyugushi Y, Kawal H, Kawabata H, Noguchi K, Ono K (1989) Operations fo forearm deformity caused by multiple osteochondromas. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 71: 24–29
Nigst H (1988) Weichteiltumoren der Hand. Orthopäde 17: 209–22
Owens JC, Shiu MH, Smith R, Hajdu SI (1985) Soft tissue sarcomas of the hand and foot. Cancer 55: 2010–8
Peterson HA (1994) Deformities and problems of the forearm in children with multiple hereditary osteochondro-mata. J Pediatr Orthop 14: 92–100
Vander Griend RA, Funderburk CH (1993) The treatment of giant-cell tumors of the distal part of the radus. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 75: 899–908
Winkelmann W (1990) Klavikula pro humero. Eine neue Operationsmethode bei malignen proximalen Humerus-tumoren. Mitteilungsblatt der DGOT 3: 70
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hefti, F., Brunner, R., Fliegel, C., von Laer, L. (1998). Krankheiten und Verletzungen nach Regionen. In: Kinderorthopädie in der Praxis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08078-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08078-8_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-08079-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-08078-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive