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Classical Signaling Pathways

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Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration for Retinal Diseases

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Abstract

In this chapter, I introduce a number of important aspects of intracellular signaling pathways related to the protection and degeneration in cells, especially neurons, under physiological and pathological conditions. Extracellular stimuli activate intracellular signaling pathways by receptor- and/or channel-mediated manner or simple diffusion across the plasma membrane. A variety of intracellular signaling molecules responses to each extracellular stimulus and reflects the coordinated actions of the cells. While there are many signaling pathways contributing to cellular functions and survival, I will focus on the MAPK/ERK and the Akt pathways in this chapter. The roles of these pathways have been extensively studied in neurons and other cells. However, the contribution and/or the cross talk of these intracellular signaling pathways in the degeneration and protection of the retina remains unclear because each signaling molecule in these pathways has diverse roles under physiological and pathological conditions. I would be happy if this chapter would help the readers to understand the complex and the ingenious regulating mechanisms of the intracellular signaling pathways for the degeneration and protection in neurons of the retina.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research C 24500441 from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan

    Hideki Hayashi

  2. Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 191-0392, Japan

    Hideki Hayashi

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  1. Hideki Hayashi
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Correspondence to Hideki Hayashi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

    Toru Nakazawa

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan

    Yasushi Kitaoka

  3. Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Inst of Med Sci, Tokyo, Japan

    Takayuki Harada

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© 2014 Springer Japan

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Hayashi, H. (2014). Classical Signaling Pathways. In: Nakazawa, T., Kitaoka, Y., Harada, T. (eds) Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration for Retinal Diseases. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54965-9_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54965-9_3

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