Skip to main content

Motivations and Ideologies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Understanding Lone Wolf Terrorism

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Criminology ((BRIEFSCRIMINOL))

Abstract

In the previous chapter it was argued that although historically the lone wolf strategy has been particularly advocated within radicalized sections of America’s far right, it is not restricted to that milieu as lone wolf terrorists come from a variety of political, ideological and religious backgrounds. The database of lone wolf terrorism (see Appendix) provides further insight into the ideological sources of lone wolf terrorist attacks, and enables the identification of different categories of lone wolf terrorists based on their ideologies. Figure 5.1 indicates that among those identified, the main ideological sources of lone wolf terrorism in the 15 countries in the research sample are right-wing extremism/White supremacy (17%), Islamism (15%), anti-abortion (8%) and nationalism/separatism (7%), respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Please note the use of the term “we” here. In his writings Kaczynski regularly referred to “we” or to a fictitious group called “FC” (Freedom Club), but he acted alone.

References

  1. Department of Homeland Security (2009) Rightwing extremism: current economic and political climate fueling resurgence in radicalization and recruitment. DHS, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  2. Pantucci R (2011) A typology of lone wolves: preliminary analysis of lone islamist terrorists. ICSR, London

    Google Scholar 

  3. Public Prosecution of the Netherlands (2003) Closing speech public prosecutor, 1 April. http://www.om.nl/dossier/de_zaak_fortuyn/_de_zaak_fortuyn_nieuwsberichten/21709/. Accessed 3 May 2007

  4. Stolwijk E (2003) De zaak moord op Pim Fortuyn. Opportuun, April. http://www.om.nl/algemene_onderdelen/uitgebreid_zoeken/@122772/de_zaak_moord_op_pim/. Accessed 2 Aug 2008

  5. de Jong S, Niemöller J (2003) Volkert’s verborgen verleden. HP/De Tijd, pp 26–36 (4 July)

    Google Scholar 

  6. de Jong S, Niemöller J (2003) Raadsels rond het Volkert-proces. HP/De Tijd, pp 20–26 (25 July)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Spaaij R (2010) The enigma of lone wolf terrorism: an assessment. Stud Confl Terrorism 33(9):854–870

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Stern J (2003) Terror in the name of God: why religious militants kill. HarperCollins, New York

    Google Scholar 

  9. Schuster H, Stone C (2005) Hunting Eric Rudolph. Berkley Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  10. Vollers M (2006) Lone wolf: Eric Rudolph: murder myth, and the pursuit of an American outlaw. HarperCollins, New York

    Google Scholar 

  11. Homans C (2011) Norway’s 9/11? Foreign Policy, 22 July. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/22/norways_911?print=yes&hidecomments=yes&page=full. Accessed 24 July 2011

  12. Hegghammer T (2011) The rise of the macro-nationalists. The New York Times, 30 July, SR5. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/opinion/sunday/the-rise-of-the-macro-nationalists.html. Accessed 3 Aug 2011

  13. Roy O (2004) Globalized islam: the search for a new ummah. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kaczynski T (1995) Industrial society and its future (unabomber’s manifesto). http://www.provokateur.com/webres/Unabomber%20Manifesto%20by%20Theodore%20Kaczynski. Accessed 8 June 2007

  15. Kaczynski T (2002) Hit where it hurts. Green Anarchy 8(Spring). http://www.godlikeproductions.com/forum1/message488697/pg1. Accessed 4 June 2007

  16. Kurtz H (1995) Unabomber manifesto is published: public safety reasons cited in joint decision by post, N.Y. times. The Washington Post, 19 Sept, A01

    Google Scholar 

  17. MacFarquhar N (1996) A luddite’s high-tech plea. The New York Times, 15 Dec

    Google Scholar 

  18. Arnold R (1997) Ecoterror: the violent agenda to save nature: the world of the Unabomber. Free Enterprise Press, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kushner H (2003) Encyclopedia of terrorism. Sage, Thousand Oaks

    Google Scholar 

  20. Chase A (2003) Harvard and the unabomber: the education of an American terrorist. W.W. Norton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  21. Johnson SC (1998) Psychological evaluation of Theodore John Kaczynski. Federal Correctional Institution Butner, North Carolina

    Google Scholar 

  22. Springer N (2009) Patterns of radicalization: Identifying the markers and warning signs of domestic lone wolf terrorists in our midst. Unpublished Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School

    Google Scholar 

  23. Friedrichsen G (1999) Nur irgendein Kasperl? Der Spiegel, pp 184–186 (22 Feb)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Scheid HC (2001) Franz Fuchs: Doch kein Einzeltäter?. Styria Verlag, Graz

    Google Scholar 

  25. Lewis A, (1995) On God’s orders. The New York Times, 6 Nov

    Google Scholar 

  26. Sprinzak E (1999) Brother against brother: violence and extremism in Israeli politics from Altalena to the Rabin assassination. The Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  27. Karpin M, Friedman I (1998) Murder in the name of God: the plot to kill Yitzhak Rabin. Henry Holt and Co, New York

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kifner J (1995) Belief to blood: the making of Rabin’s killer. The New York Times, 19 Nov

    Google Scholar 

  29. Friedman TL (1995) Land or life?. The New York Times, 19 Nov

    Google Scholar 

  30. Sprinzak E (2000) Israel’s radical right and the countdown to the Rabin assassination. In: Peri Y (ed) The assassination of Yitzhak Rabin. Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp 96–128

    Google Scholar 

  31. Schmemann S (1995) Rabin is laid to rest, mourned by Israel and the world. The New York Times, 7 Nov

    Google Scholar 

  32. Greenberg J (1995) Rabin’s killer says he acted for past generations of Jews. The New York Times, 21 Nov

    Google Scholar 

  33. Clough S (2000) Nail bomber tried to start ‘a race war’. The Daily Telegraph, 6 June

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hari J (2009) The looming threat of terror that comes from the far right. The Independent, 14 Oct. http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/johann-hari/johann-hari-the-looming-threat-of-terror-that-comes-from-the-far-right-1802167.html. Accessed 7 Aug 2011

  35. Hopkins N (2000) The bomber who tried to unleash a race war. The Guardian, 6 June

    Google Scholar 

  36. Clough S (2000) Soho nail bomber told police it was his destiny to cause death. The Daily Telegraph, 7 June

    Google Scholar 

  37. Bennetto J (2000) Police took just 14 days to track down nail bomber. The Independent, 30 June

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hall S (2000) Bomber ‘exhilarated’ by media spotlight. The Guardian, 13 June

    Google Scholar 

  39. Clough S (2000) Secrets of a loner’s bedsit. The Daily Telegraph, 6 June

    Google Scholar 

  40. Buncombe A (2000) A man sexually confused and obsessed with the far right. The Independent, 30 June

    Google Scholar 

  41. Turk A (2008) Sociology of terrorism. In: Matson R (ed) The spirit of sociology: a reader. Pearson, Boston, pp 490–502

    Google Scholar 

  42. Reinares F, Alonso R, Bjørgo T, Della Porta D, Coolsaet R, Khosrokhavar F, Lohlker R, Ranstorp M, Schmid A, Silke A, Taarnby M, de Vries G (2008) Radicalisation processes leading to acts of terrorism: European Commission Expert Group on Violent Radicalisation, Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  43. Metzger T (n.d.) Begin with lone wolves. http://www.resist.com/Articles/literature/BeginWithLoneWolvesByTomMetzger.htm. Accessed 15 August 2011

  44. Metzger T (n.d.) Laws for the lone wolf. http://www.resist.com/Articles/literature/LawsForTheLoneWolfByTomMetzger.htm. Accessed 15 August 2011

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ramón Spaaij .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Spaaij, R. (2012). Motivations and Ideologies. In: Understanding Lone Wolf Terrorism. SpringerBriefs in Criminology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2981-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics