Skip to main content
Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1026/1612-5010.11.4.147

Zusammenfassung. Das Kind mit koordinativen Problemen in der Motorik benötigt spezielle Aufmerksamkeit im frühen Kindesalter. Rechtzeitige Diagnose und konsequente Intervention der motorischen Ungeschicklichkeit (DCD) wirken sich positiv auf die weitere motorische Entwicklung aus. Darüber hinaus lässt sich durch eine frühe Intervention das psycho-soziale Stigma, das durch ungeschickte Bewegungen sowie dem Problem in Sport und Spiel mit anderen Kindern mitzuhalten, begegnen. Die Möglichkeit für diese Kinder, am Sport mit Gleichaltrigen teilzuhaben, hilft ihnen in ihrer Sozialisation. Das Ziel dieses Überblicksbeitrages ist es, motorische Ungeschicklichkeit zu definieren, typische Erscheinungsformen, Diagnosekriterien sowie bestehende Therapien vorzustellen.


Developmental coordination disorder. Diagnosis and therapy

Abstract. The child with coordinative motor problems requires special attention in the early infancy. Timely diagnosis and consistent intervention of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) can positively affect further motor development. With early intervention, we are able to influence the psychosocial stigma caused by awkward movements, which can result in exclusion in sport and play activities. The possibility for these children to participate in sports activities with others helps them in their socialization. The aim of this overview is it to define motor awkwardness and to present typical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, as well as existing therapies.

References

  • Ahern, K. (2002). Developmental coordination disorder: Validation of a qualitative analysis using statistical factor analysis. Article 5. Retrieved DATE from www.ualberta.ca/~ijqm International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(3), First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Arnheim, D. , Sinclair, W. A. (1979). The clumsy child: A program of motor therapy . (2nd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ayres, A. (1972). Sensory integration and learning disorders. . Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ayres, A. (1980). Southern California Sensory Integration Test - revised. . Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ayres, A. (1985). Developmental dyspraxia and adult-onset apraxia. . Torrance, CA: Sensory Integration International First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ayres, A. (1989). Sensory integration and praxis test. . Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Barnhart, R. , Davenport, M. , Epps, S. , Nordquist, V. (2003). Update: Developmental Coordination Disorder. Physical Therapy, 83, 722– 731 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Beery, K. E. (2004). The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration with supplemental developmental tests of visual perception and motor coordination . (5th Ed.). Parsippany, NJ: Modern Curriculum Press First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bruininks, R. H. (1978). Bruininks-Oseretzky Test for Motor Proficiency. . Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Burton, A. , Miller, D. E. (1998). Movement skill assessment. . Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Camp, B. , Blom, G. , Herbert, F. , Vandoorwick, W. (1976). Think aloud: A program for developing self-control in young aggressive boys. . Unpublished manuscript, University of Colorado School of Medicine First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Cantell, M. , Kooistra, L. , Huovinen, T. , Männistö, J.-P. , Larkin, D. (2001). School-based intervention program for 5 to 8 year old children with developmental coordination disorder. . 6th Biennial Motor Control and Human Skill Workshop. Western Australia: Research Centre for Applied Psychology, Curtin University of Technology First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Cermak, S. A. , Gubbay, S. S. , Larkin, D. (2002). What is Developmental Coordination Disorder?. In S. A. Cermak & D. Larkin (Eds.), Developmental Coordination Disorder (pp. 2-22). Albany NY: Delmar First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Chia, C. , Watter, P. (1996). Length of muscles around the hip in minimal cerebral dysfunction and normal children. . Brisbane, AUS: Proceedings of the National Congress of Australian Physiotherapy Association First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Chow, S. M. K. , Chan, L.-L. , Chan, C. P. S. , Lau, C. H. Y. (2002). Reliability of the experimental version of the Movement ABC. British Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 9, 404– 407 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Crawford, S. G. , Wilson, B. N. , Dewey, D. (2001). Identifying developmental coordination disorder: Consistency between tests. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 20, 29– 50 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dewey, D. (2002). Subtypes of developmental coordination disorder. In S. A. Cermak & D. Larkin (Eds.), Developmental Coordination Disorder (pp. 40-53). Albany, NY: Delmar First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dewey, D. , Wilson, B. N. (2001). Developmental coordination disorder: What is it?. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 20, 5– 27 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dunford, C. , Richards, S. (2003). Doubly disadvantaged: Report of a survey on waiting lists and waiting times for occupational therapy services for children with developmental coordination disorder. . London: College of Occupational Therapists First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Eggert, D. (1974). Lincoln-Oseretzky-Skala Kurzform (LOS KF-18). . Weinheim: Beltz First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Eggert, D. (1995). Theorie und Praxis der psychomotorischen Förderung, Textband. . Dortmund: Borgmann First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • EVS/ASE ErgotherapeutInnen-Verband Schweiz (2003). Vertrieb eines Score-Blattes zur Erfassung motorischer Ungeschicklichkeit. Verfügbar unter: www.saez.ch/pdf/2001/2001-34/2001-34-549.PDF[28.1.2003] First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fischer, K. (2001). Einführung in die Psychomotorik. . München: Reinhardt First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gentile, A. M. (1987). Skill acquisition: Action, movement, and neuromotor processes. In J. H. Carr, R. B. Shepard, J. Gordon, A. M. Gentile & J. M. Held (Eds.), Movement science: Foundations for physical therapy in rehabilitation (pp. 93-154). Rockville, MD: Aspen First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gentile, A. M. (1998). Implicit and explicit processes during acquisition of functional skills. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 5, 7– 16 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Geuze, R. H. , Jongmans, M. J. , Schoemaker, M. M. , Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M (2001). Clinical and research diagnostic criteria for developmental coordination disorder: A review and discussion. Human Movement Science, 20, 7– 47 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Gubbay, S. S. (1973). A standardized test battery for the assessment of clumsy children. Proceedings of the Australian Association of Neurologists, 10, 19– 25 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gubbay, S. S. (1975). The clumsy child: A study of developmental apraxic and agnostic ataxia. . London: Saunders First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hadders-Algra, M. (2000a). The neuronal group selection theory: A framework to explain variation in normal motor development. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42, 566– 573 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hadders-Algra, M. (2000b). The neuronal group selection theory: Promising principles for understanding and treating developmental coordination disorders. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42, 707– 715 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hadders-Algra, M. (2001). Early brain damage and the development of motor behavior in children: Clues for therapeutic intervention?. Neural Plasticity, 8, 31– 49 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hamill, D. D. , Pearson, N. A. , Voress, J. K. (1993). Developmental Test of Visual Perception . (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Henderson, S. E. , May, D. S. , Umney, M. (1989). An exploratory study of goalsetting behaviour, self-concept and locus of control in children with movement difficulties. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 4, 1– 14 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Henderson, S. , Sugden, D. A. (1992). Movement Assessment Battery for Children: Manual . London: Psychological Corporation First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hilbers, M. (2000). Zwischen Irritation und Transformation: Der Paradigmenwechsel und die Psychomotorik. Motorik, 23, 27– 33 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hoare, D. , Larkin, D. (1991). Kinaesthetic abilities in clumsy children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 33, 671– 678 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Holsti, L. , Grunau, R. V. , Whitfield, M. F. (2002). Developmental coordination disorder in extremely low birth weight children at nine years. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 23, 9– 15 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hünnekens, H. , Kiphard, E. J. (1960). Bewegung heilt - Psychomotorische Übungsbehandlung bei entwicklungsrückständigen Kindern. . Gütersloh: Flöttmann First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Jarosch, B. , Göbel, H. , Panten, D. (1994). Von der Psychomotorischen Übungsbehandlung zur Klinischen Psychomotorischen Therapie. In T. Irmischer & K. Fischer (Hrsg.), Psychomotorik in der Entwicklung (S. 147-161). Schorndorf: Hofmann First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kadesjo, B. , Gillberg, C. (1998). Attention deficits and clumsiness in Swedish 7-year-old children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 40, 796– 804 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Karch, D. , Groß-Selbeck, G. , Pietz, J. , Schlack, H. G. (2002). Sensorische Integrationstherapie nach Jean Ayres. In F. Aksu (Hrsg.), Aktuelle Neuropädiatrie (S. 742-760). Nürnberg: Novartis Pharma Verlag First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kephart, N. (1960). The slow learner in the classroom. . Columbus, OH: Merrill First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kesper, G. , Hottinger, C. (1992). Mototherapie bei Sensorischen Integrationsstörungen. Eine Anleitung zur Praxis. . München: Reinhardt First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kimball, G. K. (2002). Developmental coordination disorder from a sensory intergration perspective. In S. A. Cermak & D. Larkin (Eds.), Developmental Coordination Disorder (pp. 210-220). Albany, NY: Delmar First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Larkin, D. , Parker, H. (2002). Task specific intervention for children with DCD: A systems view. In S. A. Cermak & D. Larkin (Eds.), Developmental Coordination Disorder (pp. 234-247). Albany, NY: Delmar First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Laszlo, J. , Bairstow, P. J. (1985). Perceptual-motor-behavior: Developmental assessment and therapy. . Eastbourne, UK: Holt, Rinehart and Winston First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Losse, A. , Henderson, S. E. , Elliman, D. , Hall, D. , Knight, E. , Jongmans, M. (1991). Clumsiness in children - do they grow out of it? A 10-year follow-up study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 33, 55– 68 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Macnab, J. J. , Miller, L. T. , Polatajko, H. J. (2001). The search for subtypes of DCD: Is cluster analysis the answer?. Human Movement Science, 20, 49– 72 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Maeland, A. F. (1992). Identification of children with motor co-ordination problems. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 9, 330– 342 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • McCarron, L. T. (1982). MAND McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development: Fine and grosssmotor abilities . (rev. ed.). Dallas, TX: Common Market Press First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Miller, L. T. , Polatajko, H. J. , Missiuna, C. A. , Mandich, A. D. , Macnab, J. J. (2001). A pilot trial of a cognitive treatment for children with developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science, 20, 183– 210 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Missiuna, C. A. (1990). Teacher identification of children with movement skill problems. (Unpublished instrument, translated in french with permission of the author). Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Missiuna, C. , Mandich, A. D. (2002). Integrating motor learning theories into practice. In S. A. Cermak & D. Larkin (Eds.), Developmental Coordination Disorder (pp. 221-233). Albany, NY: Delmar First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Missiuna, C. A. , Mandich, A. D. , Polatajko, H. J. , Malloy-Miller, T. (2001). Cognitive Orientation to Daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP): Part 1: Theoretical foundations. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 20, 69– 81 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pless, M. (2001). Developmental Coordination Disorder in pre-school children. Effects of motor skill intervention, parents descriptions and short-term follow-up of motor status. . Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala dissertations from the faculty of Medicine 1010, Uppsala First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pless, M. , Persson, K. , Sunderlin, C. , Carlsson, M. (2001). Children with developmental co-ordination disorder: A qualitative study of parents’ descriptions. Advances in Physiotherapy, 3, 128– 135 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Polatajko, H. J. , Macnab, J. J. , Anstett, B. , Malloy-Miller, T. , Murphy, K. , Noh, S. (1995). A clinical trial of the process-oriented treatment approach for children with developmental co-ordination disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 37, 310– 319 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Polatajko, H. J. , Mandich, A. D. , Miller, L. T. , Macnab, J. J. (2001a). Cognitive Orientation to Daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP): Part II - The evidence. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 20, 83– 106 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Polatajko, H. J. , Mandich, A. D. , Missiuna, C. A. , Miller, L. T. , Macnab, J. J. , Malloy-Miller, T. , Kinsella, E. A. (2001b). Cognitive Orientation to Daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP): Part III - The protocol in brief. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 20, 107– 123 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Portney, L. , Watkins, M. P. (2000). Foundations of clinical research: Applications to practice . (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall Health First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Revie, G. , Larkin, D. (1993). Task-specific intervention with children reduces movement problems. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 10, 29– 41 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Riggen, K. J. , Ulrich, D. , Ozman, J. C. (1990). Reliability and concurrent validity of the Test of Motor Impairment - Henderson Revision. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 7, 249– 258 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Schilling, F. (1996). Motologie - das Marburger Konzept. In J. Werle (Hrsg.), Forschung im Sport mit Sondergruppen. Heidelberger Fachgespräche zur Sportwissenschaft, Bd. 7 (S. 59-88). Heidelberg: Institut für Sportwissenschaft First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Schilling, F. , Kiphard, E. J. (1974). Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder KTK. Testmanual. . Weinheim: Beltz First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Schoemaker, M. , Kalverboer, A. F. (1994). Social and affective problems of children who are clumsy: How early do they begin?. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 11, 130– 140 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Schoemaker, M. M. , Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M. , Jongmans, M. J. (2003). Psychometric properties of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Checklist as a screening instrument for children with a developmental co-ordination disorder. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 425– 441 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sigmundsson, H. , Hansen, P. , Talcott, J. (2003). Do ”clumsy” children have visual deficits?. Behavioural Brain Research, 139, 123– 129 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sigmundsson, H. , Pedersen, A. V. , Whiting, H. T. A. , Ingvaldsen, R. P. (1998). We can cure your child’s clumsiness! A review of intervention methods. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 30, 101– 106 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sims, K. , Hendersen, S. E. , Morton, J. , Hulme, C. (1996). The remediation of clumsiness, II: Is kinaesthesis the answer?. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 38, 988– 997 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Skinner, R. A. , Piek, J. P. (2001). Psychosocial implications of poor motor coordination in children and adolescents. Human Movement Science, 20, 73– 94 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M. , Galen, G. P. van , Michels, C. G. J (1995). De leerkracht beoordeelt: Inschatting van schrijfvaardigheidsproblemen en motorische achterstand bij basisschoolleerlingen (Lehrer-Assessment der motorischen Leistungsfähigkeit und der motorischen Schreibfertigkeiten bei Grundschülern). Tijdschrift voor Onderwijsresearch, 20, 285– 299 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M. , Henderson, S. E. , Michels, C. G. J (1998). The assessment of children with developmental coordination disorder in the Netherlands: The relationship between Movement Assessment Battery for Children and the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder. Human Movement Science, 17, 699– 709 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M. , Niemeijer, A. S. , Galen, G. P. van (2001). Fine motor deficiencies in children diagnosed as DCD based on poor grapho-motor ability. Human Movement Science, 20, 161– 182 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Smyth, T. R. (1992). Impaired motor skill (clumsiness) in otherwise normal children: A review. Child: Care, Health, and Development, 18, 283– 300 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Stott, D. H. , Moyes, F. A. , Henderson, S. E. (1984). Test of Motor Impairment. . Guelph: Brook Educational Publishing First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sugden, D. , Chambers, M. E. (1998). Intervention approaches and children with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 2, 139– 147 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tan, S. K. , Parker, H. , Larkin, D. (2001). Concurrent validity of motor tests used to identify children with motor impairment. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 18, 168– 182 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Thelen, E. (1995). Motor development. A new synthesis. American Psychologist, 50, 79– 95 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ulrich, D. A. (2000). TGMD-2 Test of Gross Motor Development: examiner’s manual . (2nd ed). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Volkamer, M. , Zimmer, R. (1986). Kindzentrierte Mototherapie. Motorik, 9, 49– 58 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Whitmont, S. , Clarke, C. (1996). Kinaesthetic acuity and fine motor skills in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A preliminary report. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 38, 1091– 1098 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • WHO (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. . Genf: World Health Organization First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Williams, H. G. , Woollacott, M. H. , Ivry, R. (1992). Timing and motor control in children. Journal of Motor Behavior, 24, 165– 172 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wilson, P. H. , Maruff, P. , Ives, S. , Currie, J. (2001). Abnormalities of motor and praxis imagery in children with DCD. Human Movement Science, 20, 135– 159 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wilson, P. H. , Thomas, P. R. , Maruff, P. (2002). Motor imagery training ameliorates motor clumsiness in children. Journal of Child Neurology, 17, 491– 498 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Zimmer, R. (1999). Handbuch der Psychomotorik. . Freiburg: Herder First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zimmer, R. , Volkamer, M. (1984). Motoriktest für vier- bis sechsjährige Kinder (MOT 4-6). . Weinheim: Beltz First citation in articleGoogle Scholar