Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prick and Intracutaneous Testing and IgE Testing

  • Reference work entry
Kanerva's Occupational Dermatology

Abstract

Immediate-type allergies are frequent in specific occupational environments.

Most important is to consider the possibility of occupational factors in allergic diseases.

Depending on the substance, immunological and non-immunological mechanisms may be relevant for symptom elicitation.

Standardized test preparations for in vivo and/or in vitro testing for specific IgE to occupational allergen sources are rare.

False-negative as well as false-positive test reactions may occur with current test methods for detection of specific IgE to occupational allergen sources.

Skin prick testing, intracutaneous testing and in vitro investigation of specific IgE constitute one component in a stepwise assessment for diagnosis of allergen-induced occupational diseases.

High- and low-molecular-weight allergens have to be considered as occupational allergen sources in specific work environments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allmers H, Schmengler J, Skudlik C (2002) Primary prevention of natural rubber latex allergy in the German health care system through education and intervention. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110:318–323

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altmann F (2007) The role of protein glycosylation in allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 142:99–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amaro C, Goossens A (2008) Immunological occupational contact urticaria and contact dermatitis from proteins: a review. Contact Dermatitis 58:67–75

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antunes J, Borrego L, Romeira A, Pinto P (2009) Skin prick tests and allergy diagnosis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 37:155–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baur X, Sander I, van Kampen V (2000) Aerogene Enzyme sind aggressive berufliche Inhalationsallergene. Dtsch med Wochenschr 125:912–917

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein IL, Merget R (2006) Metals. In: Bernstein IL, Chan-Yeung M, Malo JL, Bernstein DI (eds) Asthma in the workplace, 3rd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 525–554

    Google Scholar 

  • Bindslev-Jensen C, Skov PS, Roggen EL, Hvass P, Brinch DS (2006) Investigation on possible allergenicity of 19 different commercial enzymes used in the food industry. Food Chem Toxicol 44:1909–1915

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bittner C, Grassau B, Frenzel K, Baur X (2008) Identification of wheat gliadins as an allergen family related to baker’s asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121:744–749

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bousquet J, Michel FB (1993) In vivo methods for study of allergy. In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF, Yunginger JW, Busse WW (eds) Allergy-principles and practice, 4th edn. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 578–594

    Google Scholar 

  • Brant A (2007) Baker’s asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 7:152–155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casper R, Zacharisen MC, Fink JN (2008) Occupational asthma secondary to enzymes used in cheese production. Allergy Asthma Proc 29:376–379

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ceska M, Eriksson R, Varga JM (1972) Radioimmunosorbent assay of allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 49:1–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chipps BE, Talamo RC, Mellits ED, Valentine MD (1978) Immediate (IgE-mediated) skin testing in the diagnosis of allergic disease. Ann Allergy 41:211–215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Codreanu F, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Morisset M, Guénard L, Rancé F, Kanny G, Lemerdy P (2006) The risk of systemic reactions to skin prick-tests using food allergens: CICBAA data and literature review. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 38:52–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Constantin C, Quirce S, Grote M, Touraev A, Swoboda I, Stoecklinger A, Mari A, Thalhamer J, Heberle-Bors E, Valenta R (2008) Molecular and immunological characterization of a wheat serine proteinase inhibitor as a novel allergen in baker’s asthma. J Immunol 180:7451–7460

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreborg S, Backman A, Basomba A, Bousquet J, Dieges P, Malling HJ (1989) Skin tests used in type I allergy testing. Position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 44(Suppl 10):1–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Dykewicz MS (2009) Occupational asthma: current concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123:519–528

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eduard W, Pearce N, Douwes J (2009) Chronic bronchitis, COPD, and lung function in farmers: the role of biological agents. Chest 136:716–725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • García-Casado G, Armentia A, Sánchez-Monge R, Sánchez LM, Lopez-Otín C, Salcedo G (1995) A major baker’s asthma allergen from rye flour is considerably more active than its barley counterpart. FEBS Lett 364:36–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) (ed) (2009) Geschäfts- und Rechnungsergebnisse der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften und der Unfallversicherungsträger der öffentlichen Hand 2008, Sankt Augustin

    Google Scholar 

  • Grammer LC (2001) The role of low molecular weight agents in environmental asthma. In: Bush RK (ed) Environmental asthma, vol 153. Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel, pp 239–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Helaskoski E, Kuuliala O, Aalto-Korte K (2009) Occupational contact urticaria caused by cyclic acid anhydrides. Contact Dermatitis 60:214–221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinze S, Bergmann KC, Løwenstein H, Hansen GN (1997) Cow hair allergen (Bos d 2) content in house dust: correlation with sensitization in farmers with cow hair asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 112:231–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Homburgert HA, Katzmann JA (1993) Methods in laboratory immunology. In: Middleton E, Reed CE, Ellis EF, Adkinson NF, Yunginger JW, Busse WW (eds) Allergy-principles and practice, 4th edn. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 554–572

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe W, Venables KM, Topping MD, Dally MB, Hawkins R, Law JS, Taylor AJN (1983) Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride asthma: evidence for specific IgE antibody. J Allergy Clin Immunol 71:5–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee (2011) Allergen nomenclature database. http://www.allergen.org. Last accessed 10 June 2011

  • Jacobsen G, Schaumburg I, Sigsgaard T, Schlunssen V (2010a) Non-malignant respiratory diseases and occupational exposure to wood dust. Part I. Fresh wood and mixed wood industry. Ann Agric Environ Med 17:15–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen G, Schaumburg I, Sigsgaard T, Schlunssen V (2010b) Non-malignant respiratory diseases and occupational exposure to wood dust. Part II. Dry wood industry. Ann Agric Environ Med 17:29–44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James JM, Sixbey JP, Helm RM, Bannon GA, Burks AW (1997) Wheat alpha-amylase inhibitor: a second route of allergic sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 99:239–244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeebhay MF, Cartier A (2010) Seafood workers and respiratory disease: an update. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 10:104–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeebhay MF, Quirce S (2007) Occupational asthma in the developing and industrialised world: a review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11:122–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeebhay MF, Baatjies R, Chang YS, Kim YK, Kim YY, Major V, Lopata AL (2007) Risk factors for allergy due to the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) among table grape farm workers. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 144:143–149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanerva L, Tuppurainen M, Keskinen H (1998) Contact urticaria caused by obeche wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon). Contact Dermatitis 38:170–171

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karvala K, Nordman H, Luukkonen R, Nykyri E, Lappalainen S, Hannu T, Toskala E (2008) Occupational rhinitis in damp and moldy workplaces. Am J Rhinol 22:457–462

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keskinen H (2004) The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and The Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards: 136. Cyclic acid anhydrides, Arbete och hälsa, vetenskaplig skriftserie. Arbetslivsinstitutet, förlagstjänst, Stockholm. http://www.inchem.org/documents/kemi/kemi/ah2004_15.pdf. ISBN 91-7045-732-8

  • Kespohl S, Sander I, Merget R, Petersen A, Meyer HE, Sickmann A, Bruening T, Raulf-Heimsoth M (2005) Identification of an obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon) wood allergen as a class I chitinase. Allergy 60:808–814

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kespohl S, Merget R, Overlack A, Bruening T, Raulf-Heimsoth M (2006) Detection of novel occupational wood allergens in locust wood dust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). J Allergy Clin Immunol 118:522–524

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kespohl S, Schlünssen V, Jacobsen G, Schaumburg I, Maryska S, Meurer U, Brüning T, Sigsgaard T, Raulf-Heimsoth M (2010) Impact of cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants on wood dust sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy 40:1099–1106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konstantinou GN, Bousquet PJ, Zuberbier T, Papadopoulos NG (2010) The longest wheal diameter is the optimal measurement for the evaluation of skin prick tests. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 151:343–345

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Letrán A, Palacín A, Barranco P, Salcedo G, Pascual C, Quirce S (2008) Rye flour allergens: an emerging role in baker’s asthma. Am J Ind Med 51:324–328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahler V (2010) Chefs and foodhandlers. In: Johansen JD, Frosch PJ, Lepoittevin JP (eds) Contact Dermatitis, 5th edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 853–864

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahler V (2011) Proteinkontaktdermatitis- Eine diagnostische Herausforderung. JDDG 9(suppl 1):101

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahler V, Drexler H (2004) Dermatologic occupationally relevant type I allergies. Hautarzt 55:34–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahler V, Gutgesell C, Valenta R, Fuchs T (2006) Natural rubber latex and hymenoptera venoms share ImmunoglobinE-epitopes accounting for cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants. Clin Exp Allergy 36:1446–1456

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mari A, Schneider P, Wally V, Breitenbach M, Simon-Nobbe B (2003) Sensitization to fungi: epidemiology, comparative skin tests, and IgE reactivity of fungal extracts. Clin Exp Allergy 33:1429–1438

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merget R, Sander I, van Kampen V, Beckmann U, Heinze E, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Bruening T (2011) Allergic asthma after flour inhalation in subjects without occupational exposure to flours: an experimental pilot study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. doi:10.1007/s00420-011-0617-8

    Google Scholar 

  • Merget R, Stollfuss J, Wiewrodt R, Frühauf H, Koch U, Bolm-Audorff U, Bienfait HG, Hiltl G, Schultze-Werninghaus G (1993) Diagnostic tests in enzyme allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 92:264–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metzger H, Rivnay B, Henkart M, Kanner B, Kinet JP, Perez-Montfort R (1984) Analysis of the structure and function of the receptor for immunoglobulin E. Mol Immunol 21:1167–1173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moneo I, Aldayt E, Sanchez-Agudo L, Curiel G, Lucenaf R, Calatrava JM (1995) Skin-prick tests for hypersensitivity to a-amylase preparations. Occup Med 45:151–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moscato G, Vandenplas O, Van Wijk RG, Malo JL, Perfetti L, Quirce S, Walusiak J, Castano R, Pala G, Gautrin D, De Groot H, Folletti I, Yacoub MR, Siracusa A, European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunolgy (2009) EAACI position paper on occupational rhinitis. Respir Res 10:16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müsken H, Franz JT, Wahl R, Paap A, Cromwell O, Masuch G, Bergmann KC (2003) Sensitization to different mite species in German farmers: in vitro analyses. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 13:26–35

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson S, van Hage-Hamsten M (2000) Allergens from house dust and storage mites: similarities and differences, with emphasis on the storage mite Lepidoglyphus destructor. Clin Exp Allergy 30:912–919

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Omland O (2002) Exposure and respiratory health in farming in temperate zones–a review of the literature. Ann Agric Environ Med 9:119–136

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pastorello EA, Farioli L, Conti A, Pravettoni V, Bonomi S, Iametti S, Fortunato D, Scibilia J, Bindslev-Jensen C, Ballmer-Weber B, Robino AM, Ortolani C (2007) Wheat IgE-mediated food allergy in European patients: alpha-amylase inhibitors, lipid transfer proteins and low-molecular-weight glutenins. Allergenic molecules recognized by double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 144:10–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peden D, Reed CE (2010) Environmental and occupational allergies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125(2 Suppl 2):S150–S160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phipatanakul W (2002) Rodent allergens. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2:412–416

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posch A, Weiss W, Wheeler C, Dunn MJ, Görg A (1995) Sequence analysis of wheat grain allergens separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients. Electrophoresis 16:1115–1119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raulf-Heimsoth M, Rihs HP, Rozynek P, Cremer R, Gaspar A, Pires G, Yeang HY, Arif SA, Hamilton RG, Sander I, Lundberg M, Brüning T (2007) Quantitative analysis of immunoglobulin E reactivity profiles in patients allergic or sensitized to natural rubber latex (Hevea brasiliensis). Clin Exp Allergy 37:1657–1667

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raulf-Heimsoth M, Kespohl S, Liebers V, Rihs HP, Rozynek P, Sander I, van Kampen V (2009) Berufsbedingte Typ-I-Allerien-aktueller Stand. Allergo J 18:538–550

    Google Scholar 

  • Reunala T, Alenius H, Turjanmaa K, Palosuo T (2004) Latex allergy and skin. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 4:397–401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruëff F, Przybilla B (1999) Soforttyp-Allergie gegen Naturlatex. Allergo J 8:181–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Monge R, Garcia-Casado G, Lopez-Otin C, Armentia A, Salcedo G (1997) Wheat flour peroxidase is a prominent allergen associated with bakers’ asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 27:1130–1137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sander I, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Siethoff C, Lohaus C, Meyer HE, Baur X (1998) Allergy to Aspergillus-derived enzymes in the baking industry: identification of betaxylosidase from Aspergillus niger as a new allergen (Asp n 14). J Allergy Clin Immunol 102:256–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sander I, Merget R, Degens PO, Goldscheid N, Brüning T, Raulf-Heimsoth M (2004) Comparison of wheat and rye flour skin prick test solutions for diagnosis of baker’s asthma. Allergy 59:95–98

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sander I, Kespohl S, Merget R, Goldscheid N, Degens PO, Bruning T, Raulf-Heimsoth M (2005) A new method to bind allergens for the measurement of specific IgE antibodies. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 136:39–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sander I, Rozynek P, Rihs H-P, van Kampen V, Chew FT, Lee WS, Kotschy-Lang N, Merget R, Brüning T, Raulf-Heimsoth M (2011) Multiple wheat flour allergens and cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants bind IgE in baker’s asthma. Allergy. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02636.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher K, Heine E, Höcker H (2001) Extremozymes for improving wool properties. J Biotechnol 89:281–288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekizawa J (2000) Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), Concise international chemical assessment document 27. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, Geneva. http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad27.pdf. ISBN 92 4 153027 8

  • Sen D, Wiley K, Williams JG (1998) Occupational asthma in fruit salad processing. Clin Exp Allergy 28:363–367

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton R, Skerritt JH, Baldo BA, Wrigley CW (1984) The diversity of allergens involved in bakers’ asthma. Clin Allergy 14:93–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarlo SM, Balmes J, Balkissoon R, Beach J, Beckett W, Bernstein D, Blanc PD, Brooks SM, Cowl CT, Daroowalla F, Harber P, Lemiere C, Liss GM, Pacheco KA, Redlich CA, Rowe B, Heitzer J (2008) Diagnosis and management of work-related asthma: American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Statement. Chest 134(3 Suppl):1S–41S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terho EO, Husman K, Vohlonen I, Rautalahti M, Tukiainen H (1985) Allergy to storage mites or cow dander as a cause of rhinitis among Finnish dairy farmers. Allergy 40:23–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terho EO, Vohlonen I, Husman K, Rautalathi M, Tukiainen H, Viander M (1987) Sensitisation to storage mites and other work-related and common allergens among Finish dairy farmers. Eur J Respir Dis 71(suppl 152):165–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres CE, Lenon G, Craperi D, Wilting R, Blanco A (2011) Enzymatic treatment for preventing biofilm formation in the paper industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3305-4

    Google Scholar 

  • van Hage-Hamsten M, Johansson E, Wirén A, Johansson SGO (1991) Storage mites dominate the fauna in Swedish barn dust. Allergy 46:142–146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Kampen V, Merget R, Baur X (2000) Occupational airways sensitizers: an overview on the respective literature. Am J Ind Med 38:164–218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Kampen V, Rabstein S, Sander I, Merget R, Brüning T, Broding HC, Keller C, Müsken H, Overlack A, Schultze-Werninghaus G, Walusiak J, Raulf-Heimsoth M (2008) Prediction of challenge test results by flour-specific IgE and skin prick test in symptomatic bakers. Allergy 63:897–902

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Kampen V, de Blay F, Folletti I, Kobierski P, Moscato G, Olivieri M, Quirce S, Sastre J, Walusiak-Skorupa J, Merget R, Raulf-Heimsoth M (2011) Standard diagnosis for occupational allergy: European multicenter study for comparison of skin prick testing solutions from different manufacturers for the diagnosis of baker’s asthma. Allergy 66(Suppl 94):39

    Google Scholar 

  • van Ree R, CREATE Partnership (2004) The CREATE project: EU support for the improvement of allergen standardization in Europe. Allergy 59:571–574

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Ree R, Cabanes-Macheteau M, Akkerdaas J, Milazzo JP, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Rayon C, Villalba M, Koppelman S, Aalberse R, Rodriguez R, Faye L, Lerouge P (2000) Beta(1,2)-xylose and alpha(1,3)-fucose residues have a strong contribution in IgE binding to plant glycoallergens. J Biol Chem 275:11451–11458

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenplas O, Larbanois A, Vanassche F, François S, Jamart J, Vandeweerdt M, Thimpont J (2009) Latex-induced occupational asthma: time trend in incidence and relationship with hospital glove policies. Allergy 64:415–420

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanhanen M, Tuomi T, Hokkanen H, Tupasela O, Tuomainen A, Holmberg PC, Leisola M, Nordman H (1996) Enzyme exposure and enzyme sensitisation in the baking industry. Occup Environ Med 53:670–676

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanhanen M, Tuomi T, Nordman H, Tupasela O, Holmberg PC, Miettinen M, Mutanen P, Leisola M (1997) Sensitization to industrial enzymes in enzyme research and production. Scand J Work Environ Health 23:385–391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanhanen M, Tuomi T, Tiikkainen U, Tupasela O, Voutilainen R, Nordman H (2000) Risk of enzyme allergy in the detergent industry. Occup Environ Med 57:121–125

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanhanen M, Tuomi T, Tiikkainen U, Tupasela O, Tuomainen A, Luukkonen R, Nordman H (2001) Sensitisation to enzymes in the animal feed industry. Occup Environ Med 58:119–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vedal S, ChanYeung M, Enarson DA, Chan H, Dorken E, Tse KS (1986) Plicatic acid specific IgE and nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness in western red-cedar workers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 78:1103–1109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss W, Huber G, Engel KH, Pethran A, Dunn MJ, Gooley AA, Görg A (1997) Identification and characterization of wheat grain albumin/globulin allergens. Electrophoresis 18:826–833

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams JD, Lee AY, Matheson MC, Frowen KE, Noonan AM, Nixon RL (2008) Occupational contact urticaria: Australian data. Br J Dermatol 159:125–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, DE-91054, Erlangen, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Vera Mahler M.D.

Authors
  1. Prof. Dr. Vera Mahler M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vera Mahler M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology and Allergology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Thomas Rustemeyer

  2. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany

    Peter Elsner

  3. Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany

    Swen-Malte John

  4. Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Howard I. Maibach

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Mahler, V. (2012). Prick and Intracutaneous Testing and IgE Testing. In: Rustemeyer, T., Elsner, P., John, SM., Maibach, H.I. (eds) Kanerva's Occupational Dermatology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02035-3_84

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02035-3_84

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-02034-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-02035-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation