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Linkage of Amino Acid Variation and Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein (Subtype B) with Usage of the Second Receptor

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Abstract

To clarify the relationship between the amino acid variations of the gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the chemokine receptors that are used as the second receptor for HIV, we evaluated amino acid site variation of gp120 between the X4 strains (use CXCR4) and the R5 strains (use CCR5) from 21 sequences of subtype B. Our analysis showed that residues 306 and 322 in the V3 loop and residue 440 in the C4 region were associated with usage of the second receptor. The polymorphism at residue 440 is clearly associated with the usage of the second receptor: The amino acid at position 440 was a basic amino acid in the R5 strains, and a nonbasic and smaller amino acid in the X4 strains, while the V3 loop of the X4 strains was more basic than that of the R5 strains. This suggests that residue 440 in the C4 region, which is close to the V3 loop in the three-dimensional structure, is critical in determining which second receptor is used. Analysis of codon frequency suggests that, in almost all cases, the difference at residue 440 between basic amino acids in the R5 strains and nonbasic amino acids in the X4 strains could be due to a single nucleotide change. These findings predict that the evolutionary changes in amino acid residue 440 may be correlated with evolutionary changes in the V3 loop. One possibility is that a change in electric charge at residue 440 compensates for a change in electric charge in the V3 loop. The amino acid polymorphism at position 440 can be useful to predict the cell tropism of a strain of HIV-1 subtype B.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Eiji Ido and Jun Takehisa at Kyoto University for their helpful suggestions and comments on this work. We also thank Yury Khudyakov and Michael Aidoo at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Craig Gough and Philip Hilton at the Biological Information Research Center for helpful suggestions on the manuscript. Y.Y.-K. was supported by a Research Fellowship for Young Scientists provided by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Integrated Database Group, Biological Information Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-41-6 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan

    Yumi Yamaguchi-Kabata

  2. Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

    Masahiro Yamashita, Sadayuki Ohkura, Masanori Hayami & Tomoyuki Miura

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  1. Yumi Yamaguchi-Kabata
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  2. Masahiro Yamashita
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  3. Sadayuki Ohkura
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  4. Masanori Hayami
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  5. Tomoyuki Miura
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Correspondence to Yumi Yamaguchi-Kabata.

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Yamaguchi-Kabata, Y., Yamashita, M., Ohkura, S. et al. Linkage of Amino Acid Variation and Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein (Subtype B) with Usage of the Second Receptor . J Mol Evol 58, 333–340 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-003-2555-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-003-2555-x

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