Abstract
The burgeoning demands of China’s urbanization and industrial development put pressure on the resources of the entire country and have direct and indirect effects on the health of individuals, at times in areas far removed from cities themselves. Current evidence suggests that heavy metal pollution in soil, a common by-product of coal mining and other industrial activities, may be linked to risk of birth defects. We examine this hypothesis using small area level data including soil samples and detailed birth records from 2002 to 2004 from 97 villages in Shanxi province, a heavy coal-mining region. We find that soils containing arsenic, lead, and nickel are significantly correlated with the incidence of birth defects. In particular, we find a strong positive dose-dependent association of birth defects with lead, a moderate positive effect with arsenic, and a dose-dependent negative association with nickel. These results are consistent with the postulated link between arsenic and lead and human birth defects, but raise questions about the effects of nickel in this context. China’s rapid urbanization underscores the need for closer attention to the relationship between the health and the environment.
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Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the National Key Project (973) of Study on Interaction Mechanism of Environment and Genetic of Birth Defect in China (No. 2007CB5119001), State Key Funds of Social Science Project (Research on Disability Prevention Measurement in China, No. 09&ZD072, National Yang Zi Scholar Program, 211 and 985 projects of Peking University(No. 20020903).We are grateful to Landis MacKellar for his insightful comments. We would also like to thank Prof. Zhang Keli’s research group for its support with soil sample testing at the Environment Test Center of Beijing Normal University.
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Zheng, X., Pang, L., Wu, J. et al. Contents of heavy metals in arable soils and birth defect risks in Shanxi, China: a small area level geographic study. Popul Environ 33, 259–268 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-011-0138-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-011-0138-0