Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Polychlorinated biphenyls and links to cardiovascular disease

  • PCBs: Exposures, Effects, Remediation and Regulation with special reference to PCBs in Schools
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The pathology of cardiovascular disease is multi-faceted, with links to many modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Epidemiological evidence now implicates exposure to persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with an increased risk of developing diabetes, hypertension, and obesity; all of which are clinically relevant to the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease. PCBs exert their cardiovascular toxicity either directly or indirectly via multiple mechanisms, which are highly dependent on the type and concentration of PCBs present. However, many PCBs may modulate cellular signaling pathways leading to common detrimental outcomes including induction of chronic oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine disruption. With the abundance of potential toxic pollutants increasing globally, it is critical to identify sensible means of decreasing associated disease risks. Emerging evidence now implicates a protective role of lifestyle modifications such as increased exercise and/or nutritional modulation via anti-inflammatory foods, which may help to decrease the vascular toxicity of PCBs. This review will outline the current state of knowledge linking coplanar and non-coplanar PCBs to cardiovascular disease and describe the possible molecular mechanism of this association.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2000): Toxicological profile for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp17.pdf

  • Agudo A, Goni F, Etxeandia A, Vives A, Millan E, Lopez R, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Barricarte A, Chirlaque MD, Dorronsoro M, Jakszyn P, Larranaga N, Martinez C, Navarro C, Rodriguez L, Sanchez MJ, Tormo MJ, Gonzalez CA (2009) Polychlorinated biphenyls in Spanish adults: determinants of serum concentrations. Environ Res 109:620–628

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahima RS (2008) Revisiting leptin’s role in obesity and weight loss. J Clin Invest 118:2380–2383

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed RG (2013) Early weaning PCB 95 exposure alters the neonatal endocrine system: thyroid adipokine dysfunction. J Endocrinol 219:205–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Airaksinen R, Rantakokko P, Eriksson JG, Blomstedt P, Kajantie E, Kiviranta H (2011) Association between type 2 diabetes and exposure to persistent organic pollutants. Diabetes Care 34:1972–1979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akagi K, Okumura M (1985) Association of blood pressure and PCB level in yusho patients. Environ Health Perspect 59:37–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Salman F, Plant N (2012) Non-coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are direct agonists for the human pregnane-X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor, and activate target gene expression in a tissue-specific manner. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 263:7–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Diabetes A (2004) Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 27(Suppl 1):S88–S90

    Google Scholar 

  • Aminov Z, Haase RF, Pavuk M, Carpenter DO, Anniston Environmental Health Research C (2013) Analysis of the effects of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides on serum lipid levels in residents of Anniston, Alabama. Environ Heal : Global Access Sci Source 12:108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arrebola JP, Gonzalez-Jimenez A, Fornieles-Gonzalez C, Artacho-Cordon F, Olea N, Escobar-Jimenez F, Fernandez-Soto ML (2015) Relationship between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and markers of insulin resistance in a cohort of women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Environ Res 136:435–440

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arsenescu V, Arsenescu RI, King V, Swanson H, Cassis LA (2008) Polychlorinated biphenyl-77 induces adipocyte differentiation and proinflammatory adipokines and promotes obesity and atherosclerosis. Environ Health Perspect 116:761–768

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arulmozhiraja S, Shiraishi F, Okumura T, Iida M, Takigami H, Edmonds JS, Morita M (2005) Structural requirements for the interaction of 91 hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls with estrogen and thyroid hormone receptors. Toxicol Sci : Off J Soc Toxicol 84:49–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arzuaga X, Reiterer G, Majkova Z, Kilgore MW, Toborek M, Hennig B (2007) PPARalpha ligands reduce PCB-induced endothelial activation: possible interactions in inflammation and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Toxicol 7:264–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Axelrad DA, Goodman S, Woodruff TJ (2009) PCB body burdens in US women of childbearing age 2001–2002: an evaluation of alternate summary metrics of NHANES data. Environ Res 109:368–378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baillie-Hamilton PF (2002) Chemical toxins: a hypothesis to explain the global obesity epidemic. J Altern Complement Med 8:185–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baird L, Dinkova-Kostova AT (2011) The cytoprotective role of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Arch Toxicol 85:241–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker EL Jr, Landrigan PJ, Glueck CJ, Zack MM Jr, Liddle JA, Burse VW, Housworth WJ, Needham LL (1980) Metabolic consequences of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in sewage sludge. Am J Epidemiol 112:553–563

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker RG, Hayden MS, Ghosh S (2011) NF-kappaB, inflammation, and metabolic disease. Cell Metab 13:11–22

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker NA, English V, Sunkara M, Morris AJ, Pearson KJ, Cassis LA (2013) Resveratrol protects against polychlorinated biphenyl-mediated impairment of glucose homeostasis in adipocytes. J Nutr Biochem 24:2168–2174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beischlag TV, Luis Morales J, Hollingshead BD, Perdew GH (2008) The aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex and the control of gene expression. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 18:207–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell FP, Iverson F, Arnold D, Vidmar TJ (1994) Long-term effects of Aroclor 1254 (PCBs) on plasma lipid and carnitine concentrations in rhesus monkey. Toxicology 89:139–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben Hassine S, Hammami B, Ben Ameur W, El Megdiche Y, Barhoumi B, El Abidi R, Driss MR (2014) Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum and their relation with age, gender, and BMI for the general population of Bizerte, Tunisia. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21:6303–6313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg AH, Combs TP, Du X, Brownlee M, Scherer PE (2001) The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat Med 7:947–953

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanck HM, Marcus M, Rubin C, Tolbert PE, Hertzberg VS, Henderson AK, Zhang RH (2002) Growth in girls exposed in utero and postnatally to polybrominated biphenyls and polychlorinated biphenyls. Epidemiology 13:205–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, Andersen HR, Rasmussen TH, Vinggaard AM (2001) Effect of highly bioaccumulated polychlorinated biphenyl congeners on estrogen and androgen receptor activity. Toxicology 158:141–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai H, Harrison DG (2000) Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress. Circ Res 87:840–844

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun DA (2006) Aldosteronism and hypertension. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol: CJASN 1:1039–1045

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceriello A, Motz E (2004) Is oxidative stress the pathogenic mechanism underlying insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease? The common soil hypothesis revisited. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:816–823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandran M, Phillips SA, Ciaraldi T, Henry RR (2003) Adiponectin: more than just another fat cell hormone? Diabetes Care 26:2442–2450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chase KH, Wong O, Thomas D, Berney BW, Simon RK (1982) Clinical and metabolic abnormalities associated with occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). J Occup Med: Off Publ Ind Med Assoc 24:109–114

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chevrier J, Dewailly E, Ayotte P, Mauriege P, Despres JP, Tremblay A (2000) Body weight loss increases plasma and adipose tissue concentrations of potentially toxic pollutants in obese individuals. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord: J Int Assoc Study Obes 24:1272–1278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Codru N, Schymura MJ, Negoita S, Akwesasne Task Force on Environment, Rej R, Carpenter DO (2007) Diabetes in relation to serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in adult Native Americans. Environ Health Perspect 115:1442–1447

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins T, Cybulsky MI (2001) NF-kappaB: pivotal mediator or innocent bystander in atherogenesis? J Clin Invest 107:255–264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connor K, Ramamoorthy K, Moore M, Mustain M, Chen I, Safe S, Zacharewski T, Gillesby B, Joyeux A, Balaguer P (1997) Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as estrogens and antiestrogens: structure-activity relationships. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 145:111–123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox MB, Miller CA 3rd (2004) Cooperation of heat shock protein 90 and p23 in aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling. Cell Stress Chaperones 9:4–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley SD, Gurley SB, Herrera MJ, Ruiz P, Griffiths R, Kumar AP, Kim HS, Smithies O, Le TH, Coffman TM (2006) Angiotensin II causes hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy through its receptors in the kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:17985–17990

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Coster S, van Larebeke N (2012) Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: associated disorders and mechanisms of action. J Environ Public Health 2012:713696

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Tata V (2014) Association of dioxin and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with diabetes: epidemiological evidence and new mechanisms of beta cell dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 15:7787–7811

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deroo BJ, Korach KS (2006) Estrogen receptors and human disease. J Clin Invest 116:561–570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhalla NS, Temsah RM, Netticadan T (2000) Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. J Hypertens 18:655–673

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhooge W, Den Hond E, Koppen G, Bruckers L, Nelen V, Van De Mieroop E, Bilau M, Croes K, Baeyens W, Schoeters G, Van Larebeke N (2010) Internal exposure to pollutants and body size in Flemish adolescents and adults: associations and dose–response relationships. Environ Int 36:330–337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, Zoeller RT, Gore AC (2009) Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 30:293–342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dirinck E, Jorens PG, Covaci A, Geens T, Roosens L, Neels H, Mertens I, Van Gaal L (2011) Obesity and persistent organic pollutants: possible obesogenic effect of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. Obesity 19:709–714

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dirinck EL, Dirtu AC, Govindan M, Covaci A, Van Gaal LF, Jorens PG (2014) Exposure to persistent organic pollutants: relationship with abnormal glucose metabolism and visceral adiposity. Diabetes Care 37:1951–1958

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donat-Vargas C, Gea A, Sayon-Orea C, Carlos S, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Bes-Rastrollo M (2014) Association between dietary intakes of PCBs and the risk of obesity: the SUN project. J Epidemiol Community Health 68:834–841

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • European Association for Cardiovascular P et al (2011) ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 32:1769–1818

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Everett CJ, Frithsen IL, Diaz VA, Koopman RJ, Simpson WM Jr, Mainous AG 3rd (2007) Association of a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, a polychlorinated biphenyl, and DDT with diabetes in the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environ Res 103:413–418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrante MC, Amero P, Santoro A, Monnolo A, Simeoli R, Di Guida F, Mattace Raso G, Meli R (2014) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 101, PCB 153 and PCB 180) alter leptin signaling and lipid metabolism in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 279:401–408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer LJ, Wagner MA, Madhukar BV (1999) Potential involvement of calcium, CaM kinase II, and MAP kinases in PCB-stimulated insulin release from RINm5F cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 159:194–203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox CS, Coady S, Sorlie PD, Levy D, Meigs JB, D’Agostino RB Sr, Wilson PW, Savage PJ (2004) Trends in cardiovascular complications of diabetes. JAMA 292:2495–2499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox CS, Coady S, Sorlie PD, D’Agostino RB Sr, Pencina MJ, Vasan RS, Meigs JB, Levy D, Savage PJ (2007) Increasing cardiovascular disease burden due to diabetes mellitus: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 115:1544–1550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freel EM, Connell JM (2004) Mechanisms of hypertension: the expanding role of aldosterone. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 15:1993–2001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gasull M, Pumarega J, Tellez-Plaza M, Castell C, Tresserras R, Lee DH, Porta M (2012) Blood concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and prediabetes and diabetes in the general population of Catalonia. Environ Sci Technol 46:7799–7810

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh S, Murinova L, Trnovec T, Loffredo CA, Washington K, Mitra PS, Dutta SK (2014) Biomarkers linking PCB exposure and obesity. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 15:1058–1068

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gladen BC, Ragan NB, Rogan WJ (2000) Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene. J Pediatr 136:490–496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn AW, Granath F, Aune M, Atuma S, Darnerud PO, Bjerselius R, Vainio H, Weiderpass E (2003) Organochlorines in Swedish women: determinants of serum concentrations. Environ Health Perspect 111:349–355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goncharov A, Haase RF, Santiago-Rivera A, Morse G, Akwesasne Task Force on the Environment, McCaffrey RJ, Rej R, Carpenter DO (2008) High serum PCBs are associated with elevation of serum lipids and cardiovascular disease in a Native American population. Environ Res 106:226–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goncharov A, Bloom M, Pavuk M, Birman I, Carpenter DO (2010) Blood pressure and hypertension in relation to levels of serum polychlorinated biphenyls in residents of Anniston, Alabama. J Hypertens 28:2053–2060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goncharov A, Pavuk M, Foushee HR, Carpenter DO, Anniston Environmental Health Reseach C (2011) Blood pressure in relation to concentrations of PCB congeners and chlorinated pesticides. Environ Health Perspect 119:319–325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gouva L, Tsatsoulis A (2004) The role of estrogens in cardiovascular disease in the aftermath of clinical trials. Hormones 3:171–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grandjean P, Henriksen JE, Choi AL, Petersen MS, Dalgard C, Nielsen F, Weihe P (2011) Marine food pollutants as a risk factor for hypoinsulinemia and type 2 diabetes. Epidemiology 22:410–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimm FA, Hu D, Kania-Korwel I, Lehmler HJ, Ludewig G, Hornbuckle KC, Duffel MW, Bergman A, Robertson LW (2015): Metabolism and metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 45(3):245–272

  • Grun F, Blumberg B (2006) Environmental obesogens: organotins and endocrine disruption via nuclear receptor signaling. Endocrinology 147:S50–S55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guengerich FP (2008) Cytochrome p450 and chemical toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 21:70–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ha MH, Lee DH, Son HK, Park SK, Jacobs DR Jr (2009) Association between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and prevalence of newly diagnosed hypertension: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. J Hum Hypertens 23:274–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han SG, Han SS, Toborek M, Hennig B (2012) EGCG protects endothelial cells against PCB 126-induced inflammation through inhibition of AhR and induction of Nrf2-regulated genes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 261:181–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison DG, Gongora MC (2009) Oxidative stress and hypertension. Med Clin North Am 93:621–635

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heitzer T, Schlinzig T, Krohn K, Meinertz T, Munzel T (2001) Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 104:2673–2678

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hennig B, Meerarani P, Slim R, Toborek M, Daugherty A, Silverstone AE, Robertson LW (2002) Proinflammatory properties of coplanar PCBs: in vitro and in vivo evidence. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 181:174–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hitomi Y, Yoshida A (1989) Effect of methionine and threonine on the hypercholesterolemia induced by polychlorinated biphenyls in rats fed a nonprotein diet. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 35:589–596

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofe CR, Feng L, Zephyr D, Stromberg AJ, Hennig B, Gaetke LM (2014) Fruit and vegetable intake, as reflected by serum carotenoid concentrations, predicts reduced probability of polychlorinated biphenyl-associated risk for type 2 diabetes: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. Nutr Res 34:285–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong NS, Kim KS, Lee IK, Lind PM, Lind L, Jacobs DR, Lee DH (2012) The association between obesity and mortality in the elderly differs by serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants: a possible explanation for the obesity paradox. Int J Obes (Lond) 36:1170–1175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang X, Lessner L, Carpenter DO (2006) Exposure to persistent organic pollutants and hypertensive disease. Environ Res 102:101–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang S, Shui X, He Y, Xue Y, Li J, Li G, Lei W, Chen C (2015) AhR expression and polymorphisms are associated with risk of coronary arterial disease in Chinese population. Sci Rep 5:8022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huffman MD, Lloyd-Jones DM, Ning H, Labarthe DR, Guzman Castillo M, O’Flaherty M, Ford ES, Capewell S (2013) Quantifying options for reducing coronary heart disease mortality by 2020. Circulation 127:2477–2484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imbeault P, Chevrier J, Dewailly E, Ayotte P, Despres JP, Tremblay A, Mauriege P (2001) Increase in plasma pollutant levels in response to weight loss in humans is related to in vitro subcutaneous adipocyte basal lipolysis. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord: J Int Assoc Study Obes 25:1585–1591

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imbeault P, Chevrier J, Dewailly E, Ayotte P, Despres JP, Mauriege P, Tremblay A (2002a) Increase in plasma pollutant levels in response to weight loss is associated with the reduction of fasting insulin levels in men but not in women. Metab Clin Exp 51:482–486

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imbeault P, Tremblay A, Simoneau JA, Joanisse DR (2002b) Weight loss-induced rise in plasma pollutant is associated with reduced skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282:E574–E579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs MN, Nolan GT, Hood SR (2005) Lignans, bacteriocides and organochlorine compounds activate the human pregnane X receptor (PXR). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 209:123–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jandacek RJ, Rider T, Keller ER, Tso P (2010) The effect of olestra on the absorption, excretion and storage of 2,2′,5,5′ tetrachlorobiphenyl; 3,3′,4,4′ tetrachlorobiphenyl; and perfluorooctanoic acid. Environ Int 36:880–883

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jandacek RJ, Heubi JE, Buckley DD, Khoury JC, Turner WE, Sjodin A, Olson JR, Shelton C, Helms K, Bailey TD, Carter S, Tso P, Pavuk M (2014) Reduction of the body burden of PCBs and DDE by dietary intervention in a randomized trial. J Nutr Biochem 25:483–488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen I, Mark AE (2007) Elevated body mass index and mortality risk in the elderly. Obes Rev 8:41–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen TK, Timmermann AG, Rossing LI, Ried-Larsen M, Grontved A, Andersen LB, Dalgaard C, Hansen OH, Scheike T, Nielsen F, Grandjean P (2014) Polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and glucose metabolism in 9-year-old danish children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99:E2643–E2651

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones DW, Hall JE (2004) Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure and evidence from new hypertension trials. Hypertension 43:1–3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen ME, Borch-Johnsen K, Bjerregaard P (2008) A cross-sectional study of the association between persistent organic pollutants and glucose intolerance among Greenland Inuit. Diabetologia 51:1416–1422

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kansanen E, Jyrkkanen HK, Levonen AL (2012) Activation of stress signaling pathways by electrophilic oxidized and nitrated lipids. Free Radic Biol Med 52:973–982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karmaus W, Osuch JR, Eneli I, Mudd LM, Zhang J, Mikucki D, Haan P, Davis S (2009) Maternal levels of dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE) may increase weight and body mass index in adult female offspring. Occup Environ Med 66:143–149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenchaiah S, Evans JC, Levy D, Wilson PW, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Vasan RS (2002) Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med 347:305–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kester MH, Bulduk S, Tibboel D, Meinl W, Glatt H, Falany CN, Coughtrie MW, Bergman A, Safe SH, Kuiper GG, Schuur AG, Brouwer A, Visser TJ (2000) Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated PCB metabolites: a novel pathway explaining the estrogenic activity of PCBs. Endocrinology 141:1897–1900

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim MJ, Pelloux V, Guyot E, Tordjman J, Bui LC, Chevallier A, Forest C, Benelli C, Clement K, Barouki R (2012) Inflammatory pathway genes belong to major targets of persistent organic pollutants in adipose cells. Environ Health Perspect 120:508–514

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kopf PG, Huwe JK, Walker MK (2008) Hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and impaired vascular relaxation induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin are associated with increased superoxide. Cardiovasc Toxicol 8:181–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kopf PG, Scott JA, Agbor LN, Boberg JR, Elased KM, Huwe JK, Walker MK (2010) Cytochrome P4501A1 is required for vascular dysfunction and hypertension induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Sci: Off J Soc Toxicol 117:537–546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korach KS, Sarver P, Chae K, McLachlan JA, McKinney JD (1988) Estrogen receptor-binding activity of polychlorinated hydroxybiphenyls: conformationally restricted structural probes. Mol Pharmacol 33:120–126

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korashy HM, El-Kadi AO (2006) The role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Drug Metab Rev 38:411–450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraugerud M, Zimmer KE, Dahl E, Berg V, Olsaker I, Farstad W, Ropstad E, Verhaegen S (2010) Three structurally different polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (Pcb 118, 153, and 126) affect hormone production and gene expression in the human H295R in vitro model. J Toxicol Environ Health A 73:1122–1132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kretschmer XC, Baldwin WS (2005) CAR and PXR: xenosensors of endocrine disrupters? Chem Biol Interact 155:111–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon O, Lee E, Moon TC, Jung H, Lin CX, Nam KS, Baek SH, Min HK, Chang HW (2002) Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) in human mast cells requires NF-kappa B activation. Biol Pharm Bull 25:1165–1168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • La Merrill M, Emond C, Kim MJ, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B, Clement K, Birnbaum LS, Barouki R (2013) Toxicological function of adipose tissue: focus on persistent organic pollutants. Environ Health Perspect 121:162–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Labarthe D (2011) Epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular diseases: a global challenge. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, xvii, 709 p. pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Artham SM, Patel DA, Ventura HO (2009) The obesity paradox, weight loss, and coronary disease. Am J Med 122:1106–1114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavie CJ, De Schutter A, Milani RV (2015) Healthy obese versus unhealthy lean: the obesity paradox. Nat Rev Endocrinol 11:55–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee DH, Lee IK, Song K, Steffes M, Toscano W, Baker BA, Jacobs DR Jr (2006) A strong dose–response relation between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and diabetes: results from the National Health and Examination Survey 1999–2002. Diabetes Care 29:1638–1644

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee DH, Lee IK, Porta M, Steffes M, Jacobs DR Jr (2007) Relationship between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among non-diabetic adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. Diabetologia 50:1841–1851

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee DH, Steffes MW, Sjodin A, Jones RS, Needham LL, Jacobs DR Jr (2011) Low dose organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls predict obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance among people free of diabetes. PLoS One 6:e15977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee DH, Lind L, Jacobs DR Jr, Salihovic S, van Bavel B, Lind PM (2012) Associations of persistent organic pollutants with abdominal obesity in the elderly: The Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study. Environ Int 40:170–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin KA (2006) Study design III: cross-sectional studies. Evid Based Dent 7:24–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li LA, Lin TC (2007) Interacting influence of potassium and polychlorinated biphenyl on cortisol and aldosterone biosynthesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 220:252–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li LA, Wang PW (2005) PCB126 induces differential changes in androgen, cortisol, and aldosterone biosynthesis in human adrenocortical H295R cells. Toxicol Sci : Off J Soc Toxicol 85:530–540

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li LA, Wang PW, Chang LW (2004) Polychlorinated biphenyl 126 stimulates basal and inducible aldosterone biosynthesis of human adrenocortical H295R cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 195:92–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lignell S, Aune M, Darnerud PO, Hanberg A, Larsson SC, Glynn A (2013) Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may influence birth weight among infants in a Swedish cohort with background exposure: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 12:44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim JE, Jee SH (2014) Association between serum levels of adiponectin and polychlorinated biphenyls in Korean men and women. Endocrine 48(1):211–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim EJ, Majkova Z, Xu S, Bachas L, Arzuaga X, Smart E, Tseng MT, Toborek M, Hennig B (2008) Coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl-induced CYP1A1 is regulated through caveolae signaling in vascular endothelial cells. Chem Biol Interact 176:71–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin TC, Chien SC, Hsu PC, Li LA (2006) Mechanistic study of polychlorinated biphenyl 126-induced CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 up-regulation. Endocrinology 147:1536–1544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linsel-Nitschke P, Tall AR (2005) HDL as a target in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4:193–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu PY, Death AK, Handelsman DJ (2003) Androgens and cardiovascular disease. Endocr Rev 24:313–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longnecker MP (2006) Pharmacokinetic variability and the miracle of modern analytical chemistry. Epidemiology 17:350–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal PK (2005) Dioxin: a review of its environmental effects and its aryl hydrocarbon receptor biology. J Comp Physiol B Biochem Syst Environ Physiol 175:221–230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mangge H, Becker K, Fuchs D, Gostner JM (2014) Antioxidants, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. World J Cardiol 6:462–477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marseglia L, Manti S, D’Angelo G, Nicotera A, Parisi E, Di Rosa G, Gitto E, Arrigo T (2014) Oxidative stress in obesity: a critical component in human diseases. Int J Mol Sci 16:378–400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin SS, Blaha MJ, Blankstein R, Agatston A, Rivera JJ, Virani SS, Ouyang P, Jones SR, Blumenthal RS, Budoff MJ, Nasir K (2014) Dyslipidemia, coronary artery calcium, and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: implications for statin therapy from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation 129:77–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath KC, McRobb LS, Heather AK (2008) Androgen therapy and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 4:11–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moon HB, Kim HS, Choi M, Yu J, Choi HG (2009) Human health risk of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides resulting from seafood consumption in South Korea, 2005–2007. Food Chem Toxicol : Int J Publ Br Ind Biol Res Assoc 47:1819–1825

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullerova D, Kopecky J (2007) White adipose tissue: storage and effector site for environmental pollutants. Physiol Res / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca 56:375–381

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullerova D, Kopecky J, Matejkova D, Muller L, Rosmus J, Racek J, Sefrna F, Opatrna S, Kuda O, Matejovic M (2008) Negative association between plasma levels of adiponectin and polychlorinated biphenyl 153 in obese women under non-energy-restrictive regime. Int J Obes (Lond) 32:1875–1878

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy E (2011) Estrogen signaling and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 109:687–696

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy MO, Petriello MC, Han SG, Sunkara M, Morris AJ, Esser K, Hennig B (2015): Exercise protects against PCB-induced inflammation and associated cardiovascular risk factors. Environ Sci Pollut Res. doi:10.1007/s11356-014-4062-6

  • Muthalif MM, Karzoun NA, Gaber L, Khandekar Z, Benter IF, Saeed AE, Parmentier JH, Estes A, Malik KU (2000) Angiotensin II-induced hypertension: contribution of Ras GTPase/Mitogen-activated protein kinase and cytochrome P450 metabolites. Hypertension 36:604–609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myre M, Imbeault P (2014) Persistent organic pollutants meet adipose tissue hypoxia: does cross-talk contribute to inflammation during obesity? Obes Rev: Off J Int Assoc Study Obes 15:19–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagaoka S, Kato M, Aoyama Y, Yoshida A (1986) Comparative studies on the hypercholesterolaemia induced by excess dietary tyrosine or polychlorinated biphenyls in rats. Br J Nutr 56:509–517

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagaoka S, Miyazaki H, Aoyama Y, Yoshida A (1990) Effects of dietary polychlorinated biphenyls on cholesterol catabolism in rats. Br J Nutr 64:161–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newsome BJ, Petriello MC, Han SG, Murphy MO, Eske KE, Sunkara M, Morris AJ, Hennig B (2014) Green tea diet decreases PCB 126-induced oxidative stress in mice by up-regulating antioxidant enzymes. J Nutr Biochem 25:126–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oda H, Matsushita N, Hirabayashi A, Yoshida A (1990) Hyperlipoproteinemia in rats fed polychlorinated biphenyls. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 36:117–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oparil S, Zaman MA, Calhoun DA (2003) Pathogenesis of hypertension. Ann Intern Med 139:761–776

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oreopoulos A, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Sharma AM, Fonarow GC (2009) The obesity paradox in the elderly: potential mechanisms and clinical implications. Clin Geriatr Med 25:643–659, viii

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B, Nicotera P (2003) Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:552–565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelletier C, Doucet E, Imbeault P, Tremblay A (2002) Associations between weight loss-induced changes in plasma organochlorine concentrations, serum T(3) concentration, and resting metabolic rate. Toxicol Sci : Off J Soc Toxicol 67:46–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penell J, Lind L, Salihovic S, van Bavel B, Lind PM (2014) Persistent organic pollutants are related to the change in circulating lipid levels during a 5 year follow-up. Environ Res 134:190–197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persky V, Piorkowski J, Turyk M, Freels S, Chatterton R Jr, Dimos J, Bradlow HL, Chary LK, Burse V, Unterman T, Sepkovic D, McCann K (2011) Associations of polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and endogenous hormones with diabetes in post-menopausal women previously employed at a capacitor manufacturing plant. Environ Res 111:817–824

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persky V, Piorkowski J, Turyk M, Freels S, Chatterton R Jr, Dimos J, Bradlow HL, Chary LK, Burse V, Unterman T, Sepkovic DW, McCann K (2012) Polychlorinated biphenyl exposure, diabetes and endogenous hormones: a cross-sectional study in men previously employed at a capacitor manufacturing plant. Environ Heal : Global Access Sci Source 11:57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters JL, Fabian MP, Levy JI (2014) Combined impact of lead, cadmium, polychlorinated biphenyls and non-chemical risk factors on blood pressure in NHANES. Environ Res 132:93–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petriello MC, Newsome B, Hennig B (2014a) Influence of nutrition in PCB-induced vascular inflammation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21:6410–6418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petriello MC, Newsome BJ, Dziubla TD, Hilt JZ, Bhattacharyya D, Hennig B (2014b) Modulation of persistent organic pollutant toxicity through nutritional intervention: emerging opportunities in biomedicine and environmental remediation. Sci Total Environ 491–492:11–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, Hong Y, Stern JS, Pi-Sunyer FX, Eckel RH, American Heart A, Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition PA, Metabolism (2006) Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 113:898–918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porta M, Zumeta E (2002) Implementing the Stockholm Treaty on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Occup Environ Med 59:651–652

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riche DM, McClendon KS (2007) Role of statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm : AJHP : Off J Am Soc Health Syst Pharm 64:1603–1610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson LW, Hansen LG (2001) PCBs : recent advances in environmental toxicology and health effects. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, xxx, 461 p. pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Yanez M, Agulla J, Rodriguez-Gonzalez R, Sobrino T, Castillo J (2008) Statins and stroke. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2:157–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romero-Corral A, Montori VM, Somers VK, Korinek J, Thomas RJ, Allison TG, Mookadam F, Lopez-Jimenez F (2006) Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies. Lancet 368:666–678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rorsman P, Braun M, Zhang Q (2012) Regulation of calcium in pancreatic alpha- and beta-cells in health and disease. Cell Calcium 51:300–308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rylander L, Rignell-Hydbom A, Hagmar L (2005) A cross-sectional study of the association between persistent organochlorine pollutants and diabetes. Environ Heal : Global Access Sci Source 4:28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Safe SH (1994) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): environmental impact, biochemical and toxic responses, and implications for risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 24:87–149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sargis RM (2014) The hijacking of cellular signaling and the diabetes epidemic: mechanisms of environmental disruption of insulin action and glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Metab J 38:13–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savoia C, Schiffrin EL (2006) Inflammation in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 15:152–158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlezinger JJ, White RD, Stegeman JJ (1999) Oxidative inactivation of cytochrome P-450 1A (CYP1A) stimulated by 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl: production of reactive oxygen by vertebrate CYP1As. Mol Pharmacol 56:588–597

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlezinger JJ, Struntz WD, Goldstone JV, Stegeman JJ (2006) Uncoupling of cytochrome P450 1A and stimulation of reactive oxygen species production by co-planar polychlorinated biphenyl congeners. Aquat Toxicol 77:422–432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shearman AM, Cupples LA, Demissie S, Peter I, Schmid CH, Karas RH, Mendelsohn ME, Housman DE, Levy D (2003) Association between estrogen receptor alpha gene variation and cardiovascular disease. JAMA 290:2263–2270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverstone AE, Rosenbaum PF, Weinstock RS, Bartell SM, Foushee HR, Shelton C, Pavuk M (2012) Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure and diabetes: results from the Anniston Community Health Survey. Environ Health Perspect 120:727–732

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singleton DW, Khan SA (2003) Xenoestrogen exposure and mechanisms of endocrine disruption. Front Biosci: J Virtual Libr 8:s110–s118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith AB, Schloemer J, Lowry LK, Smallwood AW, Ligo RN, Tanaka S, Stringer W, Jones M, Hervin R, Glueck CJ (1982) Metabolic and health consequences of occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls. Br J Ind Med 39:361–369

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stancu C, Sima A (2001) Statins: mechanism of action and effects. J Cell Mol Med 5:378–387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stehrgreen PA, Welty E, Steele G, Steinberg K (1986) Evaluation of potential health-effects associated with serum polychlorinated biphenyl levels. Environ Health Perspect 70:255–259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stehr-Green PA, Ross D, Liddle J, Welty E, Steele G (1986) A pilot study of serum polychlorinated biphenyl levels in persons at high risk of exposure in residential and occupational environments. Arch Environ Health 41:240–244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabb MM, Blumberg B (2006) New modes of action for endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Mol Endocrinol 20:475–482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang M, Chen K, Yang F, Liu W (2014) Exposure to organochlorine pollutants and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 9:e85556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tenenbaum A, Klempfner R, Fisman EZ (2014) Hypertriglyceridemia: a too long unfairly neglected major cardiovascular risk factor. Cardiovasc Diabetol 13:159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tokunaga S, Kataoka K (2003) A longitudinal analysis on the association of serum lipids and lipoproteins concentrations with blood polychlorinated biphenyls level in chronic “Yusho” patients. Fukuoka igaku zasshi = Hukuoka acta medica 94:110–117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Touyz RM (2012) New insights into mechanisms of hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 21:119–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uemura H, Arisawa K, Hiyoshi M, Kitayama A, Takami H, Sawachika F, Dakeshita S, Nii K, Satoh H, Sumiyoshi Y, Morinaga K, Kodama K, Suzuki T, Nagai M, Suzuki T (2009) Prevalence of metabolic syndrome associated with body burden levels of dioxin and related compounds among Japan’s general population. Environ Health Perspect 117:568–573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger T (2002) The role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 89:3A–9A, discussion 10A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valvi D, Mendez MA, Martinez D, Grimalt JO, Torrent M, Sunyer J, Vrijheid M (2012) Prenatal concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, DDE, and DDT and overweight in children: a prospective birth cohort study. Environ Health Perspect 120:451–457

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL, De Block CE (2006) Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature 444:875–880

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasiliu O, Cameron L, Gardiner J, Deguire P, Karmaus W (2006) Polybrominated biphenyls, polychlorinated biphenyls, body weight, and incidence of adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Epidemiology 17:352–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verhulst SL, Nelen V, Hond ED, Koppen G, Beunckens C, Vael C, Schoeters G, Desager K (2009) Intrauterine exposure to environmental pollutants and body mass index during the first 3 years of life. Environ Health Perspect 117:122–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakabayashi N, Slocum SL, Skoko JJ, Shin S, Kensler TW (2010) When NRF2 talks, who’s listening? Antioxid Redox Signal 13:1649–1663

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward NC, Croft KD (2006) Hypertension and oxidative stress. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 33:872–876

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H (2004) Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 27:1047–1053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodruff TJ, Sutton P (2014) The navigation guide systematic review methodology: a rigorous and transparent method for translating environmental health science into better health outcomes. Environ Health Perspect 122:1007–1014

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2011): Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240686458_eng.pdf?ua=1

  • World Health Organization (2013): A global brief on hypertension: silent killer, global public health crisis. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/79059/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2013.2_eng.pdf

  • Wu FC, von Eckardstein A (2003) Androgens and coronary artery disease. Endocr Rev 24:183–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu KS, Xu XJ, Liu JX, Guo YY, Huo X (2011) In utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and reduced neonatal physiological development from Guiyu, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74:2141–2147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu F, Zheng Y, Gao J, Chen S, Wang Z (2014) Induction of oxidative stress and the transcription of genes related to apoptosis in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) larvae with Aroclor 1254 exposure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 110:254–260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao L, Zhang Z, Luo X (2014) Roles of xenobiotic receptors in vascular pathophysiology. Circ J : Off J Jpn Circ Soc 78:1520–1530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yorita Christensen KL, White P (2011) A methodological approach to assessing the health impact of environmental chemical mixtures: PCBs and hypertension in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8:4220–4237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu GW, Laseter J, Mylander C (2011) Persistent organic pollutants in serum and several different fat compartments in humans. J Environ Public Health 2011:417980

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang N (2011) The role of endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling in cardiovascular physiology. J Cardiovasc Dis Res 2:91–95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Supported by grant number P42ES007380 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences or the National Institute of Health.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, 900 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA

    Jordan T. Perkins, Michael C. Petriello, Bradley J. Newsome & Bernhard Hennig

  2. Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA

    Jordan T. Perkins, Bradley J. Newsome & Bernhard Hennig

  3. Graduate Center for Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA

    Michael C. Petriello & Bernhard Hennig

Authors
  1. Jordan T. Perkins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael C. Petriello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bradley J. Newsome
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bernhard Hennig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bernhard Hennig.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Perkins, J.T., Petriello, M.C., Newsome, B.J. et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls and links to cardiovascular disease. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 2160–2172 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4479-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4479-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation