Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Quantification and Genetic Analysis of Salivirus/Klassevirus in Wastewater in Arizona, USA

  • Brief Communication
  • Published:
Food and Environmental Virology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Salivirus/klassevirus sequences were identified in 7 (15 %) wastewater samples collected in Arizona monthly for a year, with the highest concentration of 2.28 × 105 and 2.46 × 104 copies/L in influent and effluent, respectively. This is the first report of quantification and genetic analysis of salivirus/klassevirus in water samples in the United States.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

References

  • Bustin, S. A., Benes, V., Garson, J. A., Hellemans, J., Huggett, J., Kubista, M., & Wittwer, C. T. (2009). The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clinical Chemistry, 55(4), 611–622. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.112797.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calgua, B., Fumian, T., Rusiñol, M., Rodriguez-Manzano, J., Mbayed, V. A., Bofill-Mas, S., & Girones, R. (2013). Detection and quantification of classic and emerging viruses by skimmed-milk flocculation and PCR in river water from two geographical areas. Water Research, 47(8), 2797–810. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.043.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greninger, A. L., Holtz, L., Kang, G., Ganem, D., Wang, D., & DeRisi, J. L. (2010). Serological evidence of human klassevirus infection. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 17(10), 1584–1588. doi:10.1128/CVI.00152-10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greninger, A. L., Runckel, C., Chiu, C. Y., Haggerty, T., Parsonnet, J., Ganem, D., et al. (2009). The complete genome of klassevirus—a novel picornavirus in pediatric stool. Virology Journal, 9, 1–9. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-6-82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, T.-H., Kim, C. H., Chung, J. Y., Park, S. H., & Hwang, E. S. (2010). Klassevirus infection in children, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(10), 1623–1625. doi:10.3201/eid1610.100539.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han, T.-H., Kim, S.-C., Kim, S.-T., Chung, C.-H., & Chung, J.-Y. (2014). Detection of norovirus genogroup IV, klassevirus, and pepper mild mottle virus in sewage samples in South Korea. Archives of Virology, 159(3), 457–463. doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1848-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haramoto, E., Kitajima, M., & Otagiri, M. (2013). Development of a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of salivirus/klassevirus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79(11), 3529–3532. doi:10.1128/AEM.00132-13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haramoto, E., & Otagiri, M. (2013). Prevalence and genetic diversity of klassevirus in wastewater in Japan. Food and Environmental Virology, 5(1), 46–51. doi:10.1007/s12560-012-9098-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holtz, L. R., Finkbeiner, S. R., Zhao, G., Kirkwood, C. D., Girones, R., Pipas, J. M., et al. (2009). Klassevirus 1, a previously undescribed member of the family Picornaviridae, is globally widespread. Virology Journal, 6, 86. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-6-86.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, M. (1980). A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16(2), 111–120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitajima, M., Iker, B. C., Pepper, I. L., & Gerba, C. P. (2014). Relative abundance and treatment reduction of viruses during wastewater treatment processes—identification of potential viral indicators. Science of the Total Environment, 488–489, 290–296. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.087.

  • Li, L., Victoria, J., Kapoor, A., Blinkova, O., Wang, C., Babrzadeh, F., & Delwart, E. L. (2009). A novel picornavirus associated with gastroenteritis. Journal of Virology, 83(22), 12002–12006. doi:10.1128/JVI.01241-09.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, A. C. Y., Gyhrs, M. L., Nielsen, L. P., Pedersen, C., & Böttiger, B. (2013). Gastroenteritis and the novel picornaviruses aichi virus, cosavirus, saffold virus, and salivirus in young children. Journal of Clinical Virology, 57(3), 239–242. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2013.03.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nix, W. A., Khetsuriani, N., Peñaranda, S., Maher, K., Venczel, L., Cselkó, Z., & Oberste, M. S. (2013). Diversity of picornaviruses in rural Bolivia. Journal of General Virology, 94(Pt 9), 2017–2028. doi:10.1099/vir.0.053827-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shan, T., Wang, C., Cui, L., Yu, Y., Delwart, E., Zhao, W., & Hua, X. (2010). Picornavirus salivirus/klassevirus in children with diarrhea, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16, 1303–1305. doi:10.3201/eid1608.100087.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tapparel, C., Siegrist, F., Petty, T. J., & Kaiser, L. (2013). Picornavirus and enterovirus diversity with associated human diseases. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 14, 282–293. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2012.10.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Kelly Reynolds at the University of Arizona Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health for her laboratory contributions and two anonymous wastewater treatment plants in southern Arizona for providing wastewater samples. This study was partly supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Water and Environmental Technology (WET) Center, The University of Arizona. We also wish to acknowledge the support of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) to Masaaki Kitajima, under JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research Abroad (FY 2011 no. 517). Andri T. Rachmadi is a recipient of 2012 Fulbright Master of Science and Technology Scholarship.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Masaaki Kitajima

    Present address: Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #09-03 CREATE Tower, Singapore, 138602, Singapore

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA

    Masaaki Kitajima, Brandon C. Iker, Andri T. Rachmadi & Charles P. Gerba

  2. International Research Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan

    Eiji Haramoto

Authors
  1. Masaaki Kitajima
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Brandon C. Iker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Andri T. Rachmadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Eiji Haramoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Charles P. Gerba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masaaki Kitajima.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kitajima, M., Iker, B.C., Rachmadi, A.T. et al. Quantification and Genetic Analysis of Salivirus/Klassevirus in Wastewater in Arizona, USA. Food Environ Virol 6, 213–216 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-014-9148-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-014-9148-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation