Skip to main content

Despite the fact that older adults are more prevalent than ever before in history, our knowledge about mental health disorders in this segment of the population is surprisingly thin. Anxiety disorders are a case in point. Although our knowledge about anxiety in the elderly is growing steadily, progress has been slow which has impacted knowledge about how to best treat these problems among older adults. Additionally, steadily accumulating evidence suggests that traditional definitions of anxiety disorders, as exemplified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), may not best capture the symptom profiles reported by seniors, which could potentially result in inappropriate treatment (e.g., Jeste, Blazer, & First, 2005). This chapter begins by reviewing what current research indicates with respect to the symptom profile of generalized anxiety among community elders, with particular reference to the interrelationship between anxiety and depression. An overview of available assessment strategies will be included, with emphasis on the importance of conceptualizing the patient’s problem using a functional analysis, in order to understand the interplay between specific symptoms in the context of the older adult’s life circumstances.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H., Rapee, R., & Brown, T. A. (1992). Behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 23, 551–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, S. J., Dums, A. R., & Shea, D. G. (2004). Mental health policy and aging. In B. L. Levin, J. Petrila, & K. D. Hennessy (Eds.), Mental health services: A public health perspective (2nd ed., pp. 232–254). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, J. G., Novy, D. M., Diefenbach, G. J., Stanley, M. A., Averill, P. M., & Swann, A. C. (2003). Differentiating anxiety and depression in older adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Psychological Assessment, 15, 184–192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, J. G., Stanley, M. A., & Zebb, B. J. (1999). The effectiveness of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale with older Generalized Anxiety Disorder patients. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 5, 281–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 53–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beekman, A. T. F., Bremmer, M. A., Deeg, D. J. H., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Snut, J. H., de Beurs, E., et al. (1998). Anxiety disorders in later life: A report from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 717–726.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • deBeurs, E., Beekman, A. T. F., vanBalkom, A. J. L., Deeg, D. J. H., vanDyck, R. & vanTilburg, W. (1999). Consequences of anxiety in older persons: Its effects on disability, well-being, and use of health services. Psychological Medicine, 29, 583–593.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blazer, D., George, L. K., & Hughes, D. (1991). The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: An age comparison. In C. Salzman & B. D. Lebowitz (Eds.), Anxiety in the elderly: Treatment and research (pp. 17–30). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craske, M. G., Barlow, D. H., & O’Leary, T. A. (1992). Mastery of your anxiety and worry. Albany, NY: Graywind Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diefenbach, G. J., Hopko, D. R., Feigon, S., Stanley, M. A., Novy, D. M., Beck, J. G., et al. (2003). ‘Minor GAD’: Characteristics of subsyndromal GAD in older adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 481–487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diefenbach, G. J., Stanley, M. A., Beck, J. G., Novy, D. M., Averill, P. M., & Swann, A. C. (2001). Examination of the Hamilton Scales in assessment with anxious older adults: A replication and extension. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 117–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiNardo P. A., Brown T. A., & Barlow D. H. (1994). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV. Boston. MA. Center for Stress and Anxiety Related Disorders, Boston University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinson, M. (1985). Aging and mental health: Distinguishing myth from reality. Research on Aging, 7, 155–174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders, research version, patient edition (SCID-I/P). New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J. E., & Noll, J. P. (1996). Anxiety disorders. In L. Carstensen, B. Edelstein, & L. Dornbrand (Eds.), The practical handbook of clinical gerontology (pp. 304–323). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J. E., Zeiss, A. M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2001). Psychopathology in the aged. In P. B. Sutker & H. E. Adams (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 921–951). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes, K. & Cox, B. (2000). Assessment of anxiety in older adults: A community-based survey and comparison with younger adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 297–309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, D. (1986). The Beck Depression Inventory and older adults. In T. L. Brink (Ed.), Clinical Gerontology: A guide to assessment and intervention (pp. 149–163). New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallo, J. J., Anthony, J. C., & Muthén, B. O. (1994). Age differences in the symptoms of depression: A latent trait analysis. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 49, 251–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, R. A., Otto, M. N., Pollack, M. H., & Yap, L. (1997). Cognitive behavioral and pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 28, 285–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32, 50–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Himmelfarb, S., & Murrell, S. (1984). The prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms in older adults. Journal of Psychology, 116, 159–167.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyberls, C. F., & Blazer, D. G. (2004). Epidemiology of mental disorders in older adults. In B. L. Levin, J. Petrila, and K. D. Hennessy (Eds.), Mental health services: A public health perspective (2nd ed., pp. 211–231). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeste, D. V., Blazer, D. G., & First, M. (2005). Aging-related diagnostic variations: Need for diagnostic criteria appropriate for elderly psychiatry patients. Biological Psychiatry, 58, 265–271.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kabacoff, R., Segal, D., Hersen, M., & VanHasselt, V. (1997). Psychometric properties and diagnostic utility of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory with older adult psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 33–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kogan, J. N., & Edelstein, B. A. (2004). Modification and psychometric examination of a self-report measure of fear in older adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 397–409.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, B. R., Conway, K., Brommelhoff, J., & Merikengas, K. (2003). Intergenerational differences in the reporting of elders’ anxiety. Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 9, 233–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, P. A., & Reynolds, C. R. (2006). Examination of the psychometric properties of the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale – Elderly version scores. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 93–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta, K. M., Simonsick, E. M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Schulz, R., Rubin, S. M., Satterfield, S., et al. (2003). Prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms in well-functioning older adults: Findings from the Health Aging and Body Composition Study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 51, 499–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, T., Miller, M., Metzger, R., & Borkovec, T. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohlman, J. (2004). Psychosocial treatment of late-life generalized anxiety disorder: Current status and future directions. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 149–169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morin, C., Landreville, P., Colecchi, C., McDonald, K., Stone, J., & Ling, W. (1999). The Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties with older adults. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 5, 19–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, T. R., Navaie-Waliser, M., & Feldman, P. H. (2003). Social support, home health service use, and outcomes among four racial-ethnic groups. The Gerontologist, 43, 503–513.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Regier, D., Boyd, J., Burke, J., Rae, D., Myers, J., Kramer, M., et al. (1988). One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 977–986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoevers, R. A., Deeg, D. J. H., vanTilburg, W., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2005). Depression and generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 31–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuurmans, J., Comijs, H. C., Beekman, A. T. F., deBeurs, E., Deeg, D. J. H., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., et al. (2005). The outcome of anxiety disorders in older people at 6-year follow-up: Results from the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. Acta Psychiatrica Scandaniva, 111, 420–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, D., Hersen, M., VanHasselt, V., Kabacoff, R., & Roth, L. (1993). Reliability of diagnosis in older psychiatric patients using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 15, 347–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheikh, J. I. (1992). Anxiety and its disorders in old age. In J. E. Birren, R. B. Sloane, & G. D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of mental health and aging (2nd ed., pp. 409–432). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheikh, J. I., Swales, P. J., Carlson, E. B., & Lindley, S. E. (2004). Aging and panic disorder: Phenomenology, comorbidity, and risk factors. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 102–109.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheikh, J. I. & Yesavage, J. A. (1986). Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). In T. L. Brink (Ed.) Clinical Gerontology: A guide to assessment and intervention (pp. 165–173). New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinoff, G., Ore, L., Zlotogorsky, D., & Tamir, A. (1999). Short anxiety screening test – A brief instrument for detecting anxiety in the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 1062–1071.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, A. G., Stanley, M. A., Novy, D. M., Averill, P. M., & Beck, J. G. (2000). Measures of depression in older adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A psychometric evaluation. Depression and Anxiety, 11, 114–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). STAI manual for the State-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, M. A., Beck, J. G., & Zebb, B. J. (1996). Psychometric properties of four anxiety measures in older adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 827–838.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, M. A., Novy, D. M., Bourland, S. L., Beck, J. G., & Averill, P. M. (2001). Assessing older adults with generalized anxiety: A replication and extension. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 221–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teachman, B. A. (2006). Aging and negative affect: The rise and fall and rise of anxiety and depression symptoms. Psychology and Aging, 21, 201–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tolin, D. F., Robison, J. T., Gaztambide, S., & Blank, K. (2005). Anxiety disorders in older Puerto Rican primary care patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 150–156.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watari, K. & Brodbeck, C. (2000). Culture, health, and financial appraisals: Comparison of worry in older Japanese Americans and European Americans. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 6, 25–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wetherell, J. & Arean, P. (1997). Psychometric evaluation of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with older medical patients. Psychological Assessment, 9, 136–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wetherell, J. L., Gatz, M., & Pedersen, N. L. (2001). A longitudinal analysis of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Psychology and Aging, 16, 187–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wetherell, J. L., LeRoux, H., & Gatz, M. (2003). DSM-IV criteria for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: Distinguishing the worried from the well. Psychology and Aging, 18, 622–627.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wetherell, J. L., Sorrell, J. T., Thorp, S. R., & Patterson, T. L. (2005). Psychological interventions for late-life anxiety: A review and early lessons from the CALM study. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 18, 72–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wisocki, P. (2000). Worry Scale – Revised. Unpublished manuscript, University of Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisocki, P., Handen, B., & Morse, C. (1986). The Worry Scale as a measure of anxiety among homebound and community active elderly. The Behavior Therapist, 5, 91–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yesavage, J., & Brink, T. L. (1983). Development and validation of a Geriatric Depression Screening Scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 17, 37–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zauszniewski, J. A, Eggenschwiler, K., Preechawong, S., Chung, C-W., Airey, T. F., Wilke, P. A., et al., (2004). Focused reflection reminiscence group for elders: Implementation and evaluation. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 23, 429–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeiss, A. M., & Steffen, A. (1996). Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral treatments: An overview of social learning. In S. H. Zarit & B. G. Knight (Eds.), A guide to psychotherapy and aging: Effective clinical interventions in a life-stage context (pp. 35–60). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Beck, J.G. (2008). Treating Generalized Anxiety in a Community Setting. In: Gallagher-Thompson, D., Steffen, A.M., Thompson, L.W. (eds) Handbook of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies with Older Adults. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72007-4_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics