The concept of “field cancerization” was established by Slaughter [1] in 1953 to describe the presence of histologically abnormal tissue surrounding an invasive squamous cell carcinoma from the upper gastrointestinal tract. The term was proposed to explain the development of multiple primary tumours and locally recurrent cancer; this specifically accounts for organ systems such as the skin (head and neck) cancers, in the ENT areas (oral cavity, oropharynx, and larynx), but also the lung, vulva, esophagus, cervix, breast, skin, colon, and bladder.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W. Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium. Cancer 1953; 6:963–8.
Hitt R, Echarri MJ. Molecular biology in head and neck cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2006; 8:776–9.
Boyle J, MacKie RM, Briggs JD, Junor BJ, Aitchison TC. Cancer, warts, and sunshine in renal transplant patients. A case-control study. Lancet 1984; 1:702–5.
Parrish JA. Immunosuppression, skin cancer, and ultraviolet A radiation. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2712–3.
Testerman TL, Gerster JF, Imbertson LM et al. Cytokine induction by the immunomodulators imiquimod and S-27609. J Leukoc Biol 1995; 58:365–72.
Hemmi H, Kaisho T, Takeuchi O et al. Small antiviral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7MyD88-dependent signal pathway. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:196–200, 211, 212.
Lebwohl M, Dinehart S, Whiting D, Lee P, Tawfik N, Jorizzo J, Lee J, Fox T. Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results from two phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, vehicle-controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50:714–21.
Stockfleth E, Christophers E, Benninghoff B, Sterry W. Low incidence of new actinic keratoses after topical 5% imiquimod cream treatment: a long-term follow-up study. Arch Dermatol 2004; 140:1542.
Vidal D, Alomar A. Efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream for basal cell carcinoma in transplant patients. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004; 29:237–239.
Brown VL, Atkins CL, Ghali L, Cerio R, Harwood CA, Proby CM. Safety and efficacy of 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of skin dysplasia in high-risk renal transplant recipients: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Dermatol 2005; 141:985–93.
Ulrich C, Hackethal M, Ulrich M, Howorka A, Forschner T, Sterry W, Stockfleth E. Treatment of multiple actinic keratoses with topical diclofenac 3% gel in organ transplant recipients: a series of six cases. Br J Dermatol 2007;Suppl 3:40–2.
Ulrich C, Bichel J, Euvrard S, Guidi B, Proby CM, van de Kerkhof PCM, Amerio P, Rønnevig J, Slade HB, Stockfleth E. Topical immunomodulation under systemic immunosuppression: results of a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled safety and efficacy study of imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of actinic keratoses in kidney, heart, and liver transplant patients. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157(Suppl 2):25–31.
Krawtchenko N, Roewert-Huber J, Ulrich M, Mann I, Sterry E, Stockfleth E. A randomised study of topical 5% imiquimod vs. topical 5-fluorouracil vs. cryosurgery in immunocompetent patients with actinic keratoses: a comparison of clinical and histological outcomes including 1-year follow-up. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157(Suppl 2):34–40.
Wolfe CM, Tafuri N, Hatfield K. Exacerbation of myasthenia gravis during imiquimod treatment. J Drugs Dermatol 2007; 6:745–6.
Sidoroff A. Photodynamic therapy of cutaneous epithelial malignancies. An evidence-based review. Hautarzt 2007; 58:577–84.
Wulf HC, Pavel S, Stender I, Bakker-Wensveen CA. Topical photodynamic therapy for prevention of new skin lesions in renal transplant recipients. Acta Dermatol Venereol 2006; 86:25–8.
Dragieva G, Prinz BM, Hafner J, Dummer R et al. A randomized controlled clinical trial of topical photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolaevulinate in the treatment of actinic keratoses in transplant recipients. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151:196–200.
de Graaf YG, Kennedy C, Wolterbeek R et al. Photodynamic therapy does not prevent cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma in organ-transplant recipients: results of a randomized-controlled trial. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:569–74.
Dragieva G, Hafner J, Dummer R et al. Topical photodynamic therapy in the treatment of actinic keratoses and Bowen’s disease in transplant recipients. Transplantation 2004; 77:1–6.
Perrett CM, McGregor JM, Warwick J et al. Treatment of post-transplant premalignant skin disease: a randomized intrapatient comparative study of 5-fluorouracil cream and topical photodynamic therapy. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:320–8.
Eaglstein WH, Weinstein GD, Frost P. Fluorouracil: mechanism of action in human skin and actinic keratoses. I. Effect on DNA synthesis in vivo. Arch Dermatol 1970; 101:132–9.
Smith KJ, Germain M, Skelton H. Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen’s disease) in renal transplant patients treated with 5% imiquimod and 5% 5-fluorouracil therapy. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27:561–4.
Fisher SM. Is cyclooxygenase-2 important in skin carcinogenesis? J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2002; 21:183–91.
Buckmann SY, Gresham A, Hale P et al. COX-2 expression is induced by UVB exposure in human skin: implications for the development of skin cancer. Carcinogenesis 1998; 19:723–9.
Kagoura M, Toyoda M, Masuri C, Morohashi M. Immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in skin cancers. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28:298–302.
Nijsten T, Colpaert CG, Vermeulen PB, Harris AL, Van Marck E, Lambert J. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression and angiogenesis in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and its precursors: a paired immunohistochemical study of 35 cases. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151:837–45.
William CS, Tsujii M, Reese J, Dey SK, DuBois RN. Host cyclooxygenase-2 modulates carcinoma growth. J Clin Invest 2000; 105:1589–94.
Gallo O, Franchi A, Magnelli L et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 pathway correlates with VEGF expression in head and neck cancer: implications for tumour angiogenesis and metastasis. Neoplasia 2001; 3:53–61.
Dannenberg AJ, Altorki NK, Boyle JO, Lin DT, Subbaramaniah K. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2: an approach to preventing cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 952:109–15.
Cortes R. Correspondence. Int J Dermatol 2002; 44:371–3.
Rivers JK, Arlette J, Shear N et al. Topical treatment of actinic keratoses with 3.0% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronan gel. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146:94–100.
Seed MP, Brown JR, Freemantle CN et al. The inhibition of colon-26 adenocarcinoma development and angiogenesis by topical diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronan. Cancer Res 1997; 57:1625–9.
Loven K, Stein L, Furst K, Levy S. Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of 0.5% fluorouracil cream and 5 % fluorouracil cream applied to each side of the face in patients with actinic keratosis. Clin Ther 1992; 24:990–1000.
Ulrich C, Hackethal M, Ulrich M, Howorka A, Forschner T, Sterry W, Stockfleth E. Treatment of multiple actinic keratoses with topical diclofenac 3% gel in organ transplant recipients: a series of six cases. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156(Suppl 3):40–2.
Ulrich C, Johannsen A, Hackethal M, Ulrich M, Sterry W, Stockfleth E. Treatment of multiple actinic keratoses with topical diclofenac 3% gel in organ transplant patients. (in preparation).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ulrich, C. (2009). Topical Treatment of Field Cancerization. In: Stockfleth, E., Ulrich, C. (eds) Skin Cancer after Organ Transplantation. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 146. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78574-5_36
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78574-5_36
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-78573-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-78574-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)