Abstract
Introducing an optical device into the abdomen of a patient so as to carry out the surgical procedure via a miniaturized camera represented the major change the surgical world experienced during the twentieth century: the “minimally invasive” surgery era was born. This revolution is about to experience a new twist linked to the appearance of a new original technique called Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) that could replace traditional laparoscopic surgery for a large set of procedures. By replacing the rigid optic that is introduced through the skin by a flexible optic that is introduced through a natural orifice such as stomach, vagina or colon, this new technique should eliminate all visible incisions.
If the benefits for patients have clearly been proved for laparoscopic surgery, and whatever the result for NOTES, such minimally invasive techniques bring up new difficulties for surgeons, thus reducing their gesture capacity. The first difficulty is the loss of several senses such as the sense of touch and a modification of the force feedback feeling. In NOTES, this loss is greatly amplified due to the length of instruments making it difficult to feel a contact between an instrument and an organ. This lack of force feedback is also featured by current robotic systems, such as the Da Vinci robot from the Intuitive Surgical Company, currently the most used surgical robot worldwide. The use of stereoscopic vision, however, allowed to lessen that perception limit, compensating it by a 3D view of the operative scene filmed by two cameras. But this technique will be difficult to implement for transluminal endoscopic surgery, since it requires the extreme miniaturization of cameras while maintaining a high image resolution. Another solution consists in using virtual reality and augmented reality. Indeed, virtual reality allows to provide a preoperative 3D view of patients, operated from their medical image (CT scan or MRI). This virtual copy of patients can then be used in a preoperative simulator, what provides a realistic 3D view of patients.
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These works are a part of the European eHealth project called PASSPORT, which is funded by the European Community within the ICT theme of the seventh Framework Programme.
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Soler, L. et al. (2010). Computer-Assisted Digestive Surgery. In: Garbey, M., Bass, B., Collet, C., Mathelin, M., Tran-Son-Tay, R. (eds) Computational Surgery and Dual Training. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1123-0_8
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