Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Self-Report Methods

  • Chapter
Handbook of Research Methods in Human Operant Behavior

Part of the book series: Applied Clinical Psychology ((NSSB))

Abstract

Human communication is unique among behavioral phenomena. No other type of behavior so readily serves both as a focus of study and as a measurement tool in the study of other behavior. Put simply, when we study human behavior, we have the luxury of asking our subjects what they know about it, and in many areas of psychology, this has been regarded as an offer too good to refuse. Unlike most areas of psychology, however, the experimental analysis of behavior matured primarily in the animal laboratory (Iversen & Lattal, 1991a,b; Skinner, 1996). This historical context may help to explain the trepidation with which operant researchers have faced the fact that humans regularly talk, write, and otherwise exchange information. Verbal capabilities have not been a central focus in the extension of the experimental analysis of behavior to human behavior (e.g., Oah & Dickinson, 1989), and consistent with this pattern, researchers have shown relatively little interest in data generated through verbal self-reports. In a recent 5-year survey of the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, for example, self-report data provided a dependent measure in only about one-third of the studies conducted with human subjects.1 In about 70% of these cases, self-reports served as a collateral measure rather than the primary dependent variable.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adair, J. G. (1973). The human subject: The social psychology of the psychology experiment. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Als, H., Tronick, E., and Brazelton, T. B. (1979). Analysis of face-to-face interaction in infant-adult dyads. In M. E. Lamb, S. J. Suomi, and G. R. Stephenson (Eds.), Social interaction analysis: Methodological issues (pp. 33–77 ). Madison: University of Wiscons in Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babor, T. F., Brown, J., and Del Boca, E K. (1990). Validity of self-reports in applied research on addictive behaviors: Fact or fiction? Behavioral Assessment, 12, 5–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babor, T. F., Stephens, R. S., and Marlatt, G. A. (1987). Verbal report methods in clinical research on al- coholism: Response bias and its minimization Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 45, 410–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer, D. M. (1982). The imposition of structure on behavior and the demolition of behavioral structures. In D. J. Bernstein (Ed.), Response structure and organization (pp. 217–254 ). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A., and Detrich, R. (1990). Tacting and manding in correspondence training: Effects of child selection of verbalization. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54, 23–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, T. R., and Brandon, T. H. (1990). Validity of self-reports in basic research. Behavioral Assessment, 12, 33–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandini, L. G. Schoeller, D. A., Cyr, H. N., and Dietz, W. H. (1990). Validity of reported energy intake in obese and nonobese adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52, 421–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H., Hayes, S. C., and Nelson, R. O. (1984). The scientist practitioner: Research and accountability in clinical and educational settings. New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, D., and Keenan, M. (1993). Concurrent activities and instructed human fixed-interval performance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 59, 501–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron, A., and Menich, S. R. (1985). Reaction times of older and younger men: Effects of compound samples and a prechoice signal on delayed matching-to-sample performances. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 44, 1–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, A., Menich, S. R., and Perone, M. (1983). Reaction times of younger and older men and temporal contingencies of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 40, 275–287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, A., Perone, M., and Galizio, M. (1991). Analyzing the reinforcement process at the human level: Can application and behavioristic interpretation replace human research? The Behavior Analyst, 14, 95–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Begelman, D. A. (1976). Behavioral classification. In M. Hersen and A. S. Bellack (Eds.), Behavioral assessment: A practical handbook (pp. 23–48 ). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bem, D. J. (1967). Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74, 183–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, D. J. (1988). Laboratory lore and research practices in the experimental analysis of human behavior: Designing session logistics-How long, how often, how many? The Behavior Analyst, 11, 51–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, D. J., and Michael, R. L. (1990). The utility of verbal and behavioral assessments of value. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54, 173–184.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Billingsley, F., White, O. R., and Munson, R. (1980). Procedural reliability: A rationale and example. Behavioral Assessment, 2, 229–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boring, E. G. (1953). A history of introspection. Psychological Bulletin, 50, 169–189.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradburn, N. M., Sudman, S., and Associates. (1979). Improving interview methods and questionnaire design. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branch, M. N. (1991). On the difficulty of studying “basic” behavioral processes in humans. The Behavior Analyst, 14, 107–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, W. F. (1974). There is no convincing evidence for operant or classical conditioning in adult humans. In W. B. Weimer and D. S. Palermo (Eds.), Cognition and the symbolic processes (pp. 1–33 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catania, A. C., Matthews, B. A., and Shimoff, E. (1982). Instructed versus shaped human verbal behavior: Interactions with nonverbal responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 38, 233–248.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cerutti, D. T. (1989). Discrimination theory of rule-governed behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 259–276.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cone, J. D. (1978). The Behavioral Assessment Grid (BAG): A conceptual framework and a taxonomy. Behavioral Therapy, 9, 882–888.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, A. (1976). Signal-recognition and the probability-matching decision rule. Perception and Psychophysics, 20, 157–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Critchfield, T. S. (1993a). Signal-detection properties of verbal self-reports. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 60, 495–514.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Critchfield, T. S. (1993b). Behavioral pharmacology and verbal behavior: Diazepam effects on verbal self-reports. Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 11, 43–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Critchfield, T. S. (1994). Bias in self-evaluation: Signal-probability effects. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 62, 235–250.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Critchfield, T. S. (1996a). Self-reports about performance under time pressure: Bias and discriminability. The Psychological Record, 46, 333–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Critchfield, T. S. (1996b). Differential latency and selective nondisclosure in verbal self-reports. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 13, 49–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Critchfield, T. S., and Griffiths, R. R. (1991). Behavioral and subjective effects of buspirone and lorazepam in sedative abusers: Supratherapeutic doses. NIDA Research Monograph, 105, 318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Critchfield, T. S., and Perone, M. (1990). Verbal self-reports of delayed matching to sample by humans Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 321–344.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Critchfield, T. S., and Perone, M. (1993). Verbal self-reports about matching to sample: Effects of the number of elements in a compound sample stimulus. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 59, 193–214.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Critchfield, T. S., and Vargas, E. A. (1991). Self-recording, instructions, and public self-graphing: Effects on swimming in the absence of coach verbal interaction. Behavior Modification, 15, 95–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronbach, L. J. (1984). Essentials of psychological testing. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crutcher, R. J., Ericsson, K. A., and Wichora, C. A. (1994). Improving the encoding of verbal reports by using MPAS: A computer-aided encoding system. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 26, 167–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freitas Ribeiro, A. (1989). Correspondence in children’s self-report: Tacting and manding aspects. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 361–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dement, W., and Kleitman, N. (1957). The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53, 339–346.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, K. A., and Simon, H. A. (1984). Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, C. W. (1960). Discrimination and learning without awareness: A methodological survey and evaluation. Psychological Review, 67, 279–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estes, W. K., and Skinner, B. E. (1941). Some quantitative properties of anxiety. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29, 390–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, S. M., Critchfield, T. S., and Griffiths, R. R. (1991). Abuse liability assessment of anxiolytic/hypnotics: Rationale and laboratory lore. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1625–1632.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, S. M., Critchfield, T. S., and Griffiths, R. R. (1994). Caffeine reinforcement demonstrated in a majority of moderate caffeine users. Behavioural Pharmacology, 5, 231–238.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fagot, B., and Hagan, R. (1988). Is what we see what we get? Comparisons of taped and live observations. Behavioral Assessment, 10, 367–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fassnacht, G. (1982). Theory and practice of observing behaviour. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldstein, S., and Welkowitz, J. (1987). A chronography of conversation: In defense of an objective approach. In A. W. Siegman and A. Feldstein (Eds.), Nonverbal behavior and communication (pp. 435–499 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fetterman, J. G., and McEwan, D. (1989). Short-term memory for responses: The “choose-small” effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 52, 311–324.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, E. (1995). Negative priming from ignored distractors in visual selection: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 2, 145–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, E. J. (1993). Ontogenesis of the perceived self. In U. Neisser (Ed.), The perceived self: Ecological and interpersonal sources of self-knowledge (pp. 25–42 ). London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, D. M., and Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, L., and Kagel, J. H. (Eds.). (1996). Advances in behavioral economics: Vol. 3. Substance use and abuse. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenspoon, J. (1955). The reinforcing effect of two spoken sounds on the frequency of two responses. American Journal of Psychology, 68, 409–416.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, R. R., Bigelow, G. E., and Liebson, I. A. (1989). Reinforcing effects of caffeine in coffee and capsules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 52, 127–140.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, R. R., Troisi, J. R., II, Silverman, K., and Mumford, G. K. (1993). Multiple-choice procedures: An efficient approach for investigating drug reinforcement in humans. Behavioral Pharmacology, 4, 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackenberg, T. D., and Axtell, S. A. M. (1993). Choice in situations of diminishing returns. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 59, 445–470.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haertzen, C. A. (1966). Development of scales based on patterns of drug effects, using the Addiction Research Inventory (ARCI). Psychological Reports, 18, 163–194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, F. C., and Lahey, B. B. (1982a). Subject reactivity in direct observational assessment: A review and critical assessment. Clinical Psychology Review, 2, 523–538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, F. C.,and Lahey, B. B. (1982b). Recording system bias in direct observational methodology. Clinical Psychology Review, 2, 539–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, J. M. (1991). Stimulus control. In I. H. Iversen and K. A. Lattai (Eds.), Experimental analysis of behavior, Part 1 (pp. 351–399 ). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, R. P. (1982). Developing a behavior code. In D. P. Hartmann (Ed.), Using observers to study behavior (pp. 21–35 ). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, R. P., and Dotson, V. A. (1975). Reliability scores that delude: An Alice in Wonderland trip through the misleading characteristics of interobserver agreement scores in interval recording. In E. Ramp and G. Semb (Eds.), Behavior analysis: Areas of research and application (pp. 359–376 ). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C. (1986). The case of the silent dog-Verbal reports and the analysis of rules: A review of Ericsson and Simon’s Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 45, 351–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hefferline, R. E, and Perera, T. B. (1963). Proprioceptive discrimination of a covert operant without its observation by the subject. Science, 139, 834–835.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hineline, P. N., and Wanchisen, B. A. (1989). Correlated hypothesizing and the distinction between contingency-shaped and rule-governed behavior. In S. C. Hayes (Ed.), Rule-governed behavior: Cognition, contingencies, and instructional control (pp. 221–268 ). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Home, P. J., and Lowe, C. F. (1993). Determinants of human performance on concurrent schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 59, 29–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horne, P. J., and Lowe, C. F. (1996). On the origins of naming and other symbolic behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 65, 185–353.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosseini, J., and Ferrell, W. R. (1982). Detectability of correctness: A measure of knowing that one knows. Instructional Science, 11, 113–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Innis, A., Lane, S. D., Miller, E. R., and Critchfield, T. S. (in press). Stimulus equivalence: Effects of a default-response option on emergence of untrained stimulus relations. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.

    Google Scholar 

  • Intons-Peterson, M. J., ed. (1993). Short-term memory (special section). Memory and Cognition, 21, 141–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iversen, I. H., and Lattal, K. A. (Eds.). (1991a). Experimental analysis of behavior, Part 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iversen, I. H., and Lattal, K. A. (Eds.). (1991b). Experimental analysis of behavior, Part 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, A. A. I., Gier, J. J., and Slangen, J. L. (1985). Alcohol effects on signal detection performance. Neuropsychobiology, 14, 83–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, J. M., and Pennypacker, H. S. (1980). Strategies and tactics of human behavioral research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollins, S H, Newland, M. C., and Critchfield, T. S. (1997). Human sensitivity to reinforcement in operant choice: How much do consequences matter? Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4, 208–220.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krasner, L., and Ullman, L. P. (1963). Variables affecting report of awareness in verbal conditioning. Journal of Psychology, 56, 193–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kvale, S., and Griness, C. E. (1967). Skinner and Sartre: Towards a radical phenomenology of behavior. Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 128–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, S. D. and Critchfield, T. S. (1996). Verbal self-reports of emergent relations in a stimulus equivalence procedure. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 65, 355–374.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, D. A. (1975). Behaviorism and the mind: A (limited) call for a return to introspection. American Psychologist, 34, 319–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locander, W. B., and Burton, J. P. (1976). The effect of question form on gathering income data by telephone. Journal of Marketing Research, 13, 189–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mace, F. C. (1994). Basic research needed for stimulating the development of behavioral technologies. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 61, 529–550.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mace, E. C., Hock, M. L., Lalli, J. S., Shea, M. C., West, B. J., Belfiore, P., Pinter, E., and Brown, D. K. (1988). Behavioral momentum in the treatment of noncompliance. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21, 123–141.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mace, E. C., Lalli, J. S., Shea, M. C., and Nevin, J. A. (1992). Behavioral momentum in college basketball. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 25, 657–663.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay, H. A. (1991). Conditional stimulus control. In I. H. Iversen and K. A. Lattai (Eds.), Experimental analysis of behavior, Part 1 (pp. 301–350 ). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacMillan, N. A., and Creelman, C. D. (1990). Response bias: Characteristics of detection theory, threshold theory, and “nonparametric” indices. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 401–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacWhinney, B. (1991). The CHILDES Project: Tools for analyzing talk. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, D., and Davison, M. (1981). Towards a behavioral theory of bias in signal detection. Perception and Psychophysics, 29, 371–382.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNair, D., Lorr, M., and Droppelman, L. (1971). Profile of Mood States manual. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Midanik, L. T., Klatsky, A. L., and Armstrong, M. A. (1989). A comparison of 7-day recall with two summary measures of alcohol use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 24, 127–134.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moerk, E. L. (1990). Three-term contingency patterns in mother-child verbal interactions during firstlanguage interaction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 54, 293–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myerson, J., and Green, L. (1995). Discounting of delayed rewards: Models of individual choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 64, 263–276.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Natsoulas, T. (1978). Toward a model for consciousness in the light of B. F. Skinner’s contribution. Behaviorism, 6, 139–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Natsoulas, T. (1988). On thé radical behaviorist conception of pain experience. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 9, 29–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R. O. (1977). Assessment and therapeutic functions of self-monitoring. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, and P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in Behavior Modification (Vol. 5, pp. 263–308 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R. O., and Hayes, S. C. (1981). Theoretical explanations for reactivity in self-monitoring. Behavior Modification, 5, 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R. O., Lipinski, D. P., and Black, J. L. (1976). The relative reactivity of external observations and self-monitoring. Behavior Therapy, 7, 314–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, T. O. (1992). Metacognition: Core readings. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neunaber, D. J., and Wasserman, E. A. (1986). The effects of unidirectional versus bidirectional rating procedures on college students’ judgments of response-outcome contingency. Learning and Motivation, 17, 162–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nevin, J. A. (1992). An integrative model for the study of behavioral momentum. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 57, 301–316.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nisbett, R. E., and Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nurco, D. N. (1985). A discussion of validity. In B. A. Rouse, N. J. Kozel, and L. G. Richards (Eds.), Self-report methods of estimating drug use: Meeting current challenges to validity (pp. 4–11 ). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oah, S., and Dickinson, A. M. (1989). A review of empirical studies of verbal behavior. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 7, 53–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Overton, D. A. (1987). Applications and limitations of the drug discrimination method for the study of drug abuse. In M. A. Bozarth (Ed.), Methods of assessing the reinforcing properties of abused drugs (pp. 291–340 ). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pekala, R. J. (1991). Quantifying consciousness: An empirical approach. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perone, M. (1988). Laboratory lore and research practices in the experimental analysis of human behavior: Use and abuse of subjects’ verbal reports. The Behavior Analyst, 11, 71–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Povinelli, D. J. (1994). How to create self-recognizing gorillas (but don’t try it on macaques). In S. T. Parker, R. W. Mitchell, and M. L. Boccia (Eds.), Self-awareness in animals and humans (pp. 291–301 ). London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, K. L., Bigelow, G. E., Bickel, W. K., and Liebson, I. A. (1989). Drug discrimination in human postaddicts: Agonist-antagonist opioids. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 250, 184–196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rachlin, H. (1985). Pain and behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8, 43–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rachlin, H., Raineri, A., and Cross, D. (1991). Subjective probability and delay. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 55, 233–244.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, J. B. (1982). Observer training in naturalistic research. In D. P. Hartman (Ed.), Using observers to study behavior (pp. 37–50 ). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, G. S. (1961). Attention in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 4, 203–208.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rilling, M. (1977). Stimulus control and inhibitory processes. In W. K. Honig and J. E. R. Staddon (Eds.), Handbook of operant behavior (pp. 432–480 ). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roache, J. D., and Griffiths, R. R. (1989). Abuse liability of anxiolytics and sedative/hypnotics: Methods assessing the likelihood of abuse. In M. W. Fischman and N. K. Mello (Eds.), Testing for the abuse liability of drugs (pp. 123–146). National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph No. 92. Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roediger, H. L., ed. (1997). Implicit learning: A symposium. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4, 1–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfarb, I. S., Newland, M. C., Brannon, S. E., and Howey, D. S. (1992). Effects of self-generated rules on the development of schedule-controlled behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 58, 107–121.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, H. M., and Baer, D. M. (1969). Unnoticed verbal conditioning of an aware experimenter by a more aware subject: The double-agent effect. Psychological Review, 76, 425–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, D. M. (1986). Two concepts of consciousness. Philosophical Studies, 49, 329–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R. (1966). Experimenter effects in behavioral research. New York: Appleton-CenturyCrofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rush, C. R., Critchfield, T. S., Troisi, J. R., II, and Griffiths, R. R. (1995). Discriminative stimulus effects of diazepam and buspirone in normal volunteers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 63, 277–294.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samo, J. A., Tucker, J. A., and Vuchinich, R. E. (1989). Agreement between self-monitoring, recall, and collateral observation measures of alcohol consumption in older adults. Behavioral Assessment, 11, 391–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savastano, H. I., and Fantino, E. (1994) Human choice in concurrent ratio-interval schedules of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 61, 453–463.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherer, K. R., and Ekman, P. (1982). Handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research. London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidman, M. (1960). Tactics of scientific research. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, S., and Castellan, J. (1988). Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. (1945). The operational analysis of psychological terms. Psychological Review, 52, 291–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. (1966). What is the experimental analysis of behavior ? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 9, 213–218.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sobell, L. C., and Sobell, M. B. (1990a). Self-reports across addictive behaviors: Issues and future directions in clinical and research settings. Behavioral Assessment, 12, 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobell, L. C., and Sobell, M. B. (1990b). Self-report issues in alcohol abuse: State of the art and future directions. Behavioral Assessment, 12, 77–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speilberger, C. D., and DeNike, L. D. (1966). Descriptive behaviorism versus cognitive theory in verbal operant conditioning. Psychological Review, 73, 306–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spetch, M. L., and Wilkie, D. M. (1983). Subjective shortening: A model of pigeons’ memory for event duration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9, 14–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, H. W., Chen, C., and Lee, S. (1993). Mathematics achievement of Chinese, Japanese, and American children: Ten years later. Science, 259, 53–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles, W. V. (1992). Analyzing talk: A taxonomy of verbal response modes. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudman, S., and Bradburn, N. M. (1974). Response effects in surveys: A review and synthesis. Chicado: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sudman, S., and Bradburn, N. M. (1982). Asking questions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobin, J., Wu, D., and Davidson, D. (1989). Preschool in three cultures: Japan, China, and the United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomasello, M. (1993). On the interpersonal origins of self-concept. In U. Neisser (Ed.), The perceived self: Ecological and interpersonal sources of self-knowledge (pp. 174–184 ). London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Troisi, J. R., II, Critchfield, T. S., and Griffiths, R. R. (1993). Buspirone and lorazepam abuse liability in humans: Behavioral effects, subjective effects, and choice. Behavioural Pharmacology, 4, 217–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, J. A., Vuchinich, R. E., Harris, C. V., Gavornik, M. G., and Rudd, E. J. (1991). Agreement between subject and collateral verbal reports of alcohol consumption in older adults. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 52, 148–155.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vuchinich, R. E. (1995). Alcohol abuse as molar choice: An update of a 1982 proposal. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 9, 223–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vuchinich, R. E., and Tucker, J. A. (1988). Contributions from behavioral theories of choice to an analysis of alcohol abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 181–197.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vuchinich, R. E., Tucker, J. A., and Harlee, L. M. (1988). Behavioral assessment. In D. M. Donovan and G. A. Marlatt (Eds.), Assessment of addictive behaviors (pp. 51–83 ). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walbott, H. G. (1982). Audiovisual recording. Procedures, equipment, and troubleshooting. In K. R. Sherer and P. Ekman (Eds.), Handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research (pp. 542–579 ). London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanchisen, B. A., and Tatham, T. A. (1991). Behavioral history: A promising challenge in explaining and controlling human operant behavior. The Behavior Analyst, 14, 139–144.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wanchisen, B. A., Tatham, T. A., and Hineline, P. N. (1992). Human choice in “counterintuitive” situations: Fixed-versus progressive-ratio schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 58, 67–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wearden, J. H. (1988). Some neglected problems in the analysis of human operant behavior. In G. Davey and C. Cullen (Eds.), Human operant behavior and behavior modification (pp. 197–224 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wentland, E. J., and Smith, K. W. (1993). Survey responses: An evaluation of their validity. San Diego: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, P. A. (1988). Knowing more about what we can tell: `Introspective access’ and causal report accuracy 10 years later. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 13–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wulfert, E., Dougher, M. J., and Greenway, D. E. (1991). Protocol analysis of the correspondence of verbal behavior and equivalence class formation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 56, 489–504.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuriff, G. E. (1985). Behaviorism: A conceptual reconstruction. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA

    Thomas S. Critchfield, Jalie A. Tucker & Rudy E. Vuchinich

Authors
  1. Thomas S. Critchfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jalie A. Tucker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rudy E. Vuchinich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, 26506-6040, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA

    Kennon A. Lattal  & Michael Perone  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Critchfield, T.S., Tucker, J.A., Vuchinich, R.E. (1998). Self-Report Methods. In: Lattal, K.A., Perone, M. (eds) Handbook of Research Methods in Human Operant Behavior. Applied Clinical Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1947-2_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1947-2_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1949-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1947-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation