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Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MEMRI)

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Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 711))

Abstract

The use of manganese ions (Mn2+) as an MRI contrast agent was introduced over 20 years ago in studies of Mn2+ toxicity in anesthetized rats (1). Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) evolved in the late nineties when Koretsky and associates pioneered the use of MEMRI for brain activity measurements (2) as well as neuronal tract tracing (3). Currently, MEMRI has three primary applications in biological systems: (1) contrast enhancement for anatomical detail, (2) activity-dependent assessment and (3) tracing of neuronal connections or tract tracing. MEMRI relies upon the following three main properties of Mn2+: (1) it is a paramagnetic ion that shortens the spin lattice relaxation time constant (T 1) of tissues, where it accumulates and hence functions as an excellent T 1 contrast agent; (2) it is a calcium (Ca2+) analog that can enter excitable cells, such as neurons and cardiac cells via voltage-gated Ca2+ channels; and (3) once in the cells Mn2+ can be transported along axons by microtubule-dependent axonal transport and can also cross synapses trans-synaptically to neighboring neurons. This chapter will emphasize the methodological approaches towards the use of MEMRI in biological systems.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Cynthia A. Massaad

  2. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Robia G. Pautler

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  1. Cynthia A. Massaad
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  2. Robia G. Pautler
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Correspondence to Cynthia A. Massaad .

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  1. Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, King's College London, Coldharbour Lane 125, London, SE5 9NU, United Kingdom

    Michel Modo

  2. Institute of Cell Engineering, Dept Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. of Med., Rutland Ave. 720, Baltimore, 21205, Maryland, USA

    Jeff W.M. Bulte

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Massaad, C.A., Pautler, R.G. (2011). Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MEMRI). In: Modo, M., Bulte, J. (eds) Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 711. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61737-992-5_7

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