Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology is associated with inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to neurodegeneration. Various positron emission tomography (PET) tracers have been employed to image these processes. PET tracers for 18-kD translocator protein (TSPO) receptors, which are overexpressed on activated microglia, macrophages, and astrocytes, have been used to assess neuro-inflammation. PET imaging of TSPO expression depicted an increased activation of inflammatory cells in normal appearing white matter (NAWM), grey matter (GM), and MS lesions. A reduction in inflammation in MS lesions was found to be a main determinant of treatment efficacy. Recently, advances have been made in myelin visualisation with PET. The first clinical studies to visualise myelin with PET show promising results. As for other neurodegenerative diseases, [18F]FDG is still the main PET tracer used to assess neuronal damage. Current clinical use of PET in MS is mainly restricted to aiding in differential diagnosis or for determining the efficacy of immune suppressive treatments. Once myelin imaging has been validated as a reliable method for characterisation of myelin integrity, it would enable the evaluation of the efficacy of a new line of therapies that aim to repair myelin.
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van der Weijden, C.W.J., Meilof, J.F., de Vries, E.F.J. (2021). PET Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis. In: Dierckx, R.A.J.O., Otte, A., de Vries, E.F.J., van Waarde, A., Leenders, K.L. (eds) PET and SPECT in Neurology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53168-3_33
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