Skip to main content

Role of statins in cerebral vasospasm

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Cerebral Vasospasm

Part of the book series: Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement ((NEUROCHIRURGICA,volume 104))

Abstract

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors, commonly known as statins, are widely used clinically for their lipid lowering properties. Recent evidence shows that statins are also effective in ameliorating cerebral vasospasm, which occurs as sequelae of subarachnoid haemorrhage. This review focuses on the pleiotropic effects of statins, and the putative mechanisms involved in statin mediated attenuation of cerebral vasospasm.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bochaton-Piallat ML, Gabbiani F, Redard M, Desmouliere A, Gabbiani G (1995) Apoptosis participates in cellularity regulation during rat aortic intimal thickening. Am J Pathol 146: 1059–1064

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Borel CO, McKee A, Parra A, Haglund MM, Solan A, Prabhakar V, Sheng H, Warner DS, Niklason L (2003) Possible role for vascular cell proliferation in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 34: 427–433

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bucci M, Gratton JP, Rudic RD, Acevedo L, Roviezzo F, Cirino G, Sessa WC (2000) In vivo delivery of the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain inhibits nitric oxide synthesis and reduces inflammation. Nat Med 6: 1362–1367

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Budzyn K, Marley PD, Sobey CG (2005) Opposing roles of endothelial and smooth muscle phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in vasoconstriction: effects of rho-kinase and hypertension. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 313: 1248–1253

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Budzyn K, Marley PD, Sobey CG (2006) Targeting Rho and Rhokinase in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 27: 97–104

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Corsini A, Raiteri M, Soma M, Fumagalli R, Paoletti R (1991) Simvastatin but not pravastatin inhibits the proliferation of rat aorta myocytes. Pharmacol Res 23: 173–180

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Erdos B, Snipes JA, Tulbert CD, Katakam P, Miller AW, Busija DW (2006) Rosuvastatin improves cerebrovascular function in Zucker obese rats by inhibiting NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent superoxide production. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290: H1264–H1270

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Gray GA, Webb DJ (1996) The endothelin system and its potential as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 72: 109–148

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Guijarro C, Blanco-Colio LM, Ortego M, Alonso C, Ortiz A, Plaza JJ, Diaz C, Hernandez G, Egido J (1998) 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase and isoprenylation inhibitors induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. Circ Res 83: 490–500

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hernandez-Perera O, Perez-Sala D, Navarro-Antolin J, Sanchez-Pascuala R, Hernandez G, Diaz C, Lamas S (1998) Effects of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, atorvastatin and simvastatin, on the expression of endothelin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 101: 2711–2719

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Hidaka Y, Eda T, Yonemoto M, Kamei T (1992) Inhibition of cultured vascular smooth muscle cell migration by simvastatin (MK-733). Atherosclerosis 95: 87–94

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hirashima Y, Hamada H, Kurimoto M, Origasa H, Endo S (2005) Decrease in platelet count as an independent risk factor for symptomatic vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 102: 882–887

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Katusic ZS (1996) Superoxide anion and endothelial regulation of arterial tone. Free Radic Biol Med 20: 443–448

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Katusic ZS, Vanhoutte PM (1989) Superoxide anion is an endothelium-derived contracting factor. Am J Physiol 257: H33–H37

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kureishi Y, Luo Z, Shiojima I, Bialik A, Fulton D, Lefer DJ, Sessa WC, Walsh K (2000) The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin activates the protein kinase Akt and promotes angiogenesis in normocholesterolemic animals. Nat Med 6: 1004–1010

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Kwan AL, Lin CL, Yen CP, Winardi W, Su YF, Winardi D, Dai ZK, Jeng AY, Kassell NF, Howng SL (2006) Prevention and reversal of vasospasm and ultrastructural changes in basilar artery by continuous infusion of CGS 35066 following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 231: 1069–1074

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Laufs U, Fata VL, Liao JK (1997) Inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase blocks hypoxia-mediated down-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 272: 31725–31729

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Laufs U, La F, V, Plutzky J, Liao JK (1998) Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 97: 1129–1135

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Laufs U, Liao JK (1998) Post-transcriptional regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA stability by Rho GTPase. J Biol Chem 273: 24266–24271

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Liao JK, Laufs U (2005) Pleiotropic effects of statins. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 45: 89–118

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Lynch JR, Wang H, McGirt MJ, Floyd J, Friedman AH, Coon AL, Blessing R, Alexander MJ, Graffagnino C, Warner DS (2005) Simvastatin reduces vasospasmafter aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a pilot randomized clinical trial. Stroke 36: 2024–2026

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Masaki T (1995) Possible role of endothelin in endothelial regulation of vascular tone. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 35: 235–255

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. McGirt MJ, Blessing R, Alexander MJ, Nimjee SM, Woodworth GF, Friedman AH, Graffagnino C, Laskowitz DT, Lynch JR (2006) Risk of cerebral vasopasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage reduced by statin therapy: A multivariate analysis of an institutional experience. J Neurosurg 105: 671–674

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. McGirt MJ, Lynch JR, Parra A, Sheng H, Pearlstein RD, Laskowitz DT, Pelligrino DA, Warner DS (2002) Simvastatin increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase and ameliorates cerebral vasospasm resulting from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 33: 2950–2956

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. McGirt MJ, Pradilla G, Legnani FG, Thai QA, Recinos PF, Tamargo RJ, Clatterbuck RE (2006) Systemic administration of simvastatin after the onset of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage attenuates cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery 58: 945–951

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Mraiche F, Cena J, Das D, Vollrath B (2005) Effects of statins on vascular function of endothelin-1. Br J Pharmacol 144: 715–726

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Nakazono K, Watanabe N, Matsuno K, Sasaki J, Sato T, Inoue M (1991) Does superoxide underlie the pathogenesis of hypertension? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 10045–10048

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Niwa S, Totsuka T, Hayashi S (1996) Inhibitory effect of fluvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on the expression of adhesion molecules on human monocyte cell line. Int J Immunopharmacol 18: 669–675

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Otto A, Fontaine J, Tschirhart E, Fontaine D, Berkenboom G (2006) Rosuvastatin treatment protects against nitrate-induced oxidative stress in eNOS knockout mice: implication of the NAD(P)H oxidase pathway. Br J Pharmacol 148: 544–552

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Ozaki K, Yamamoto T, Ishibashi T, Matsubara T, Nishio M, Aizawa Y (2001) Regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 expression by fluvastatin in human vascular endothelial cells. Jpn J Pharmacol 85: 147–154

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Parra A, Kreiter KT, Williams S, Sciacca R, Mack WJ, Naidech AM, Commichau CS, Fitzsimmons BF, Janjua N, Mayer SA (2005) Effect of prior statin use on functional outcome and delayed vasospasm after acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a matched controlled cohort study. Neurosurgery 56: 476–484

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Pelat M, Dessy C, Massion P, Desager JP, Feron O, Balligand JL (2003) Rosuvastatin decreases caveolin-1 and improves nitric oxide-dependent heart rate and blood pressure variability in apolipoprotein E-/-mice in vivo. Circulation 107: 2480–2486

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pollock DM, Keith TL, Highsmith RF (1995) Endothelin receptors and calcium signaling. FASEB J 9: 1196–1204

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Radomski MW, Rees DD, Dutra A, Moncada S (1992) S-nitroso-glutathione inhibits platelet activation in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 107: 745–749

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Rikitake Y, Kawashima S, Takeshita S, Yamashita T, Azumi H, Yasuhara M, Nishi H, Inoue N, Yokoyama M (2001) Anti-oxidative properties of fluvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, contribute to prevention of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis 154: 87–96

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Singhal AB, Topcuoglu MA, Dorer DJ, Ogilvy CS, Carter BS, Koroshetz WJ (2005) SSRI and statin use increases the risk for vasospasmafter subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 64: 1008–1013

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tseng MY, Czosnyka M, Richards H, Pickard JD, Kirkpatrick PJ (2005) Effects of acute treatment with pravastatin on cerebral vasospasm, autoregulation, and delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 36: 1627–1632

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Vaughan CJ, Gotto AM Jr, Basson CT (2000) The evolving role of statins in the management of atherosclerosis. JAm Coll Cardiol 35: 1–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wang J, Tokoro T, Matsui K, Higa S, Kitajima I (2005) Pitavastatin at low dose activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase through PI3K-AKT pathway in endothelial cells. Life Sci 76: 2257–2268

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wassmann S, Laufs U, Baumer AT, Muller K, Ahlbory K, Linz W, Itter G, Rosen R, Bohm M, Nickenig G (2001) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors improve endothelial dysfunction in normocholesterolemic hypertension via reduced production of reactive oxygen species. Hypertension 37: 1450–1457

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Wolfrum S, Dendorfer A, Schutt M, Weidtmann B, Heep A, Tempel K, Klein HH, Dominiak P, Richardt G (2004) Simvastatin acutely reduces myocardial reperfusion injury in vivo by activating the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/akt pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 44: 348–355

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Yu HY, Inoguchi T, Nakayama M, Tsubouchi H, Sato N, Sonoda N, Sasaki S, Kobayashi K, Nawata H (2005) Statin attenuates high glucose-induced and angiotensin II-induced MAP kinase activity through inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase activity in cultured mesangial cells. Med Chem 1: 461–466

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Yung LM, Leung FP, Yao X, Chen ZY, Huang Y (2006) Reactive oxygen species in vascular wall. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 6: 1–19

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John H. Zhang .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag

About this paper

Cite this paper

Sugawara, T., Ayer, R., Zhang, J.H. (2008). Role of statins in cerebral vasospasm. In: Kırış, T., Zhang, J.H. (eds) Cerebral Vasospasm. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement, vol 104. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-75718-5_59

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-75718-5_59

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-211-75717-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-211-75718-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics