Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors, commonly known as statins, are widely used clinically for their lipid lowering properties. Recent evidence shows that statins are also effective in ameliorating cerebral vasospasm, which occurs as sequelae of subarachnoid haemorrhage. This review focuses on the pleiotropic effects of statins, and the putative mechanisms involved in statin mediated attenuation of cerebral vasospasm.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bochaton-Piallat ML, Gabbiani F, Redard M, Desmouliere A, Gabbiani G (1995) Apoptosis participates in cellularity regulation during rat aortic intimal thickening. Am J Pathol 146: 1059–1064
Borel CO, McKee A, Parra A, Haglund MM, Solan A, Prabhakar V, Sheng H, Warner DS, Niklason L (2003) Possible role for vascular cell proliferation in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 34: 427–433
Bucci M, Gratton JP, Rudic RD, Acevedo L, Roviezzo F, Cirino G, Sessa WC (2000) In vivo delivery of the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain inhibits nitric oxide synthesis and reduces inflammation. Nat Med 6: 1362–1367
Budzyn K, Marley PD, Sobey CG (2005) Opposing roles of endothelial and smooth muscle phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in vasoconstriction: effects of rho-kinase and hypertension. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 313: 1248–1253
Budzyn K, Marley PD, Sobey CG (2006) Targeting Rho and Rhokinase in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 27: 97–104
Corsini A, Raiteri M, Soma M, Fumagalli R, Paoletti R (1991) Simvastatin but not pravastatin inhibits the proliferation of rat aorta myocytes. Pharmacol Res 23: 173–180
Erdos B, Snipes JA, Tulbert CD, Katakam P, Miller AW, Busija DW (2006) Rosuvastatin improves cerebrovascular function in Zucker obese rats by inhibiting NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent superoxide production. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290: H1264–H1270
Gray GA, Webb DJ (1996) The endothelin system and its potential as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 72: 109–148
Guijarro C, Blanco-Colio LM, Ortego M, Alonso C, Ortiz A, Plaza JJ, Diaz C, Hernandez G, Egido J (1998) 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase and isoprenylation inhibitors induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. Circ Res 83: 490–500
Hernandez-Perera O, Perez-Sala D, Navarro-Antolin J, Sanchez-Pascuala R, Hernandez G, Diaz C, Lamas S (1998) Effects of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, atorvastatin and simvastatin, on the expression of endothelin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 101: 2711–2719
Hidaka Y, Eda T, Yonemoto M, Kamei T (1992) Inhibition of cultured vascular smooth muscle cell migration by simvastatin (MK-733). Atherosclerosis 95: 87–94
Hirashima Y, Hamada H, Kurimoto M, Origasa H, Endo S (2005) Decrease in platelet count as an independent risk factor for symptomatic vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 102: 882–887
Katusic ZS (1996) Superoxide anion and endothelial regulation of arterial tone. Free Radic Biol Med 20: 443–448
Katusic ZS, Vanhoutte PM (1989) Superoxide anion is an endothelium-derived contracting factor. Am J Physiol 257: H33–H37
Kureishi Y, Luo Z, Shiojima I, Bialik A, Fulton D, Lefer DJ, Sessa WC, Walsh K (2000) The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin activates the protein kinase Akt and promotes angiogenesis in normocholesterolemic animals. Nat Med 6: 1004–1010
Kwan AL, Lin CL, Yen CP, Winardi W, Su YF, Winardi D, Dai ZK, Jeng AY, Kassell NF, Howng SL (2006) Prevention and reversal of vasospasm and ultrastructural changes in basilar artery by continuous infusion of CGS 35066 following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 231: 1069–1074
Laufs U, Fata VL, Liao JK (1997) Inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase blocks hypoxia-mediated down-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 272: 31725–31729
Laufs U, La F, V, Plutzky J, Liao JK (1998) Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 97: 1129–1135
Laufs U, Liao JK (1998) Post-transcriptional regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA stability by Rho GTPase. J Biol Chem 273: 24266–24271
Liao JK, Laufs U (2005) Pleiotropic effects of statins. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 45: 89–118
Lynch JR, Wang H, McGirt MJ, Floyd J, Friedman AH, Coon AL, Blessing R, Alexander MJ, Graffagnino C, Warner DS (2005) Simvastatin reduces vasospasmafter aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a pilot randomized clinical trial. Stroke 36: 2024–2026
Masaki T (1995) Possible role of endothelin in endothelial regulation of vascular tone. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 35: 235–255
McGirt MJ, Blessing R, Alexander MJ, Nimjee SM, Woodworth GF, Friedman AH, Graffagnino C, Laskowitz DT, Lynch JR (2006) Risk of cerebral vasopasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage reduced by statin therapy: A multivariate analysis of an institutional experience. J Neurosurg 105: 671–674
McGirt MJ, Lynch JR, Parra A, Sheng H, Pearlstein RD, Laskowitz DT, Pelligrino DA, Warner DS (2002) Simvastatin increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase and ameliorates cerebral vasospasm resulting from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 33: 2950–2956
McGirt MJ, Pradilla G, Legnani FG, Thai QA, Recinos PF, Tamargo RJ, Clatterbuck RE (2006) Systemic administration of simvastatin after the onset of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage attenuates cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery 58: 945–951
Mraiche F, Cena J, Das D, Vollrath B (2005) Effects of statins on vascular function of endothelin-1. Br J Pharmacol 144: 715–726
Nakazono K, Watanabe N, Matsuno K, Sasaki J, Sato T, Inoue M (1991) Does superoxide underlie the pathogenesis of hypertension? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 10045–10048
Niwa S, Totsuka T, Hayashi S (1996) Inhibitory effect of fluvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on the expression of adhesion molecules on human monocyte cell line. Int J Immunopharmacol 18: 669–675
Otto A, Fontaine J, Tschirhart E, Fontaine D, Berkenboom G (2006) Rosuvastatin treatment protects against nitrate-induced oxidative stress in eNOS knockout mice: implication of the NAD(P)H oxidase pathway. Br J Pharmacol 148: 544–552
Ozaki K, Yamamoto T, Ishibashi T, Matsubara T, Nishio M, Aizawa Y (2001) Regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 expression by fluvastatin in human vascular endothelial cells. Jpn J Pharmacol 85: 147–154
Parra A, Kreiter KT, Williams S, Sciacca R, Mack WJ, Naidech AM, Commichau CS, Fitzsimmons BF, Janjua N, Mayer SA (2005) Effect of prior statin use on functional outcome and delayed vasospasm after acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a matched controlled cohort study. Neurosurgery 56: 476–484
Pelat M, Dessy C, Massion P, Desager JP, Feron O, Balligand JL (2003) Rosuvastatin decreases caveolin-1 and improves nitric oxide-dependent heart rate and blood pressure variability in apolipoprotein E-/-mice in vivo. Circulation 107: 2480–2486
Pollock DM, Keith TL, Highsmith RF (1995) Endothelin receptors and calcium signaling. FASEB J 9: 1196–1204
Radomski MW, Rees DD, Dutra A, Moncada S (1992) S-nitroso-glutathione inhibits platelet activation in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 107: 745–749
Rikitake Y, Kawashima S, Takeshita S, Yamashita T, Azumi H, Yasuhara M, Nishi H, Inoue N, Yokoyama M (2001) Anti-oxidative properties of fluvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, contribute to prevention of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis 154: 87–96
Singhal AB, Topcuoglu MA, Dorer DJ, Ogilvy CS, Carter BS, Koroshetz WJ (2005) SSRI and statin use increases the risk for vasospasmafter subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 64: 1008–1013
Tseng MY, Czosnyka M, Richards H, Pickard JD, Kirkpatrick PJ (2005) Effects of acute treatment with pravastatin on cerebral vasospasm, autoregulation, and delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 36: 1627–1632
Vaughan CJ, Gotto AM Jr, Basson CT (2000) The evolving role of statins in the management of atherosclerosis. JAm Coll Cardiol 35: 1–10
Wang J, Tokoro T, Matsui K, Higa S, Kitajima I (2005) Pitavastatin at low dose activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase through PI3K-AKT pathway in endothelial cells. Life Sci 76: 2257–2268
Wassmann S, Laufs U, Baumer AT, Muller K, Ahlbory K, Linz W, Itter G, Rosen R, Bohm M, Nickenig G (2001) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors improve endothelial dysfunction in normocholesterolemic hypertension via reduced production of reactive oxygen species. Hypertension 37: 1450–1457
Wolfrum S, Dendorfer A, Schutt M, Weidtmann B, Heep A, Tempel K, Klein HH, Dominiak P, Richardt G (2004) Simvastatin acutely reduces myocardial reperfusion injury in vivo by activating the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/akt pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 44: 348–355
Yu HY, Inoguchi T, Nakayama M, Tsubouchi H, Sato N, Sonoda N, Sasaki S, Kobayashi K, Nawata H (2005) Statin attenuates high glucose-induced and angiotensin II-induced MAP kinase activity through inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase activity in cultured mesangial cells. Med Chem 1: 461–466
Yung LM, Leung FP, Yao X, Chen ZY, Huang Y (2006) Reactive oxygen species in vascular wall. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 6: 1–19
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag
About this paper
Cite this paper
Sugawara, T., Ayer, R., Zhang, J.H. (2008). Role of statins in cerebral vasospasm. In: Kırış, T., Zhang, J.H. (eds) Cerebral Vasospasm. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement, vol 104. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-75718-5_59
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-75718-5_59
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-211-75717-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-211-75718-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)