Abstract
The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is long established as an instrument for the screening of cognitive complaints. Its utility has prompted the development of a number of variants and subscores. Of the MMSE variants, many are shorter than the original MMSE (e.g. Codex, Six Item Screener) to facilitate use in time-limited situations, such as primary care, but hopefully without loss of clinical utility. In contrast, the Modified MMSE or 3MS is longer, assessing a broader range of cognitive functions. MMSE adaptations for those with hearing or visual impairment, for telephone use, and to identify cognitive problems specific to Parkinson’s disease have been designed. MMSE subscores which may help to identify vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies have also been described. These MMSE variants and subscores provide additional tools for the assessment of cognitive complaints, sometimes related to specific clinical situations. There are fewer data regarding their use than for the MMSE.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-Mental State”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189–98.
Tombaugh TN, McIntyre NJ. The Mini-Mental State Examination: a comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:922–35.
Mossello E, Boncinelli M. Mini-Mental State Examination: a 30-year story. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2006;18:271–3.
Steis MR, Schrauf RW. A review of translations and adaptations of the Mini-Mental State Examination in languages other than English and Spanish. Res Gerontol Nurs. 2009;2:214–24.
Parker C, Philp I. Screening for cognitive impairment among older people in black and minority ethnic groups. Age Ageing. 2004;33:447–52.
Anthony JC, LeResche L, Niaz U, Von Korff MR, Folstein MF. Limits of the “Mini-Mental State” as a screening test for dementia and delirium among hospital patients. Psychol Med. 1982;12:397–408.
Wind AW, Schellevis FG, Van Staveren G, Scholten RP, Jonker C, Van Eijk JT. Limitations of the Mini-Mental State Examination in diagnosing dementia in general practice. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1987;12:101–8.
Feher EP, Mahurin RK, Doody RS, Cooke N, Sims J, Pirozzolo FJ. Establishing the limits of the Mini-Mental State. Examination of ‘subtests’. Arch Neurol. 1992;49:87–92.
Benedict RH, Brandt J. Limitation of the Mini-Mental State Examination for the detection of amnesia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1992;5:233–7.
Crum RM, Anthony JC, Bassett SS, Folstein MF. Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level. JAMA. 1993;269:2386–91.
Measso G, Cavarzeran F, Zappala G, et al. The Mini-Mental State Examination – normative study of an Italian random sample. Dev Neuropsychol. 1993;9:77–85.
Magni E, Binetti G, Bianchetti A, Rozzini R. Mini-Mental State Examination: a normative study in Italian elderly population. Eur J Neurol. 1996;3:198–202.
Newman JC, Feldman R. Copyright and open access at the bedside. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2447–9.
Nieuwenhuis-Mark RE. The death knoll for the MMSE: has it outlived its purpose? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2010;23:151–7.
Carnero-Pardo C. Should the Mini-Mental State Examination be retired? Neurologia. 2014;29:473–81.
Carnero-Pardo C. Reasons for retiring the Mini-Mental State Examination. Neurologia. 2015;30:588–9.
Seshadri M, Mazi-Kotwal N. A copyright-free alternative is needed. BMJ. 2012;345, e8589.
Newman JC. Copyright and bedside cognitive testing: why we need alternatives to the Mini-Mental State Examination. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:1459–60.
Mathuranath PS, Nestor PJ, Berrios GE, Rakowicz W, Hodges JR. A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2000;55:1613–20.
Mioshi E, Dawson K, Mitchell J, Arnold R, Hodges JR. The Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination revised: a brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21:1078–85.
Hsieh S, Schubert S, Hoon C, Mioshi E, Hodges JR. Validation of the Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination III in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2013;36:242–50.
Hsieh S, McGrory S, Leslie F, et al. The mini-Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination: a new assessment tool for dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2015;39:1–11.
Rawle M, Larner A. MoCA subscores to diagnose dementia subtypes: initial study. J Neurol Neursurg Psychiatry. 2014;85:e4.
Molloy DW, Alemayehu E, Roberts R. Reliability of a standardized Mini-Mental State Examination compared with the traditional Mini-Mental State Examination. Am J Psych. 1991;148:102–5.
Molloy DW, Standish TI. A guide to the standardized Mini-Mental State Examination. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997;9(Suppl1):87–94; discussion 143–50.
Vertesi A, Lever JA, Molloy DW, et al. Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination. Use and interpretation. Can Fam Physician. 2001;47:2018–23.
Ward A, Caro JJ, Kelley H, Eggleston A, Molloy W. Describing cognitive decline of patients at the mild or moderate stages of Alzheimer’s disease using the standardized MMSE. Int Psychogeriatr. 2002;14:249–58.
Molloy DW, Standish TI, Lewis DL. Screening for mild cognitive impairment: comparing the SMMSE and the ABCS. Can J Psychiatry. 2005;50:52–8.
O’Caoimh R, Gao Y, McGlade C, et al. Comparison of the quick mild cognitive impairment (Qmci) screen and the SMMSE in screening for mild cognitive impairment. Age Ageing. 2012;41:624–9.
Lacy M, Kaemmerer T, Czipri S. Standardized mini-mental state examination scores and verbal memory performance at a memory center: implications for cognitive screening. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2015;30:145–52.
Lobo A, Saz P, Marcos G, et al. Revalidation and standardization of the cognition mini-exam (first Spanish version of the Mini-Mental Status Examination) in the general geriatric population [in Spanish]. Med Clín (Barc). 1999;112:767–74.
Amaducci L, Baldereschi M, Amato MP, et al. The world health organization cross-national research program on age-associated dementias. Aging (Milano). 1991;3:89–96 [Erratum Aging (Milano). 1991;3:VI].
Prieto G, Contador I, Tapias-Merino E, Mitchell AJ, Bermejo-Pareja F. The mini-mental-37 test for dementia screening in the Spanish population: an analysis using the rasch model. Clin Neuropsychol. 2012;26:1003–18.
Teng EL, Chui HC. The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987;48:314–8.
Bassuk SS, Murphy JM. Characteristics of the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam among elderly persons. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56:622–8.
Heckbert SR, Longsteth Jr WT, Psaty BM, et al. The association of antihypertensive agents with MRI white matter findings and with Modified Mini-Mental State Examination in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45:1423–33.
Rapp SR, Espeland MA, Hogan P, et al. Baseline experience with Modified Mini Mental State Exam: the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS). Aging Ment Health. 2003;7:217–23.
McDowell I, Kristjansson B, Hill GB, Hebert R. Community screening for dementia: the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) and Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (3MS) compared. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50:377–83.
Bland RC, Newman SC. Mild dementia or cognitive impairment: the Modified Mini-Mental State examination (3MS) as a screen for dementia. Can J Psychiatry. 2001;46:506–10.
Bravo G, Hebert R. Age- and education-specific reference values for the Mini-Mental and modified Mini-Mental State Examinations derived from a non-demented population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997;12:1008–18.
Tombaugh TN. Test-retest reliable coefficient and 5-year change scores for the MMSE and 3MS. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;20:485–503.
Jones TG, Schinka JA, Vanderploeg RD, Small BJ, Graves AB, Mortimer JA. 3MS normative data for the elderly. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;17:171–7.
Brown LM, Schinka JA, Mortimer JA, Graves AB. 3MS normative data for elderly African Americans. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003;25:234–41.
Tschanz JT, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Plassman PL, et al. An adaptation of the modified mini-mental state examination: analysis of demographic influences and normative data: the cache county study. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 2002;15:28–38.
Alexopoulos P, Nadler K, Cramer B, Herpertz SC, Kurz A. Validation of a short test (3MS-R) for detecting Alzheimer’s disease [in German]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2007;75:728–36.
Loewenstein DA, Barker WW, Harwood DG, et al. Utility of a modified Mini-Mental State Examination with extended delayed recall in screening for mild cognitive impairment and dementia among community dwelling elders. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15:434–40.
Tangalos EG, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, et al. The Mini-Mental State Examination in general medical practice: clinical utility and acceptance. Mayo Clinic Proc. 1996;71:829–37.
Ashford JW. Screening for memory disorders, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Aging Health. 2008;4:399–432.
Cefalu CA. The 28-point mini-mental status examination. Md Med J. 1994;43:431.
Magaziner J, Bassett SS, Hebel JR. Predicting performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination. Use of age- and education-specific equations. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1987;35:996–1000.
Matthews FE, Stephan BC, Khaw KT, et al. Full-scale scores of the Mini Mental State Examination can be generated from an abbreviated version. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:1005–13.
Ashford JW, Kolm P, Colliver JA, Bekian C, Hsu LN. Alzheimer patient evaluation and the mini-mental state: item characteristic curve analysis. J Gerontol. 1989;44:P139–46.
Fillenbaum GG, Wilkinson WE, Welsh KA, Mohs RC. Discrimination between stages of Alzheimer’s disease with subsets of Mini-Mental State Examination items. An analysis of consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer’s disease data. Arch Neurol. 1994;51:916–21.
Galasko D, Klauber MR, Hofstetter CR, Salmon DP, Lasker B, Thal LJ. The Mini-Mental State Examination in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:49–52.
Braekhus A, Laake K, Engedal K. The Mini-Mental State Examination: identifying the most efficient variables for detecting cognitive impairment in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:1139–45.
Belmin J, Pariel-Madjlessi S, Surun P, et al. The cognitive disorders examination (Codex) is a reliable 3-minute test for detection of dementia in the elderly (validation study in 323 subjects). Presse Med. 2007;36:1183–90.
Larner AJ. Codex (cognitive disorders examination) for the detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Codex pour la détection de la démence et du mild cognitive impairment. Presse Med. 2013;42:e425–8.
Onishi J, Suzuki Y, Umegaki H, Kawamura T, Imaizumi M, Iguchi A. Which two questions of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) should we start from? Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2007;44:43–8.
Paveza GJ, Cohen D, Blaser CJ, Hapogian M. A brief form of the Mini-Mental State Examination for use in community care settings. Behav Health Aging. 1990;1:133–9.
Koenig HG. An abbreviated Mini-Mental State Exam for medically ill older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44:215–6.
Callahan CM, Unverzagt FW, Hui SL, Perkins AJ, Hendrie HC. Six-item screener to identify cognitive impairment among potential subjects for clinical research. Med Care. 2002;40:771–81.
Mitchell AJ, Malladi S. Screening and case-finding tools for the detection of dementia. Part I: evidence-based meta-analysis of multidomain tests. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18:759–82.
Chen MR, Guo QH, Cao XY, Hong Z, Liu XH. A preliminary study of the Six-item screener in detecting cognitive impairment. Neurosci Bull. 2010;26:317–21.
Wilber ST, Carpenter CR, Hustey FM. The Six-item screener to detect cognitive impairment in older emergency department patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15:613–6.
Galvin JE, Roe CM, Powlishta KK, et al. The AD8: a brief informant interview to detect dementia. Neurology. 2005;65:559–64.
Galvin JE, Roe CM, Coats MA, Morris JC. Patient’s rating of cognitive ability: using the AD8, a brief informant interview, as a self-rating tool to detect dementia. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:725–30.
Carpenter CR, DesPain B, Keeling TN, Shah M, Rothenberger M. The Six-item screener and AD8 for the detection of cognitive impairment in geriatric emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;57:653–61.
Ramlall S, Chipps J, Bhigjee AI, Pillay BJ. The sensitivity and specificity of subjective memory complaints and the subjective memory rating scale, deterioration cognitive observee [sic], mini-mental state examination, six-item screener and clock drawing test in dementia screening. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2013;36:119–35.
Carcaillon L, Amieva H, Auriacombe S, Helmer C, Dartigues JF. A subtest of the MMSE as a valid test of episodic memory? comparison with the free and cued reminding test. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;27:429–38.
Dubois B, Touchon J, Portet F, Ousset PJ, Vellas B, Michel B. “The 5 words”: a simple and sensitive test for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease [in French]. Presse Med. 2002;31:1696–9.
Commenges D, Gagnon M, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Barberger-Gateau P, Salamon R. Improving screening for dementia in the elderly using, Mini-Mental State Examination subscores, Benton’s visual retention test, and Isaacs’ set test. Epidemiology. 1992;3:185–8.
Clionsky MI, Clionsky E. Development and validation of the Memory Orientation Screening Test (MOST™): a better screening test for dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2010;25:650–6.
Teresi JA. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): scaling the MMSE using item response theory (IRT). J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60:256–9.
Schultz-Larsen K, Lomholt RK, Kreiner S. Mini-Mental Status Examination: a short form of MMSE was as accurate as the original MMSE in predicting dementia. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60:260–7.
Haubois G, Annweiler C, Launay C, Fantino B, de Decker L, Allali G, Beauchet O. Development of a short form of Mini-Mental State Examination for the screening of dementia in older adults with a memory complaint: a case control study. BMC Geriatr. 2001;11:59.
Haubois G, de Decker L, Annweiler C, et al. Derivation and validation of a short form of the Mini-Mental State Examination for the screening of dementia in older adults with a memory complaint. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20:588–90.
Kim TH, Jhoo JH, Park JH, et al. Korean version of mini mental status examination for dementia screening and its short form. Psychiatry Investig. 2010;7:102–8.
Harrell LE, Marson D, Chatterjee A, Parrish JA. The Severe Mini-Mental State Examination: a new neuropsychologic instrument for the bedside assessment of severely impaired patients with Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2000;14:168–75.
Tate RL. A compendium of tests, scales, and questionnaires:the practitioner’s guide to measuring outcomes after acquired brain impairment. Hove: Psychology Press; 2010. p. 170.
Buiza C, Navarro A, Diaz-Orueta U, et al. Short evaluation of cognitive state in advanced stages of dementia: preliminary results of the spanish validation of the severe Mini-Mental State Examination [in Spanish]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 2011;46:131–8.
Wajman JR, Oliveira FF, Schultz RR, Marin Sde M, Bertolucci PH. Educational bias in the assessment of severe dementia: Brazilian cutoffs for severe Mini-Mental State Examination. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2014;72:273–7.
Raiha I, Isoaho R, Ojanlatva A, Viramo P, Sulkava R, Kivela SL. Poor performance in the mini-mental state examination due to causes other than dementia. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2011;19:34–8.
Uhlmann RF, Teri L, Rees TS, Mozlowski KJ, Larson EB. Impact of mild to moderate hearing loss on mental status testing. Comparability of standard and written Mini-Mental State Examinations. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989;37:223–8.
Dean PM, Feldman DM, Morere D, Morton D. Clinical evaluation of the mini-mental state exam with culturally deaf senior citizens. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2009;24:753–60.
De Silva ML, McLaughlin MT, Rodrigues EJ, Broadbent JC, Gray AR, Hammond-Tooke GD. A Mini-Mental Status Examination for the hearing impaired. Age Ageing. 2008;37:593–5.
Busse A, Sonntag A, Bischkopf J, Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC. Adaptation of dementia screening for vision-impaired older persons: administration of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55:909–15.
Jefferis J, Collerton J, Taylor JP, et al. The impact of visual impairment on Mini-Mental State Examination scores in the Newcastle 85+ study. Age Ageing. 2012;41:565–8.
Martin-Khan M, Wootton R, Gray L. A systematic review of the reliability of screening for cognitive impairment in older adults by use of standardised assessment tools administered via the telephone. J Telemed Telecare. 2010;16:422–8.
Castanho TC, Amorim L, Zihl J, Palha JA, Sousa N, Santos NC. Telephone-based screening tools for mild cognitive impairment and dementia in aging studies: a review of validated instruments. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:16.
Roccaforte WH, Burke WJ, Bayer BL, Wengel SP. Validation of a telephone version of the mini-mental state examination. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:697–702.
Newkirk LA, Kim JM, Thompson JM, Tinklenberg JR, Yesavage JA, Taylor JL. Validation of a 26-point telephone version of the Mini-Mental State Examination. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2004;17:81–7.
Kennedy RE, Williams CP, Sawyer P, Allman RM, Crowe M. Comparison of in-person and telephone administration of the Mini-Mental State Examination in the university of Alabama at Birmingham study of aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62:1928–32.
Metitieri T, Geroldi C, Pezzini A, Frisoni GB, Bianchetti A, Trabucchi M. The itel-MMSE: an Italian telephone version of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16:166–7.
Vanacore N, De Carolis A, Sepe-Monti M, et al. Validity of the Italian telephone version of the mini-mental state examination in the elderly healthy population. Acta Neurol Belg. 2006;106:132–6.
Garre-Olmo J, Lax-Pericall C, Turro-Garriga O, et al. Adaptation and convergent validity of a telephone-based Mini-Mental State Examination [in Spanish]. Med Clin (Barc). 2008;131:89–95.
Norton MC, Tschanz JA, Fan X, et al. Telephone adaptation of the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS). The cache county study. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 1999;12:270–6.
Ciemins EL, Holloway B, Con PJ, McClosky-Armstrong T, Min SJ. Telemedicine and the Mini-Mental State Examination: assessment from a distance. Telemed J E Health. 2009;15:476–8.
Jefferson AL, Cosentino SA, Ball SK, et al. Errors produced on the mini-mental state examination and neuropsychological test performance in Alzheimer’s disease, ischemic vascular dementia, and Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;14:311–20.
Mahieux F, Michelet D, Manifacier M-J, Boller F, Fermanian J, Guillard A. Mini-Mental Parkinson: first validation study of a new bedside test constructed for Parkinson’s disease. Behav Neurol. 1995;8:15–22.
Parrao-Diaz T, Chana-Cuevas P, Juri-Claverias C, Kunstmann C, Tapia-Nunez J. Evaluation of cognitive impairment in a population of patients with Parkinson’s disease by means of the mini mental Parkinson test [in Spanish]. Rev Neurol. 2005;40:339–44.
Serrano-Dueñas M, Calero B, Serrano S, Serrano M, Coronel P. Metric properties of the mini-mental Parkinson and SCOPA-COG scales for rating cognitive deterioration in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2010;25:2555–62.
Zhelev YE, Raycheva MR, Petrova MI, Traykov LD. Cognitive decline in a longitudinally followed group of patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(Suppl3):97 (abstract P1066).
Larner AJ. Is Mini-Mental Parkinson (MMP) a useful screening test in a cognitive clinic population? Eur J Neurol. 2010;17 Suppl 3:205 (abstract P1342).
Caslake CR, Summers F, McConachie D, et al. The Mini-Mental Parkinson’s (MMP) as a cognitive screening tool in people with Parkinson’s disease. Curr Aging Sci. 2013;6:273–9.
Isella V, Mapelli C, Morielli N, et al. Validity and metric of MiniMental Parkinson and MiniMental State Examination in Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Sci. 2013;34:1751–8.
Larner AJ. Mini-Mental Parkinson (MMP) as a dementia screening test: comparison with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Curr Aging Sci. 2012;5:136–9.
Larner AJ. Comparing diagnostic accuracy of cognitive screening instruments: a weighted comparison approach. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra. 2013;3:60–5.
Larner AJ. Effect size (Cohen’s d) of cognitive screening instruments examined in pragmatic diagnostic accuracy studies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra. 2014;4:236–41.
Magni E, Binetti G, Padovani A, Cappa SF, Bianchetti A, Trabucchi M. The Mini-Mental State Examination in Alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 1996;8:127–34.
Ala T, Hughes LF, Kyrouac GA, Ghobrial MW, Elble RJ. The Mini-Mental State exam may help in the differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17:503–9.
Salmon DP, Galasko D, Hansen LA, et al. Neuropsychological deficits associated with diffuse Lewy body disease. Brain Cogn. 1996;31:148–65.
Downes JJ, Priestley NM, Doran M, Ferran J, Ghadiali E, Cooper P. Intellectual, mnemonic and frontal functions in dementia with Lewy bodies: a comparison with early and advanced Parkinson’s disease. Behav Neurol. 1998;11:173–83.
Calderon J, Perry R, Erzinclioglu S, Berrios GE, Dening T, Hodges JR. Perception, attention and working memory are disproportionately impaired in dementia with Lewy body (LBD) compared to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70:157–64.
Hanyu H, Shimizu S, Hirao K, et al. Differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer’s disease using Mini-Mental State Examination and brain perfusion SPECT. J Neurol Sci. 2006;250:97–102.
Larner AJ. MMSE subscores and the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18:855–6.
Larner AJ. Use of MMSE to differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from dementia with Lewy bodies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19:1209–10.
Palmqvist S, Hansson O, Minthon L, Londos E. Practical suggestions on how to differentiate dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer’s disease with common cognitive tests. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24:1405–12.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Larner, A.J. (2017). MMSE Variants and Subscores. In: Larner, A.J. (eds) Cognitive Screening Instruments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44775-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44775-9_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-44774-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-44775-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)