Abstract
With the favorable trend regarding survival of cancer in the Western world, there is an increasing focus among patients, clinicians, researchers, and politicians regarding cancer survivors’ health and well-being. The number of survivors grows rapidly, and more than 3% of the adult populations in Western countries have survived cancer for 5 years or more. Cancer survivors are at increased risk for a variety of late effects after treatment, some life-threatening such as secondary cancer and cardiac diseases, while others mainly have negative impact on daily functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The latter factors include fatigue, anxiety disorders, sexual problems, insomnia, and reduced work ability, while depression does not seem to be more common among survivors than in the general population. Life style factors are highly relevant for cancer survivors concerning risk of relapse and somatic comorbidity. The field of cancer survivorship research has grown rapidly. How to best integrate the knowledge of the field into clinical practice with adequate follow-up of cancer survivors at risk for developing late effects, is still an unresolved question, although several models are under consideration.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
American Cancer Society (2015) Cancer Treatment and Survivorship Facts and Figures 2014–2015
American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC
Basson H (2015) Human sexual response. In: Vodusek DB, Boller F (eds) Neurology of sexual and bladder disorders. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2015, vol 130. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Bourke L, Homer KE, Thaha MA et al (2014) Interventions to improve exercise behaviour in sedentary people living with and beyond cancer: a systematic review. Br J Cancer 110:831–841. doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.750
Brydøy M, Oldenburg J, Klepp O et al (2009) Observational study of prevalence of long-term Raynaud-like phenomena and neurological side effects in testicular cancer survivors. J Natl Cancer Inst 101:1682–1695
Carlsen K, Dalton SO, Frederiksen K et al (2008) Cancer and the risk for taking early retirement pension. Scand J Publ Health 36:117–125
Carroll AJ, Baron SR, Carroll RA (2016) Couple-based treatment for sexual problems following breast cancer: A review and synthesis of the literature. Support Care Cancer 24:3651–3659. doi:10.1007/s00520-016-3218-y
Cheville AL, Nyman JA, Pruthi S, Basford JR (2012) Cost considerations regarding the prospective surveillance model for breast cancer survivors. Cancer. Apr 15. 118(8 Suppl):2325–2330. doi:10.1002/cncr.27473
Craft LL, Vaniterson EH, Helenowski IB et al (2012) Exercise effects on depressive symptoms in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 21:3–19. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0634
Cramp F, Daniel J (2008) Exercise for the management of cancer-related fatigue in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2: CD006145. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006145.pub2
Crist JV, Grunfeld EA (2013) Factors reported to influence fear of recurrence in cancer patients: a systematic review. Psycho-Oncol 22:978–986. doi:10.1002/pon.3114
Curigliano G, Cardinale D, Suter T et al (2012) Cardiovascular toxicity induced by chemotherapy, targeted agents and radiotherapy: ESMO clinical practice guidelines. Ann Oncol 23:155–1662
Curtis RE, Freedman DM, RonE et al (eds) (2006) New malignancies among cancer survivors: SEER registries: 1973-, National cancer Institute, NHI publNo. 05-5302. Bethesda
Dahl AA, Bremnes R, Dahl O, Klepp et al (2007) Is the sexual function compromised in long-term testicular cancer survivors? Eur Urol 52:1438–1447
Dahl AA, Nilsson R, Axcrona K, Fosså SD (2016a) Addressing erectile dysfunction in prostate cancer survivors after radical prostatectomy. Expert Rev Quality Life Cancer Care 1:403–420. doi:10.1080/23809000.2016.1236660
Dahl AA, Østby-Deglum M, Oldenburg J et al (2016b) Aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder in long-term testicular cancer survivors: cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. J Cancer Surviv 10:842–849
Darby SC, Ewertz M, McGale P et al (2013) Risk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 368:987–998
Davidson JR, MacLean AW, Brundage MD et al (2002) Sleep disturbances in cancer patients. Soc Sci Med 54:1309–1321
Davis MP, Goforth HW (2014) Long-term and short-term effects of insomnia in cancer and effective interventions. Cancer J 20:330–344. doi:10.1097/PPO.0000000000000071
de Boer AG, Taskila TK, Tamminga SJ, et al (2015) Interventions to enhance return-to-work for cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD007569. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007569.pub3
de Ruiter MB, Reneman L, Boogerd W et al (2011) Cerebral hyporesponsiveness and cognitive impairment 10 years after chemotherapy for breast cancer. Hum Brain Map 32:1209–1216
Demark-Wahnefried W, Rogers LQ, Alfano CM et al (2015) Practical clinical interventions for diet, physical activity and weight control in cancer survivors. CA Cancer J Clin 65(165):189
Dizon DS, Suzin D, McIlvenna S (2014) Sexual health as a survivorship issue for female cancer survivors. Oncologist 19:202–210. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0302
Donovan KA, McGinty HL, Jacobsen PB (2013) A systematic review of research using the diagnostic criteria for cancer-related fatigue. Psycho-Oncol 22:737–744
Earle CC, Ganz PA (2012) Cancer survivorship care: don’t let the perfect be the enemy of the good. J Clin Oncol 30:3764–3768
Fossa SD, Loge JH, Dahl AA (2008) Long-term survivorship after cancer: how far have we come? Ann Oncol S5:25–29
Fosså S, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Dahl A (2008) Long term physical sequelae after adult-onset cancer. J Canc Survivorship 2:3–11
Fung C, Fossa SD, Milano MT et al (2013) Solid tumors after chemotherapy or surgery for testicular nonseminoma: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol 2013(31):3807–3814. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.50.3409
Goode AD, Lawler SP, Brakenridge CL et al (2015) Telephone, print, and Web-based interventions for physical activity, diet, and weight control among cancer survivors: a systematic review. J Cancer Surviv 9:660–682. doi:10.1007/s11764-015-0442-2
Greer JA, Solis JM, Temel JS et al (2011) Anxiety disorders in long-term survivors of adult cancers. Psychosom 52:417–423
Grunfeld E, Julian JA, Pond G et al (2011) Evaluating survivorship care plans: results of a randomized, clinical trial of patients with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 29:4755–4762
Hamre H, Zeller B, Kanellopoulos A et al (2013) High prevalence of chronic fatigue in adult long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma during childhood and adolescence. J Adolescent Young Adult Oncol 2:2–9
Hauglann B, Benth JS, Fosså SD et al (2012) A cohort study of permanently reduced work ability in breast cancer patients. J Cancer Surviv 6:345–356
Hauglann B, Benth JS, Fosså SD et al (2014) A controlled cohort study of long-term income in colorectal cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 22:2821–2830. doi:10.1007/s00520-014-2258-4
Haugnes HS, Wethal T, Aass N et al (2010) Cardiovascular risk factors and morbidity in long-term survivors of testicular cancer: a 20-year follow-up study. J Clin Oncol 28:4649–4657
Hauptmann M, Johannesen TB, Gilbert ES, Fosså SD et al (2016) Increased pancreatic cancer risk following radiotherapy for testicular cancer. Br J Cancer 115:901–908
Hershman DL, Lacchetti C, Dworkin RH, Lavoie Smith EM et al (2014) Prevention and management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in survivors of adult cancers: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol 32(18):1941–1967. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.54.0914
Hess SL, Johannsdottir IM, Hamre H et al (2011) Adult survivors of childhood malignant lymphoma are not aware of their risk of late effects. Acta Oncol 50:653–659
Irwin MR (2013) Depression and insomnia in cancer: prevalence, risk factors, and effects on cancer outcomes. Curr Psychiatry Rep 15:404. doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0404-1
Islam T, Dahlui M, Abd Majid H et al (2014) Factors associated with return to work of breast cancer survivors: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 14(suppl 3):S8
Jean Pierre P, Winters PC, Ahles TA et al (2011) Prevalence of self-reported memory problems in adult cancer survivors: a national cross-sectional study. J Oncol Pract 8:30–34
Johnson JA, Rash JA, Campbell TS et al (2016) A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in cancer survivors. SleepMed Rev 27:20–28. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.07.001
Jones KG, Mitchell KR, Ploubidis GB et al (2015) The Natsal-SF measure of sexual function: comparison of three scoring methods. J Sex Res 52:640–646. doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.985813
Kadan-Lottick NS, Robison LL, Gurney JG et al (2002) Childhood cancer survivors’ knowledge about their past diagnosis and treatment: childhood cancer survivor study. JAMA 287:1832–1839
Katz A, Dizon DS (2016) Sexuality after cancer: a model for male survivors. J Sex Med 13:70–78. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2015.11.006
Kenney LB, Cohen LE, Shnorhavorian M et al (2012) Male reproductive health after childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 30:3408–3416
Kiasuwa Mbengi R, Otter R, Mortelmans K et al (2016) Barriers and opportunities for return-to-work of cancer survivors: time for action—rapid review and expert consultation. Syst Rev 5:35. doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0210-z
Kier MG, Hansen MK, Lauritsen J, Mortensen MS, Bandak M et al (2016) Second malignant neoplasms and cause of death in patients with germ cell cancer: a Danish Nationwide Cohort Study. JAMA Oncol 2(12):1624–1627
Kiserud CE, Schover LR, Dahl AA et al (2009) Do male lymphoma survivors have impaired sexual function? J Clin Oncol 27:6019–6026
Koch L, Jansen L, Brenner H et al (2013) Fear of recurrence and disease progression in long-term (≥5 years) cancer survivors—a systematic review of quantitative studies. Psycho-Oncology 22:1–11. doi:10.1002/pon.3022
Kollmannsberger C, Beyer J, Droz JP et al (1998) Secondary leukemia following high cumulative doses of etoposide in patients treated for advanced germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 16:3386–3391
Koppelmanns V, de Ruiter MB, van der Lijn F et al (2012) Global and focal brain volume in long-term breast cancer survivors exposed to adjuvant chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 132:1099–1106
Krychman M, Millheiser LS (2013) Sexual health issues in women with cancer. J Sex Med 10(Suppl 1):5–15. doi:10.1111/jsm.12034
LaVoy EC, Fagundes CP, Dantzer R (2016) Exercise, inflammation, and fatigue in cancer survivors. Exerc Immunol Rev 22:82–93
Lee SJ, Schover LR, Partridge AH, Patrizio P et al (2006) American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations on fertility preservation in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 24(18):2917–2931. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2006 24(36):5790
Lenihan D, Oliva S, Chow EJ et al (2013) Cardiac toxicity in cancer survivors. Cancer 119:2131–2142
Li H, Gao T, Wang R (2016) The role of the sexual partner in managing erectile dysfunction. Nature Rev Urol 13:168–177. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2015.315
Liavaag AH, Tonstad S, Pripp AH et al (2009) Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome and elevated Framingham risk score in epithelial ovarian cancer survivors: a controlled observational study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 19:634–640
Ligibel J (2012) Lifestyle factors in cancer survivorship. J Clin Oncol 30:3697–3704
Loge JH, Ekeberg Ø, Kaasa S (1998) Fatigue in the general Norwegian population—normative data and associations. J Psychosom Res 45:53–65
Lustberg MB, Reinbolt RE, Shapiro CL (2012) Bone health in adult cancer survivorship. J Clin Oncol 30:3665–3674
Mehnert A (2011) Employment and work-related issues in cancer survivors. Critical Rev Oncol/Hematol 77:109–130
Mehnert A, de Boer A, Feuerstein M (2013) Employment challenges for cancer survivors. Cancer 119(Suppl 11):2151–2159. doi:10.1002/cncr.28067
Metzger ML, Meacham LR, Patterson B et al (2013) Female reproductive health after childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers: guidelines for the assessment and management of female reproductive complications. J Clin Oncol 31:1239–1247
Minton O, Richardson A, Sharpe M et al (2010) Drug therapy for the management of cancer-related fatigue. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.7;7:CD006704
Mitchell KR, Ploubidis GB, Datta J et al (2012) The Natsal-SF: a validated measure of sexual function for use in community surveys. Eur J Epidemiol 27:409–418. doi:10.1007/s10654-012-9697-3
Mitchell AJ, Ferguson DW, Paul J et al (2013a) Depression and anxiety in long-term cancer survivors compared with spouses and healthy controls. Lancet Oncol. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70244-4
Mitchell KR, Mercer CH, Ploubidis GB et al (2013b) Sexual function in Britain: findings from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal 3). Lancet 382:1817–1829
Mols F, Thong MSY, van de Poll-Franse L et al (2012) Type D (distressed) personality is associated with poor quality of life and mental health among 3080 cancer survivors. J Affect Dis 136:26–34
Morton LM, Gilbert ES, Stovall M et al (2014) Risk of esophageal cancer following radiotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma. Hematologica 99:193–196
Nayan S, Gupta MK, Strychowsky JE et al (2013) Smoking cessation interventions and cessation rates in the oncology population: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryng Head Neck Surgery 149:200–211
Nesvold IL, Reinertsen KV, Fosså SD et al (2011) The relation between arm/shoulder problems and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. J Canc Surviv 5:62–72
Oeffinger KC, McCab MS (2006) Models for delivering survivorship care. J Clin Oncol 24:5117–5124
Oldenburg J, Kraggerud SM, Cvancarova M et al (2007) Cisplatin-induced long-term hearing impairment is associated with specific glutathione s-transferase genotypes in testicular cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 25:708–714
Pachman DR, Barton DL, Swetz KM et al (2012) Troublesome symptoms in cancer survivors: fatigue, insomnia, neuropathy, and pain. J Clin Oncol 30:3687–3696
Park SM, Yun YH, Kim YA, Jo M, Won YJ, Back JH, Lee ES (2016) Prediagnosis body mass index and risk of secondary primary cancer in male cancer survivors: a large cohort study. J Clin Oncol 34(34):4116–4124
Pearce NJ, Sanson-Fisher R, Campbell HS (2008) Measuring quality of life in cancer survivors: a methodological review of existing scales. Psychooncology 17:629–640
Piet J, Würtzen H, Zachariae R (2012) The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on symptoms of anxiety and depression in adult cancerpatients and survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 80:1007–1020. doi:10.1037/a0028329
Radbruch L, Strasser F, Elsner F et al (2008) Fatigue in palliative care patients-an EAPC approach. Palliat Med 22:13–32
Rowland JH, Kent EE, Forsythe LP et al (2013) Cancer survivorship research in Europe and the United States: Where have we been, where are we going, and what can we learn from each other? Cancer 119(S11):2094–2108
Shah M, Denlinger CS, Oncology (Williston Park) (2015) Optimal post-treatment surveillance in cancer survivors: is more really better? 29(4):230–240
Simard S, Thewes B, Humphris G et al (2013) Fear of cancer recurrence in adult cancer survivors. J Cancer Surviv 7:300–22. doi:10.1007/s11764-013.0272-z
Simonelli LE, Siegel SD, Duffy NM (2016) Fear of cancer recurrence: a theoretical review and its relevance for clinical presentation and management. Psycho-Oncol. doi:10.1002/pon.4168. [Epub ahead of print]
Sivertsen B, Lallukka T, Salo P et al (2014) Insomina as a risk factor for ill health: results from the large population-based HUNT study in Norway. J Sleep Res 23:124–132
Soejima T, Kamibeppu K (2016) Are cancer survivors well-performing workers? A systematic review. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 12:e383–e397. doi:10.1111/ajco.12515
Sprauten M, Haugnes HS, Brydøy M, et al (2015) Chronic fatigue in 812 testicular cancer survivors during long-term follow-up: increasing prevalence and risk factors. Ann Oncol 26:2133–2140. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv328
Stensheim H, Cvancarova M, Møller B et al (2011) Pregnancy after adolescent and adult cancer: a population-based matched cohort study. Int J Cancer 129:1225–1236
Stone PC, Minton O (2008) Cancer-related fatigue. Eur J Canc 44:1097–1104
Swartzman S, Booth JN, Munro A et al (2016) Posttraumatic stress disorder after cancer diagnosis in adults: a meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. doi:10.1002/da.22542. [Epub ahead of print
Swerdlow AJ, Barber JA, Hudson GV et al (2000) Risk of second malignancy after Hodgkin’s disease in a collaborative British cohort: the relation to age at treatment. J Clin Oncol 18:498–509
Swerdlow AJ, Schoemaker MJ, Allerton R et al (2001) Lung cancer after Hodgkin’s disease: a nested case-control study of the relation to treatment. J Clin Oncol 19:1610–1618 The Cancer Registry of Norway (2015) Cancer in Norway 2015
Thedki SM, Trinidad A, Roth A (2015) Psychopharmacology in cancer. Curr Psychiatry Rep 17:529
Thewes B, Butow P, Zachariae R et al (2012) Fear of cancer recurrence: a systematic literature review of self-report measures. Psycho-Oncol 21:571–587
Travis LB, Holowaty EJ, Bergfeldt K et al (1999) Risk of leukemia after platinum-based chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 340:351–357
Treanor CJ, McMenamin UC, O’Neill RF et al (2016) Non-pharmacological interventions for cognitive impairment due to systemic cancer treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD011325. doi:10.1002/14651858
van den Berg TIJ, Elders LAM, de Zwart BCH et al (2009) The effects of work-related factors on the Work Ability Index: a systematic review. Occup Environ Med 66:211–220
Windebank AJ, Grisold W (2008) Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 13:27–46
World Health Organization (1993) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Diagnostic Criteria for Research. Geneva: World Health Organization
Zamorano JL, Lancellotti P, Muñoz DR, Aboyans V et al (2016) 2016 ESC Position Paper on cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity developed under the auspices of the ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines]
Zebrack BJ, Ganz PA, Bernaards CA et al (2006) Assessing the impact of cancer: development of a new instrument for long-term survivors. Psychooncology 15:407–421
Zeng Y, Cheng AS, Chan CC (2016) Meta-analysis of the effects of neuropsychological interventions on cognitive function in non-central nervous system cancer survivors. Integr Cancer Ther 15:424–434
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kiserud, C.E., Dahl, A.A., Fosså, S.D. (2018). Cancer Survivorship in Adults. In: Goerling, U., Mehnert, A. (eds) Psycho-Oncology. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 210. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64310-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64310-6_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-64309-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-64310-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)