Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cardiac Gating

  • Chapter
Integrated Cardiothoracic Imaging with MDCT

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

Abstract

Cardio-thoracic imaging with CT requires short exposure time for the acquisition of the axial slices and the corresponding dedicated scan and image reconstruction techniques to virtually freeze the cardiac motion and to avoid motion artifacts in the images. Scan and image reconstruction needs to be synchronized with the heart motion, e.g., by using information from the patient’s electro-cardiogram (ECG) that is recorded in parallel to the CT scan data acquisition.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Achenbach S, Moshage W, Ropers D, Nössen J, Daniel WG (1998) Value of electron-beam computed tomography for the non-invasive detection of high-grade coronary artery stenoses and occlusions. N Engl J Med 339:1964–1971

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach S, Giesler T, Ropers D, Ulzheimer S, Derlien H, Schulte C, Wenkel E, Moshage W, Bautz W, Daniel WG, Kalender WA, Baum U (2001) Contrast-enhanced, retrospectively electrocardiographically-gated, multislice spiral computed tomography. Circulation 103:2535–2538

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • d’Agostino AG, Remy-Jardin M, Khalil C, Delannoy-Deken V, Flohr T, Duhamel A, Remy J (2006) Low-dose ECG-gated 64-slices helical CT angiography of the chest: evaluation of image quality in 105 patients. Eur Radiol 16:2137–2146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bahner ML, Böse J, Lutz A, Wallschläger H, Regn J, van Kaick G (1999) Retrospectively ECG-gated spiral CT of the heart and lung. Eur Radiol 9:106–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker CR, Jakobs TF, Aydemir S, Becker A, Knez A, Schöpf UJ, Brüning R, Haberl R, Reiser MF (2000a) Helical and single-slice conventional CT versus electron beam CT for the quantifi cation of coronary artery calcifi cation. AJR 174:543–547

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker CR, Knez A, Ohnesorge B, Schoepf UJ, Reiser MF (2000b) Imaging of noncalcified coronary plaques using helical CT with retrospective ECG-gating. Am J Roentgenol 175:423–444

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruder H, Stierstorfer K, Ohnesorge B, Schaller S, Flohr T (2001) Segmented cardiac volume reconstruction — A novel reconstruction scheme for multi-slice cardiac CT. The Sixth International Meeting on Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Pacific Grove, 161–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd DP, Lipton MJ (1982) Cardiac computed tomography. Proc IEEE 71:298–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cademartiri F, Mollet NR, Runza G, Baks T, Midiro M, Mc-Fadden EP, Flohr TG, Ohnesorge B, de Feyter PJ, Krestin GP (2006) Improving diagnostic accuracy of MDCT coronary angiography in patients with mild heart rhythm irregularities using ECG editing. AJR 186:634–638

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischbach R (2004) Clinical evaluation of Kymogram-gated cardiac image reconstruction with 16-slice CT (abstract). Radiology 231(P)

    Google Scholar 

  • Flohr T, Ohnesorge B (2001) Heart rate adaptive optimization of spatial and temporal resolution for ECG-gated multi-slice spiral CT of the heart. JCAT 25:907–923

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flohr T, Prokop M, Schöpf, Kopp A, Becker C, Schaller S, White R, Ohnesorge B (2002) A new ECG-gated multislice spiral CT scan and reconstruction technique with extended volume coverage for cardio-thoracic applications. Eur Radiol 12:1527–1532

    Google Scholar 

  • Flohr T, Ohnesorge B, Bruder H, Stierstorfer K, Simon J, Suess C, Schaller S (2003) Image reconstruction and performance evaluation for ECG-gated spiral scanning with a 16-slice CT system. Med Phys 30:2650–2662

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flohr TG, McCollough CH, Bruder H, Petersilka M, Gruber K, Süß C, Grasruck M, Stierstorfer K, Krauss B, Raupach R, Primak AN, Küttner A, Achenbach S, Becker C, Kopp A, Ohnesorge BM (2006) First performance evaluation of a dual-source CT (DSCT) system. Eur Radiol 16:256–268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grass M, Manzke R, Nielsen T, Koken P, Proksa R, Natanzon M, Shechter G (2003) Helical cardiac cone beam reconstruction using retrospective ECG gating. Phys Med Biol 48:3069–3084

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greuter MJW, Flohr T, van Ooijen PMA, Oudkerk M (2007) A model for temporal resolution of multidetector computed tomography of coronary arteries in relation to rotation time, heart rate and reconstruction algorithm. Eur Radiol 17:784–812

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hong C, Becker CR, Huber A, Schöpf UJ, Ohnesorge B, Knez A, Brüning R, Reiser MF (2001) ECG-gated reconstructed multi-detector row CT coronary angiography: Effect of varying trigger delay on image quality. Radiology 220:712–717

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh J, Londt J, Vass M, Li J, Tang X, Okerlund D (2006) Step-and-shoot data acquisition and reconstruction for cardiac X-ray computed tomography. Med Phys 33:4236–4248

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakobs TF, Becker CR, Ohnesorge B, Flohr T, Suess C, Schoepf UJ, Reiser MF (2002) Multislice helical CT of the heart with retrospective ECG gating: reduction of radiation exposure by ECG-controlled tube current modulation. Eur Radiol 12:1081–1086

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson TR, Nikolaou K, Becker A, Leber AW, Rist C, Wintersperger BJ, Reiser MF, Becker CR (2007c) Dual-source CT for chest pain assessment. Eur Radiol Nov 22 [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kachelrieß M, Kalender WA (1998) Electrocardiogram-correlated image reconstruction from subsecond spiral computed tomography scans of the heart. Med Phys 25:2417–2431

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kachelrieß M, Ulzheimer S, Kalender WA (2000) Electrocardiogram-correlated image reconstruction from subsecond multi-row spiral CT scans of the heart. Med Phys 27:1881–1902

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kachelrieß M, Sennst DA, Maxlmoser W, Kalender WA (2002) Kymogram detection and Kymogram-correlated image reconstruction from subsecond spiral computed tomography scans of the heart. Med Phys 29:1489–1503

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knez A, Becker CR, Leber A, Ohnesorge B, Becker A, White C, Haberl R, Reiser MF, Steinbeck G (2001) Usefulness of multislice spiral computed tomography angiography for determination of coronary artery stenoses. Am J Cardiol 88:1191–1194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kopp AF, Schröder S, Küttner A, Heuschmid M, Georg C, Ohnesorge B, Kuzo R, Claussen CD (2001) Coronary arteries: Retrospectively ECG-gated multi-detector row CT angiography with selective optimization of the reconstruction window. Radiology 22:683–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leschka S, Wildermuth S, Boehm T, Desbiolles L, Husmann L, Plass A, Koepfli P, Schepis T, Marincek B, Kaufmann PA, Alkadhi H (2006) Noninvasive coronary angiography with 64-section CT: effect of average heart rate and heart rate variability on image quality. Radiology 241:378–385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matt D, Scheffel H, Leschka S, Flohr TG, Marincek B, Kaufmann PA, Alkadhi H (2007) Dual-source CT coronary angiography: image quality, mean heart rate, and heart rate variability. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189:567–573

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niemann K, Oudkerk M, Rensing BJ, van Ooijen P, Munne A, van Geuns RJ, de Feyter P (2001) Coronary angiography with multi-slice computed tomography. Lancet 357:599–603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohnesorge B, Flohr T, Schaller S, Klingenbeck-Regn K, Becker CR, Schöpf UJ, Brüning R, Reiser MF (1999) Technische Grundlagen und Anwendungen der Mehrschicht CT. Radiologe 39:923–931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohnesorge B, Flohr T, Becker CR, Kopp AF, Knez A, Baum U, Klingenbeck-Regn K, Reiser MF (2000) Cardiac imaging by means of electrocardiographically gated multisection spiral CT: Initial experience. Radiology 217:564–571

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker D (1982) Optimal short scan convolution reconstruction for fan-beam CT. Med Phys 9:254–257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato Y, Kanmatsuse K, Inoue F, Horie T, Kato M, Kusama J, Yoshimura A, Imazeki T, Furuhashi S, Takahashi M (2003) Noninvasive coronary artery imaging by multislice spiral computed tomography — A novel approach for a retrospectively ECG-gated reconstruction technique. Circ J 67:107–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stierstorfer K, Rauscher A, Boese J, Bruder H, Schaller S, Flohr T (2004) Weighted FBP — a simple approximate 3D FBP algorithm for multislice spiral CT with good dose usage for arbitrary pitch. Phys Med Biol 49:2209–2218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taguchi K, Anno H (2000) High temporal resolution for multi-slice helical computed tomography. Med Phys 27:861–872

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wintersperger BJ, Nikolaou K, von Ziegler F, Johnson T, Rist C, Leber A, Flohr T, Knez A, Reiser MF, Becker CR (2006) Image quality, motion artifacts, and reconstruction timing of 64-slice coronary computed tomography angiography with 0.33-second rotation speed. Invest Radiol 41:436–442

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Siemens Healthcare, Computed Tomography, Siemensstrasse 1, 91301, Forchheim, Germany

    Thomas Flohr PhD

  2. Siemens Limited China, Healthcare, Siemens International Medical Park, 278 Zhou Zhu Road, Nanhui District, Shanghai, 201318, P.R. China

    Bernd Ohnesorge PhD

Authors
  1. Thomas Flohr PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bernd Ohnesorge PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology C.H.R.U. de Lille, Höpital Calmette, Boulevard du Prof. J. Leclercq, 59037, Lille Cédex, France

    Martine Rémy-Jardin MD, PhD (Professor) & Jacques Rémy MD (Professor) (Professor) &  (Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Flohr, T., Ohnesorge, B. (2009). Cardiac Gating. In: Rémy-Jardin, M., Rémy, J. (eds) Integrated Cardiothoracic Imaging with MDCT. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72387-5_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72387-5_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-72386-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-72387-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation