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Zusammenfassung

Für einen großen Teil der Psychopharmaka liegen keine oder nur wenige empirische Studien für das Kindes- und Jugendalter vor. Neben den hierdurch unzureichenden Erfahrungen mit Nebenwirkungen und Risiken hat der Mangel an (Zulassungs-) Studien zur Folge, dass nur wenige neue Medikamente, die sich durch bedeutend geringere und weniger gefährliche Nebenwirkungen im Vergleich zu älteren Substanzen auszeichnen, für das Kindes- und Jugendalter zugelassen sind. Im Rahmen der Angsterkrankungen trifft dies z. B. auf die Serotoninwiederaufnahmehemmer (SSRI) zu, die allenfalls über einen begrenzten Zulassungsbereich für Zwangserkrankungen bei Kindem und Jugendlichen verfügen (◘ Tabelle 14. 1). In einem Artikel der Zeitschrift „Spiegel“ von 1999 wurden Kinder und Jugendliche daher zu Recht als “therapeutische Waisen„ und als “Stiefkinder des Fortschritts„ bezeichnet.

Die psychopharmakologische Behandlung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Angststörungen und Zwangserkrankungen ist im Allgemeinen als ergänzende oder unterstützende Therapieform neben anderen Verfahren, insbesondere psychotherapeutischen, anzusehen (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1997; Blanz et al., 2000). Eine ausschließlich pharmakologische Behandlung kann in Notfällen oder während der Wartezeit auf psychotherapeutische Interventionen indiziert sein; bei manchen Patienten sind Angsterkrankungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters allerdings so schwerwiegend, dass eine verhaltenstherapeutische Behandlung ohne zusätzlkhe medikamentöse Therapie nicht begonnen werden kann. Neuere medikamentöse Behandlungs-strategien (z. B. mit spezifischen Serotoninwiederaufnahme-hemmern) eröffnen die Möglichkeit einer sehr effektiven und relativ nebenwirkungsarmen Therapie ohne bekanntes Abhängig-keitspotenzial. Letzteres ist für Kinder und Jugendliche mit Angst-störungen von besonders großer Bedeutung, da Angstsymptome oft über lange Zeit persistieren und mit einem hohen Risiko für eine depressive Erkrankung oder Angststörung im Erwachsenenalter verbunden sind (Black, 1995; Pine, 1999).

Im Foigenden soll kurz auf grundsätzllche Probleme bei der Verordnung von Psychopharmaka im Kindes- und Jugendalter eingegangen werden. Nach einer summarischen Darstellung der einzelnen Substanzen und ihrer Wirkungsweise soll das pharma-kologische Behandlungsspektrum für die jeweiligen spezi-fischen Angsterkrankungen und die Zwangsstörung dargestellt werden.

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Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2004). Psychopharmakologische Behandlung. In: Angststörungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18499-4_14

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