Skip to main content

Who gets skin cancer: individual risk factors

  • Chapter
Prevention of Skin Cancer

Part of the book series: Cancer Prevention — Cancer Causes ((CPCC,volume 3))

Abstract

This chapter will describe some pathological and clinical aspects of skin cancer which will be useful in regard to the more detailed material presented later in the book. It will describe the different types of skin cancer and what is known of their cellular origins and precursor lesions. Factors that affect the risk of skin cancer in individuals are described, including skin color and skin type, family history, and a range of other investigated factors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Staples M, Marks R, Giles G (1998) Trends in the incidence of non-melanocytic skin cancer (NMSC) treated in Australia 1985–1995: are primary prevention programs starting to have an effect? Int J Cancer 78: 144–148.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Koh HK, Lew RA, Geller AC et al. (2002) Skin cancer: prevention and control. In: Greenwald P, Kramer BS, Weed DL, eds. Cancer Prevention and Control. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., pp. 611–640.

    Google Scholar 

  3. American Academy of Dermatology Committee on Guidelines of Care, Drake LA, Ceilley RI et al. (1992) Guidelines of care for basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 26: 117–120.

    Google Scholar 

  4. American Academy of Dermatology Committee on Guidelines of Care (1993) Guidelines of care for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 28: 628–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Marks R, Gebauer K, Shumack S et al. (2001) Imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: results of a multicenter 6-week dose-response trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 44: 807–813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Stockfleth E, Meyer T, Benninghoff B et al. (2001) Successful treatment of actinic keratosis with imiquimod cream 5%: a report of six cases. Br J Dermatol 144: 1050–1053.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Soong S, Weiss HL (1998) Predicting outcome in patients with localized melanoma. In: Balch CM, Houghton AN, Sober AJ, Soong S, eds. Cutaneous Melanoma. St. Louis, Missouri: Quality Medical Publishing Inc., pp. 51–79.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Balch CM, Buzaid AC, Atkins MB et al. (2000) A new American joint committee on cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 88: 1484–1491.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ahmed I, Berth-Jones J (2000) Imiquimod: a novel treatment for lentigo maligna. Br J Dermatol 143: 843–845.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Wassberg C, Thorn M, Yuen J et al. (1996) Second primary cancers in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma: a population-based study in Sweden. Br J Cancer 73: 255–259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Giles G, Staples M, McCredie M et al. (1995) Multiple primary melanomas: an analysis of cancer registry data from Victoria and New South Wales. Melanoma Res 5: 433–438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Brash DE, Bale AE (2001) Cancer of the skin. In: De Vita VT, Jr., Hellman S, and Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: principles and practice of oncology. Philadelpia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp. 1971–1975.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Brash DE, Ponten J (1998) Skin precancer. Cancer Surv 32: 69–113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Marks R, Foley P, Goodman G et al. (1986) Spontaneous remission of solar keratoses: the case for conservative management. Br J Dermatol 115: 649–655.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dodson JM, DeSpain J, Hewett JE et al. (199 1) Malignant potential of actinic keratoses and the controversy over treatment. A patient-oriented perspective. Arch Dermatol 127: 1029–1031.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Skender-Kalnenas TM, English DR, Heenan PJ (1995) Benign melanocytic lesions: risk markers or precursors of cutaneous melanoma? J Am Acad Dermatol 33: 780–785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Armstrong BK, English DR (1988) The epidemiology of acquired melanocytic naevi and their relationship to malignant melanoma. In: Elwood JM ed. Melanoma and Naevi, Pigment Cell, Vol. 9. Basle: Karger, pp. 27–47.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Barnhill RL, Mihm CM Jr (2002) Histopathology and precursor lesions. In: Balch CM, Houghton AN, Sober AJ, Soong S, eds. Cutaneous Melanoma. St. Louis, Missouri: Quality Medical Publishing Inc., pp. 103–133

    Google Scholar 

  19. Grob JJ, Andrac L, Romano MH et al. (1988) Dysplastic naevus in non-familial melanoma. A clinicopathological study of 101 cases. Br J Dermatol 118: 745–752.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Carli P, Biggeri A, Nardini P et al. (1998) Sun exposure and large numbers of common and atypical melanocytic naevi: an analytical study in a southern European population. Br J Dermatol 138: 422–425.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Garbe C, Buttner P, Weiss J et al. (1994) Risk factors for developing cutaneous melanoma and criteria for identifying persons at risk: multicentre case-control study of the Central Malignant Melanoma Registry of the German Dermatological Society. J Invest Dermatol 102: 695–699.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Schneider JS, Moore DH, Sagebiel RW (1994) Risk factors for melanoma incidence in prospective follow-up. The importance of atypical (dysplastic) nevi. Arch Dermatol 130: 1002–1007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Green A, Swerdlow AJ (1989) Epidemiology of melanocytic nevi. Epidemiol Rev 11: 204–221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Harrison SL, MacKie RM, MacLennan R (2000) Development of melanocytic nevi in the first three years of life. J Natl Cancer Inst 92: 1436–1438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kelly JW, Rivers JK, MacLennan R et al. (1994) Sunlight: A major factor associated with the development of melanocytic nevi in Australian schoolchildren. J Am Acad Dermatol. 30: 40–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Autier P, Boniol M, Severi G et al. (2001) The body site distribution of melanocytic naevi in 6–7 year old European children. Melanoma Res 11: 123–131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Harrison SL, Buettner PG, MacLennan R (1999) Body-site distribution of melanocytic nevi in young Australian children. Arch Dermatol 135: 47–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Whiteman DC, Valery P, McWhirter W et al. (1997) Risk factors for childhood melanoma in Queensland, Australia. Int. J Cancer 70: 26–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Green A (1992) A theory of site distribution of melanomas: Queensland, Australia. Cancer Causes Control 3: 513–516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Lock-Andersen J, Drzewiecki KT, Wulf HC (1999) Naevi as a risk factor for basal cell carcinoma in Caucasians: a Danish case-control study. Acta Derm Venereol 79: 314–319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Bliss JM, Ford D, Swerdlow AJ et al. (1995) Risk of cutaneous melanoma associated with pigmentation characteristics and freckling: systematic overview of 10 case-control studies. Int J Cancer 62: 367–376.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Naldi L, Lorenzo IG, Parazzini F et al. (2000) Pigmentary traits, modalities of sun reaction, history of sunburns, and melanocytic nevi as risk factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma in the Italian population: results of a collaborative case-control study. Cancer 88: 2703–2710.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Tabenkin H, Tamir A, Sperber AD et al. (1999) A case-control study of malignant melanoma in Israeli kibbutzim. Isr Med Assoc J 1: 154–157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Stern RS, Momtaz K (1984) Skin typing for assessment of skin cancer risk and acute response to UV-B and oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy. Arch Dermatol 120: 869–873.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Weinstock MA (1992) Assessment of sun sensitivity by questionnaire: validity of items and formulation of a prediction rule. J Clin Epidemiol 45: 547–552.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Green A, Battistutta D (1990) Incidence and determinants of skin cancer in a high-risk Australian population. Int J Cancer 46: 356–361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. van Dam RM, Huang Z, Rimm EB et al. (1999) Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma of the skin in men: results from the health professionals follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol 150: 459–468.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Greene MH (1999) The genetics of hereditary melanoma and nevi. 1998 update. Cancer 86: 2464–2477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hayward N (2000) New developments in melanoma genetics. Curr Oncol Rep 2: 300–306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ford D, Bliss JM, Swerdlow AJ et al. (1995) Risk of cutaneous melanoma associated with a family history of the disease. Int. J Cancer 62: 377–381.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Greene MH, Clark WH Jr., Tucker MA et al. (1985) High risk of malignant melanoma in melanoma-prone families with dysplastic nevi. Ann Intern Med 102: 458–465.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Aitken JF, Youl P, Green A et al. (1996) Accuracy of case-reported family history of melanoma in Queensland, Australia. Melanoma Res 6: 313–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Aitken JF, Green AC, MacLennan R et al. (1996) The Queensland Familial Melanoma Project: study design and characteristics of participants. Melanoma Res 6: 155–165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Weinstock MA, Brodsky GL (1998) Bias in the assessment of family history of melanoma and its association with dysplastic nevi in a case-control study. J Clin Epidemiol 51: 1299–1303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kraemer KH, Lee MM, Andrews AD et al. (1994) The role of sunlight and DNA repair in melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. The xeroderma pigmentosum paradigm. Arch Dermatol 130: 1018–1021.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Lambe M, Thörn M, Sparén P et al. (1996) Malignant melanoma: reduced risk associated with early childbearing and multiparity. Melanoma Res 6: 147–153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Gallagher RP, Elwood JM, Hill GB et al. (1985) Reproductive factors, oral contraceptives and risk of malignant melanoma: Western Canada melanoma study. Br J Cancer 52: 891–907.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Armstrong BK, English DR (1996) Cutaneous malignant melanoma. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni, JF Jr, eds. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 1282–1312.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, Strom BL et al. (1992) Oral contraceptive use and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cancer Causes Control 3: 547–554.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Feskanich D, Hunter DJ, Willett WC et al. (1999) Oral contraceptive use and risk of melanoma in premenopausal women. Br J Cancer 81: 918–923.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Veierod MB, Thelle DS, Laake P (1997) Diet and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a prospective study of 50,757 Norwegian men and women. Int. J Cancer 71: 600–604.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kirkpatrick CS, White E, Lee JAH (1994) Case-control study of malignant melanoma in Washington State. 2. Diet, alcohol, and obesity. Am J Epidemiol 139: 869–880.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Ros-Bullón MR, Sânchez-Pedreiïo P, Martínez-Liarte JH (1998) Serum zinc levels are increased in melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 8: 273–277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Weinstock MA, Stampfer MJ, Lew RA et al. (1992) Case-control study of melanoma and dietary vitamin D: implications for advocacy of sun protection and sunscreen use. J Invest Dermatol 98: 809–811.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Thune I, Olsen A, Albrektsen G et al. (1993) Cutaneous malignant melanoma: association with height, weight and body-surface area. A prospective study in Norway. Int J Cancer 55: 555–561.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Smith MA, Fine JA, Barnhill RL et al. (1998) Hormonal and reproductive influences and risk of melanoma in women. Int J Epidemiol 27: 751–757.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Hakim IA, Harris RB, Ritenbaugh C (2000) Citrus peel use is associated with reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Nutr Cancer 37: 161–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Stukel TA et al. (1990) A clinical trial of beta carotene to prevent basal-cell and squamous-cell cancers of the skin. The Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 323: 789–795.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Tangrea JA, Edwards BK, Taylor PR et al. (1992) Long-term therapy with low-dose isotretinoin for prevention of basal cell carcinoma: a multicenter clinical trial. Isotretinoin-Basal Cell Carcinoma Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 84: 328–332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Clark LC, Combs GF, Jr., Turnbull BW et al. (1996) Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA 276: 1957–1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. De Hertog SA, Wensveen CA, Bastiaens MT et al. (200 1) Relation between smoking and skin cancer. J Clin Oncol 19: 231–238.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Grodstein F, Speizer FE, Hunter DJ (1995) A prospective study of incident squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in the Nurses’ Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 87: 1061–1066.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ et al. (1990) Risk factors for basal cell carcinoma in a prospective cohort of women. Ann Epidemiol 1: 13–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Harris RE, Beebe-Donk J, Namboodiri KK (2001) Inverse association of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and malignant melanoma among women. Oncol Rep 8: 655–657.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Halpern SM, Anstey AV, Dawe RS et al. (2000) Guidelines for topical PUVA: a report of a workshop of the British photodermatology group. Br J Dermatol 142: 22–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Stern RS, Liebman EJ, Väkevä L et al. (1998) Oral psoralen and ultraviolet-A light (PUVA) treatment of psoriasis and persistent risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 90: 1278–1284.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Lindelof B, Sigurgeirsson B, Tegner E et al. (1999) PUVA and cancer risk: the Swedish follow-up study. Br J Dermatol 141: 108–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hannuksela-Svahn A, Sigurgeirsson B, Pukkala E et al. (1999) Trioxsalen bath PUVA did not increase the risk of squamous cell skin carcinoma and cutaneous malignant melanoma in a joint analysis of 944 Swedish and Finnish patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 141: 497–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Stern RS (2001) The risk of melanoma in association with long-term exposure to PUVA. J Am Acad. Dermatol 44: 755–761.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kolmel KF, Pfahlberg A, Mastrangelo G et al. (1999) Infections and melanoma risk: results of a multicentre EORTC case-control study. Melanoma Res 9: 511–519.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Jablonska S (1991) Epidermodysplasia verruciformis. In: Friedman RJ, Rigel DS, Kopf AW, Harris MN, Baker D, eds. Cancer of the skin. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., pp. 101–113.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Shamanin V, zur Hausen H, Lavergne D et al. (1996) Human papillomavirus infections in nonmelanoma skin cancers from renal transplant recipients and nonimmunosuppressed patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 88: 802–811.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Burk RD, Kadish AS (1996) Treasure hunt for human papillomavirus in nonmelanoma skin cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 88: 781–782.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kiviat NB (1999) Papillomaviruses in non-melanoma skin cancer: epidemiological aspects. Semin Cancer Biol 9: 397–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Dreau D, Culberson C, Wyatt S et al. (2000) Human papilloma virus in melanoma biopsy specimens and its relation to melanoma progression. Ann Surg 231: 664–671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Jensen P, Hansen S, Moller B et al. (1999) Skin cancer in kidney and heart transplant recipients and different long-term immunosuppressive therapy regimens. J Am Acad Dermatol. 40: 177–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Marcil I, Stern RS (2000) Risk of developing a subsequent nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a critical review of the literature and meta-analysis. Arch Dermatol 136: 1524–1530.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Smith CH, McGregor JM, Barker JNWN et al. (1993) Excess melanocytic nevi in children with renal allografts. J Am Acad Dermatol. 28: 51–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Askling J, Grunewald J, Eklund A et al. (1999) Increased risk for cancer following sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160: 1668–1672.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Adami J, Frisch M, Yuen J et al. (1995) Evidence of an association between non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and skin cancer. BMJ 310: 1491–1495.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Frisch M, Melbye M (1995) New primary cancers after squamous cell skin cancer. Am J Epidemiol 141: 916–922.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kahn HS, Tatham LM, Patel AV et al. (1998) Increased cancer mortality following a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer. JAMA 280: 910–912.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Scotto J, Fears TR, Kraemer KH et al. (1996) Nonmelanoma skin cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr, eds. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 1313–1330.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Shore RE (2001) Radiation-induced skin cancer in humans. Med Pediatr Oncol 36: 549–554.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Karagas MR, McDonald JA, Greenberg ER et al. (1996) Risk of basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers after ionizing radiation therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 88: 1848–1853.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Hiatt RA, Krieger N, Sagebiel RW et al. (1993) Surveillance bias and the excess risk of malignant melanoma among employees of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Epidemiology 4: 43–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Austin DF, Reynolds P (1997) Investigation of an excess of melanoma among employees of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Am J Epidemiol 145: 524–531.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Acquavella JF, Wilkinson GS, Tietjen GL et al. (1983) A melanoma case-control study at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Health Phys 45: 587–592.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Green A, Battistutta D, Hart V et al. (1996) Skin cancer in a subtropical Australian population: incidence and lack of association with occupation. Am J Epidemiol 144: 1034–1040.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Hakansson N, Floderus B, Gustavsson P et al. (2001) Occupational sunlight exposure and cancer incidence among Swedish construction workers. Epidemiology 12: 552–557.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Khuder SA (1999) Etiologic clues to lip cancer from epidemiologic studies on farmers. Scand J Work Environ Health 25: 125–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Pott P (1775) Chirurgical observations relative to the cataract, the polypus of the nose, the cancer of the scrotum, the different kinds of ruptures, and the mortification of the hands and feet. London: Hawse Clark and Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Shannon RL, Strayer DS (1989) Arsenic induced skin toxicity. Hum Toxicol 8: 99–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Hsueh S, Cheng GS, Wu MM et al. (1995) Multiple risk factors associated with arsenic-induced skin cancer: Effects of chronic liver disease and malnutritional status. Br J Cancer 71: 109–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Karagas MR, Stukel TA, Morris JS et al. (2001) Skin cancer risk in relation to toenail arsenic concentrations in a US population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 153: 559–565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Elwood, J.M. (2004). Who gets skin cancer: individual risk factors. In: Hill, D., Elwood, J.M., English, D.R. (eds) Prevention of Skin Cancer. Cancer Prevention — Cancer Causes, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0511-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0511-0_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6346-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-0511-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics