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Cardiac Aging – Benefits of Exercise, Nrf2 Activation and Antioxidant Signaling

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Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 999))

Abstract

Cardiovascular dysfunction and heart failure associated with aging not only impairs the cardiac function but also the quality of life eventually decreasing the life expectancy of the elderly. Notably, cardiac tissue can prematurely age under certain conditions such as genetic mutation, persistent redox stress and overload, aberrant molecular signaling, DNA damage, telomere attrition, and other pathological insults. While cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality is on the rise and remains a global health threat, there has been only little to moderate improvements in its medical management. This is due to the fact that the lifestyle changes to molecular mechanisms underlying age-related myocardial structure and functional remodeling are multifactorial and intricately operate at different levels. Along these lines, the intrinsic redox mechanisms and oxidative stress (OS) are widely studied in the myocardium. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with age and the resultant oxidative damage has been shown to increase the susceptibility of the myocardium to multiple complications such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cardiac myopathy, and heart failure. There has been growing interest in trying to enhance the mechanisms that neutralize the ROS and curtailing OS as a possible anti-aging intervention and as a treatment for age-related disorders. Natural defense system to fight against OS involves a master transcription factor named nuclear erythroid-2-p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2) that regulates several antioxidant genes. Compelling evidence exists on the Nrf2 gain of function through pharmacological interventions in counteracting the oxidative damage and affords cytoprotection in several organs including but not limited to lung, liver, kidney, brain, etc. Nevertheless, thus far, only a few studies have described the potential role of Nrf2 and its non-pharmacological induction in cardiac aging. This chapter explores the effects of various modes of exercise on Nrf2 signaling along with its responses and ramifications on the cascade of OS in the aging heart.

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Acknowledgement

This book chapter includes various studies that were supported by funding from NHLBI (HL118067), NIA (AG042860), the AHA (BGIA 0865015F), University of Utah Center for Aging (Pilot grant#2009), and the start-up funds from the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine/ Department of Medicine, University of Utah and Department of Pathology (3115851.000.213115851.392300000.0000 for NSR), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.

Authors’ deeply thank Drs. Gobinath Shanmugam and Rajesh Kumar Radhakrishnan for their assistance with graphical art work, literature collection and citing bibliography using end-note.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA

    Madhusudhanan Narasimhan

  2. Division of Molecular & Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA

    Namakkal-Soorappan Rajasekaran

  3. Departments of Medicine & Exercise Physiology, College of Health, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA

    Namakkal-Soorappan Rajasekaran

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  1. Madhusudhanan Narasimhan
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  2. Namakkal-Soorappan Rajasekaran
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Correspondence to Madhusudhanan Narasimhan or Namakkal-Soorappan Rajasekaran .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

    Junjie Xiao

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Narasimhan, M., Rajasekaran, NS. (2017). Cardiac Aging – Benefits of Exercise, Nrf2 Activation and Antioxidant Signaling. In: Xiao, J. (eds) Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 999. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4307-9_13

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