Skip to main content
Log in

Plant genetic resources of Nepal: A guide for plant breeders of agricultural, horticultural and forestry crops

  • Published:
Euphytica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Nepal is rich in indigenous wild and landrace plant genetic resources for agronomic, horticultural, forestry, or medicinal uses, but much of this germplasm remains uncollected and awaits economic development. We list 485 entries (species, or genera for ornamental plants) in 14 categories, and compare these to existing germplasm collections in Nepal and the United States to highlight collection and conservation needs. To help plant plant collecting, we outline the key botanical and logistical data and legal framework for planning field work in Nepal.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Note: “HMG” refers to “His Majesty's Government, Nepal”.

  • Adhikari, N.P., M.M. Palikhe & R.N. Devkota, 1994. Status of rice, maize and wheat genetic resources in Nepal. Mimeograph handout, national workshop on plant genetic resources conservation, use and management, November 28–December 1, 1994, Kathmandu, Nepal.

  • Aryal, S.B., 1994. National perspective on horticulture crop genetic resources. Mimeograph handout, national workshop on plant genetic resources conservation, use and management, November 28–December 1, 1994, Kathmandu, Nepal.

  • Awasthi D.D., 1965. Catalogue of the lichens from India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Ceylon. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 17: 1–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Awasthi D.D., 1991. A key to the microlichens of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Biblioth. Lichenol. 40: 1–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajracharya D., 1984. Edible wild fruits of the Kathmandu Valley. In: T.C. Majupuria (Ed.), Nepal, nature's paradise, pp. 144–147. White Lotus Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajracharya D., K.K. Shrestha & R.P. Chaudhary, 1984. Ornamental flowers of Kathmandu Valley. In: T.C. Majupuria (Ed.), Nepal, nature's paradise, pp. 170–180. White Lotus Co., Ltd, Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerji M.L., 1965. Contributions to the flora of East Nepal. Rec. Bot. Surv. India 19(2): 1–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerji M.L., 1973. Nepal, its forests and phytogeography. Glimpes Pl. Res. 1: 182–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerji, M.L. & P. Pradhan, 1984. The orchids of Nepal Himalaya. J. Cramer, Vaduz, Germany.

  • Baral B.H., M.P. Thapa, D.P. Sherchan, R. Khanal, V.R. Duwadi, U.P. Rai, K. Waldie, G. O'G Sharrock & L.N. Acharya, 1994. Traditional vegetables in the eastern hills of Nepal. Pakhribas Agricultural Centre, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt D.D., 1977. Natural history and economic botany of Nepal, rev. ed. Orient Longman Ltd., New Delhi, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brummitt R.K. & C.E. Powell, 1992. Authors of plant names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byers A.C.III, 1979. The changing ecology and wood supply in Nepal's arid zone: the example of Muktinath. Discussion paper series, Dept. Geography, Syracuse Univ., New York, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruneton J., 1995. Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, medicinal plants. Lavoisier Publishing Inc., c/o Springer Verlag, Secaucus, New Jersey, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobremez, J.F., 1972. Carte ecologique du Nepal: Region Kathmandu-Everest 1/250,000. Grenoble, France.

  • Dobremez J.F., 1973. Carte ecologique du Nepal: Region terai central 1/250,000. Cent. Natl. Rech. Sci., Grenoble, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobremez J.F., 1976. Le Népal, ecologie et biogéographie. Cent. Natl. Rech. Sci., Paris, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobremez J.F., 1978. Carte ecologique du Nepal: Region Dhangarhi-Api 1/250,000. Doc. Carte Ecol. XXI. Univ. Sci. Med. Grenoble, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobremez J.F. & C. Jest, 1971. Carte ecologique du Nepal 1: Region Annapurna-Dhaulagiri, 1/250,000. Doc. Carte Vég. Alpes 9: 147–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobremez J.F., D.P. Joshi, T.B. Shrestha & F. Vigny, 1985. Carte ecologique du Nepal: Nepalganj-Dailekh 1/250,000. Cah. Népal Doc. 12: 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobremez J.F. & P.R. Shakya, 1975. Carte ecologique du Nepal. IV. Region Biratnagar-Kanchenjunga 1/250,000. Doc. Cartogr. Ecol. 16: 33–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobremez J.F. & T.B. Shrestha, 1978. Carte ecologique du Nepal: Region Jumla-Saipal 1/250,000. Cah. Nepal. Doc. 9: 1–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobremez J.F., F. Vigny & L.H.J. Williams, 1972. Bibliographie du Nepal, 3 (2), Sciences Naturelles, (Botanique). Cah. Nepal. 5: 1–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Don, D., 1925. Prodromus florae nepalensis. J. Gale, London, England.

  • Dongol, H.H., M. Sakai, S. Shrestha & H.C. Bastola, 1994. Mushroom genetic resources. Mimeograph handout, national workshop on plant genetic resources conservation, use and management, November 28–December 1, 1994, Kathmandu, Nepal.

  • Furman B.J. & M.P. Bharati, 1989. Collection and characterization of legume germplasm in Nepal. National Grain Legumes Improvement Programme, HMG, Natl. Agric. Res. Cent., Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hara H. (Ed.), 1966. The flora of eastern Himalaya. Univ. Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hara H. (Ed.), 1968. Photo-album of plants of eastern Himalaya. Inove Book Company, Tokyo, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hara H. (Ed.), 1971. The flora of eastern Himalaya, second report. Univ. Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hara, H., A.O. Chater & L.H.J. Williams (Eds.), 1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal. Vol. 3. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Publ. 854: 1–226.

  • Hara, H., W.T. Stearn & L.H.J. Williams (Eds.), 1978. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal. Vol. 1. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Publ. 777: 1–154.

  • Hara, H. & L.H.J. Williams (Eds.), 1979. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal. Vol. 2. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Publ. 810: 1–220.

  • HMG, 1990. Forest statistics. In: Conservation Newslett., Watershed Management Proj., Minist. Forests Soil Conservation, HMG, Nepal: 6: (pages unnumbered).

    Google Scholar 

  • HMG, 1991. Endemic plants of Nepal. Environment Div., Minist. Forests Soil Conservation. HMG, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • HMG, 1993. Environmental policy and action plan: integrating environment and development. HMG, Environment Protection Council, Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • HMG, 1994. Statistical pocket book. Cent. Bur. Stat., HMG, Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooker, J.D., 1872–1897. The flora of British India, 7 vols. L. Reeve, London, England.

  • Hujieda K. & T. Watahara, 1956. Radish and cauliflower. In: H. Kihara (Ed.), Land and crops of Nepal Himalaya, pp. 167–175. Fauna Fl. Res. Soc., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iizuka, M., 1985. Multicrops collecting mission to Nepal No. 1, 1984, Dec. 12, 1984. AGPG: IBPGR/85.

  • Iwatsuki K., 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In: H. Ohba & S.B. Malla (Eds.), The Himalayan plants, Vol. 1, pp. 231–239. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo Bull. 31, Univ. Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson J.K., 1994. Manual of afforestation in Nepal, second edition: Forest Res. Surv. Cent., Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jha P.K., 1992. Environment and man in Nepal. Know Nepal Series 5. Craftsman Press, Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D.A.m undated. Unpublished “foreign travel report” of USDA, ARS collection trip for Medicago and Rhizobium to Pakistan (20 August to 8 September, 1986) and to Nepal (8 September to 21 September, 1986).

  • Joshi, R.B., 1994. Plant genetic resources-timber species. Mimeograph handout, national workshop on plant genetic resources conservation, use and management, November 28–December 1, 1994, Kathmandu, Nepal.

  • Joshi A.R. & D.P. Joshi, 1991. Endemic plants of Nepal Himalaya: conservation status and future direction. J. Environ. Manag. Action Group, Nepal: 1 (2): 1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaini, B.R., 1994. Status of fruit plant genetic resources in Nepal. 1994. Mimeograph handout, plant genetic resources conservation, use and management, November 28–December 1, 1994, Kathmandu, Nepal.

  • Kattel, L.P. & M.K. Adhikari, 1992. Mosses of Nepal. Nat. Hist. Soc. Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.

  • Kihara H. (Ed.), 1955. Flora and fauna of Nepal Himalaya, vol. 1. Fauna Fl. Res. Soc., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kihara H. (Ed.), 1956. Land and crops of Nepal Himalaya, vol. 2. Fauna Fl. Res. Soc., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koirala, G.P., 1994. Status of plant genetic resources of oilseed crops in Nepal, collection, evaluation, documentation, conservation and utilization. Mimeograph handout, national workshop on plant genetic resources conservation, use and management, November 28–December 1, 1994, Kathmandu, Nepal.

  • Lohar D.P., B.R. Roka, B. Adhikari, L.K. Amatya, T.B. Subedi, D.B. Gurung, S.R. Ghimire, R.B. Rana, D.K. Saraf & B.K. Dhakal, 1993. Survey of indigenous horticulture in Baglung and Syangja Districts. Lumle Reg. Agric. Res. Cent. Working Paper 93/18: 1–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maikhuri R.K., A. Singh & R.L. Semwal, 1994. Prinsepia utilis Royle: a wild, edible oil shrub of the higher Himalayas. Pl. Genet. Resources Newslett. 98: 5–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malla, S.B. (Ed.), 1973. Flora of Nagarjun. Minist. Forests Soil Conservation, HMG, Dept. Med. Pl. Bull. 4: 1–93.

  • Malla, S.B. (Ed.), 1976a. Catalogue of Nepalese Vascular Plants. Minist. Forests Soil Conservation, HMG, Dept. Med. Pl. Bull. 7: 1–211.

  • Malla, S.B. (Ed.), 1976b. Flora of Langtang and cross section vegetation survey (Central zone). Minist. Forests Soil Conservation, HMG, Dept. Med. Pl. Bull. 6: 1–272.

  • Malla S.B. (Ed.), 1981. Keys to the pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and monocotyledonous genera of Nepal. Minist. Forests Soil Conservation, HMG, Dept. Med. Pl., Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malla, S.B. (Ed.), 1982. Wild edible plants of Nepal. Minist. Forests Soil Conservation, HMG, Dept. Med. Pl. Bull. 9: 1–285.

  • Malla, S.B. (Ed.), 1984. Medicinal plants of Nepal, Suppl. Minist. Forests Soil Conservation, HMG, Dept. Med. Pl. Bull. 10: 1–98.

  • Malla, S.B. (Ed.), 1986. Flora of Kathmandu Valley. Minist. Forests Soil Conservation, HMG, Dept. Med. Pl. Bull. 11: 1–56.

  • Malla S.B. & P.R. Shakya, 1984. Medicinal plants. In: T.C. Majupuria (Ed.), Nepal, nature's paradise, pp. 261–297. White Lotus Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malla S.B., P.R. Shakya, K.R. Rajbhandari, N.K. Bhattarai & M.N. Subedi, 1993. Minor forest products of Nepal: general status and trade. Report submitted to Forestry Sector Institutional Strengthening Programme component 2. Minist. Forests Soil Conservation, HMG, Finnish Inter. Dev. Agency, Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manandhar N.P., 1980. Medicinal plants of Nepal Himalaya. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Bhotahity, Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manandhar N.P., 1986. Observations on less known food plants of Nepal. In: S.C. Joshi (Ed.), Nepal Himalaya, geo-perspectives, pp. 100–104. Himalayan Res. Group, Naini Tal, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martens J., 1983. Forests and their destruction in Nepal. Nepal Res. Cent. Misc. Paper 35: 1–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsumura T., 1956. Brassicae with 10 and 18 chromosomes. In: H. Kihara (Ed.), Land and crops of Nepal Himalaya, pp. 151–166. Fauna Fl. Res. Soc., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metha A. & P.V. Bole, 1991. 100 Himalayan flowers. Grantha Corp., Middletown, New Jersey, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miehe G., 1987. An annotated list of vascular plants collected in the valleys south of Mount Everest. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 16: 225–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mierow D. & T.B. Shrestha, 1978. Himalayan flowers and trees. Sahayogi Press, Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakao S., 1956. Barley. In: H. Kihara (Ed.), Land and crops of Nepal Himalaya, pp. 313–343. Fauna Fl. Res. Soc., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakao S., 1964. Living Himalayan flowers. Mainichi Newspapers, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakao S. & S. Mori, 1956. Oats. In: H. Kihara (Ed.), Land and crops of Nepal Himalaya, pp. 355–361. Fauna Fl. Res. Soc., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nupane, R.K., 1994. Status of grain legumes genetic resources in Nepal. Mimeograph handout, national workshop on plant genetic resources conservation, use and management, November 28–December 1, 1994, Kathmandu, Nepal.

  • Ohashi H. (Ed.), 1975. The flora of eastern Himalaya. Third report. Univ. Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohsawa M., P.R. Shakya & M. Numata, 1973. On the occurrence of deciduous broad-leaved forests in the cool-temperate zone of the humid Himalayas in Eastern Nepal. Jap. J. Ecol. 33: 218–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pande P.R., 1967a. Keys to the dicot genera in Nepal, Part 1 (Polypetalae). Minist. Forests Soil Conservation, HMG, Dept. Med. Pl., Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pande P.R. (Ed.), 1967b. Notes on flora of Rajnikunj (Gokarna Forest). HMG of Nepal, Minist. Forests Soil Conservation, Dept. Med. Pl., Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parry R.B. & C.R. Perkins, 1987. World mapping today. Butter-worths, London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polunin O. & A. Stainton, 1984. Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford Univ. Press, Delhi, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polunin O. & A. Stainton, 1987. Concise flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford Univ. Press, Delhi, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajbhandari, B.P., 1994. Status of indigenous buckwheat genetic resources collection, characterization and evaluation at RECAST, Tribhuvan Univ. Mimeograph handout, national workshop on plant genetic resources conservation, use and management, November28–December 1, 1994, Kathmandu, Nepal.

  • Rajbhandari K.R., 1976. History of botanical explorations in Nepal. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 73: 468–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajbhandari, K.R., 1994. A bibliography of the plant science in Nepal. Privately published by R.L. Rajbhandari, Kathmandu, Nepal.

  • Rau, M.A., 1974. Vegetation and phytogeography of the Himalaya. In. M.S. Mani (Ed.), Ecology and Biogeography in India. Monogr. Biol. 23: 247–280.

  • Regmi P.P., 1982. An introduction to Nepalese food plants. Royal Nepal Academy, Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regmi P.P., 1984a. Vegetables. In: T.C. Majupuria (Ed), Nepal, naturès paradise, pp. 303–315. White Lotus Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regmi P.P., 1984b. Fibre yielding plants. In: T.C. Majupuria (Ed.), Nepal, naturès paradise, pp. 247–251. White Lotus Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regmi, P.P., 1994. Wild and underutilized food plants in Nepal. Mimeograph handout, national workshop on plant genetic resources conservation, use and management, November 28-December 1, 1994, Kathmandu, Nepal.

  • Sauer J.D., 1993. Historical geography of crop plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma C.K., 1984. Physiography. In: T.C. Majupuria (Ed.), Nepal, naturès paradise, pp. 4–8. White Lotus Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma L.R., 1984. Lichens. In: T.C. Majupuria (Ed.), Nepal, naturès paradise, pp. 212–223. White Lotus Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrestha, C.B., 1994. Genetic diversity of cash crops in Nepal. Mimeograph handout, national workshop on plant genetic resources conservation, use and management, November 28-December 1, 1994, Kathmandu, Nepal.

  • Shrestha K., 1984. A field guide to Nepali names for plants. Nat. Hist. Mus. Tribhuvan Univ., Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrestha S.H., 1989. Nepal in maps. Educational Enterprise Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrestha T.B., 1982. Ecology and vegetation of north-west Nepal. Royal Nepal Academy, Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrestha T.B., 1984. Rhododendrons. In: T.C. Majupuria (Ed.), Nepal, naturès paradise, pp. 261–297. White Lotus Co., Ltd, Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smartt J. & N.W. Simmonds (Eds.) 1995. Evolution of crop plants (ed. 3). Longman Scientific and Technical, Essex, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stainton J.D.A., 1972. Forests of Nepal. Hafner Publishing Co., New York, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stainton J.D.A., 1988. Flowers of the Himalaya, a supplement. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stearn, W.T., 1978. Introduction. In: H. Hara, W.T. Stearn, & L.H.J. Williams (Eds.), An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal. Vol. 1, pp.7–13. Publication 777, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

  • Storrs A. & J. Storrs, 1990. Trees and shrubs of Nepal and the Himalayas. Craftsman Press, Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, S., 1978. Plant collectors in Nepal. In: H. Hara, W.T. Stearn, & L.H.J. Williams (Eds.), An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal. Vol. 1, pp. 13–21. Publication 777, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

  • Suwal P.N. (Ed.), 1968. Keys to the dicot genera in Nepal, Part II (Gamopetalae). Minist. Forests Soil Conservation, HMG, Dept. Med. Pl., Kathmandu, Nepal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suwal, P.N. (Ed.), 1969. Flora of Phulchoki and Godawari. Minist. Forests Soil Conservation, HMG, Dept. Med. Pl. Bull. 2: 1–144.

  • Suwal, P.N. (Ed.), 1970. Medicinal plants of Nepal. Minist. Forests Soil Conservation, HMG, Dept. Med. Pl. Bull 3: 1–154.

  • Tiwari N.N. & Joshi M.P., 1990a. Medicinal plants of Nepal: I. J. Nepal Med. Assoc. 28: 181–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari N.N. & Joshi M.P., 1990b. Medicinal plants of Nepal: II. J. Nepal Med. Assoc. 28: 221–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari N.N. & Joshi M.P., 1990c. Medicinal plants of Nepal: III. J. Nepal Med. Assoc. 28: 266–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuchida K., 1983. Grassland vegetation and succession in eastern Nepal. In M. Numata (Ed.), Structure and dynamics of vegetation in eastern Nepal, pp. 47–87. Chiba Univ., Chiba, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler V.E., L.R. Brady & J.E. Robbers, 1988. Pharmacognosy, ed. 9. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Upadhyay, M.P., 1995. Current status of plant genetic resources in Nepal. Mimeograph handout, South Asian PGR Coordinators Meeting, Dhaka, Bangladesh, January 10–12, 1995.

  • Usher G., 1974. A dictionary of plants used by man. Hafner Press, New York, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velayudhan K.C. & M.P. Upadhyay. 1994. Collecting okra, eggplant and their wild relatives in Nepal. Pl. Genet. Resources Newslett. 97: 55–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiersema J.H., J.H. KirkbrideJr. & C.R. Gunn, 1990. Legume (Fabaceae) nomenclature in the USDA germplasm system. U.S. D.A. Tech. Bull. 1757: 1–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeven A.C. & J.M.J. DeWet, 1982. Dictionary of cultivated plants and their regions of diversity. Excluding ornamentals, forest trees and lower plants. Cent. Agric. Publ. Document., Wageningen, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jha, P.K., Shrestha, K.K., Upadhyay, M.P. et al. Plant genetic resources of Nepal: A guide for plant breeders of agricultural, horticultural and forestry crops. Euphytica 87, 189–210 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00023747

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00023747

Key words

Navigation