Abstract
To determine the relation between regional electrical activation time and fiber strain, epicardial electrical activation and deformation were measured in six open-chest dogs at the left ventricular anterior free wall after 15 min of right atrial, left ventricular free wall, left ventricular apex, or right ventricular outflow tract pacing, when end-diastolic pressure was normal or elevated (volume-loading). Regional electrical activation was measured using a 192-electrode brush. Regional subepicardial fiber strain (e f) was measured simultaneously in 16 regions, using optical markers which were attached to the epicardial surface and recorded on video. When relating regional e f during the ejection phase to regional activation time, the best correlation was found when a hemodynamic time reference rather than an electrophysiological one is used. Using the moment of the maximum rate of change of left ventricular pressure as the time reference for electrical activation, regional electrical activation time (t ea) and the degree of e f during the ejection phase could be fitted by a linear regression equation e f=a t ea+b in which a=−3.46±0.73 s−1 and b=−0.28±0.05. For electrical activation times ranging from -40 to -80 ms, fiber strain was estimated with an accuracy of ±0.026 (±SE) with this relation. During right atrial pacing, t ea and e f were on the average −48 ms and −0.10 respectively. On further investigation, the relation between e f and t ea appeared to be influenced by end-diastolic pressure. For normal (1.1 kPa) and elevated end-diastolic pressure (1.8 kPa), the slope of the linear regression line was −3.96 and −2.86 s−1, respectively. Three conclusions may be drawn. Firstly, the time interval between the moment of regional electrical activation and the moment of the maximum rate of change of left ventricular pressure is an index of regional fiber strain. Secondly, it can be concluded from the above equations that electrical asynchrony of more than 30 ms causes non-uniformities in the degree of e f of the order of mean e f during pacing from the right atrium. Finally, differences in fiber strain during asynchronous electrical activation are less pronounced at larger filling pressures.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allessie MA, Hoeks APG, Schmitz GML, Reneman RS (1986) On-line mapping system for the visualization of the electrical activation of the heart. Int J Card Imaging 2:59–63
Aoyagi T, Iizuka M, Takahashi T, Ohya T, Serizawa T, Momomura S, Sato H, Mochizuki T, Matsui H, Ikenouchi H, Shin I, Ma Y, Sugimoto T (1989) Wall motion asynchrony prolongs time constant of left ventricular relaxation. Am J Physiol 257:H883-H 890
Arts T, Veenstra PC, Reneman RS (1982) Epicardial deformation and left ventricular wall mechanics during ejection in the dog. Am J Physiol 243:H379-H390
Arts T, Bovendeerd PHM, Prinzen FW, Reneman RS (1991) Relation between left ventricular cavity pressure and volume and systolic fiber stress and strain in the wall. Biophys J 59:93–102
Augustijn CH, Arts T, Prinzen FW, Reneman RS (1991) Mapping the sequence of contraction of the canine left ventricle. Pflügers Arch 419:529–533
Badke FR, Boinay P, Covell JW (1980) Effect of ventricular pacing on regional left ventricular performance in the dog. Am J Physiol 238:H858-H867
Baller D, Wolpres HG, Zipfel J, Brettschneider HJ, Hellige G (1988) Comparison of the effects of right atrial, right ventricular apex and atrioventricular sequential pacing on myocardial oxygen consumption and cardiac efficiency: a laboratory investigation. PACE 11:394–403
Burkhoff D, Oikawa RY, Sagawa K (1986) Influence of pacing site on canine left ventricular contraction. Am J Physiol 251:H428-H435
Grover M, Glantz SA (1983) Endocardial pacing site affects left ventricular end-diastolic volume and performance in the intact anesthetized dog. Circ Res 53:72–85
Heuningen R van, Rijnsburger WH, Keurs HEDJ ter (1982) Sarcomere length control in striated muscle. Am J Physiol 242:H411-H420
Heyndrickx GR, Vilaine JP, Knight DR, Vatner S (1985) Effects of altered site of electrical activation on myocardial performance during inotropic stimulation. Circulation 71:1010–1016
Hoeks APG, Schmitz GML, Allessie MA, Jas H, Hollen SJ, Reneman RS (1988) Multichannel storage and display system to record the electrical activity of the heart. Med Biol Eng Comput 26:434–438
Hotta S (1967) The sequence of mechanical activation of the ventricle. Jpn Circ J 31:1568–1572
Jong PGM de, Arts T, Hoeks APG, Reneman RS (1990) Determination of tissue motion velocity by correlation interpolation of pulsed ultrasonic echo signals. Ultrason Imaging 12:84–98
Kaufmann RL, Lab MJ, Hennekes R, Krause H (1971) Feedback interaction of mechanical and electrical events in the isolated mammalian ventricular myocardium (cat papillary muscle). Pflügers Arch 324:100–123
Keurs HEDJ ter, Rijnsburger WH, Heuningen R van, Nagelsmit MJ (1980) Tension development and sarcomere length in rat cardiac trabeculae; evidence of length-dependent activation. Circ Res 46:703–714
LeWinter MM, Kent RS, Kroener JM, Carew TE, Covell JW (1975) Regional differences in myocardial performance in the left ventricle of the dog. Circ Res 37:191–199
Lister JW, Klotz DH, Jomain SL, Stuckey JH, Hoffman B (1964) Effect of pacemaker site on cardiac output and ventricular activation in dogs with complete heart block. Am J Cardiol 14:494–503
Manders WT, Vatner SF (1976) Effects of sodium pentobarbital anesthesia on left ventricular function and distribution of cardiac output in dogs, with particular reference to the mechanism for tachycardia. Circ Res 39:512–517
Miyazawa K, Shirato K, Haneda T, Honna T, Arai T, Nakajima T (1976) Effects of varying pacemaker sites on left ventricular performance. J Exp Med 120:301–308
Muijtjens AMM, Roos JMA, Prinzen TT, Arts T (1990) Noise reduction in estimating epicardial deformation from marker tracks. Am J Physiol 258:H599-H605
Park RC, Little WC, O'Rourke RA (1985) Effect of alteration of left ventricular activation sequence on the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation in closed-chest dogs. Circ Res 57:706–717
Pollack GH, Krueger JW (1976) Sarcomere dynamics in intact cardiac muscle. Eur J Cardiol 4 [Suppl]:53–65
Prinzen TT, Arts T, Prinzen FW, Reneman RS (1986) Mapping of epicardial deformation using a video processing technique. J Biomech 19:263–273
Prinzen FW, Augustijn CH, Arts T, Allessie MA, Reneman RS (1990) Redistribution of myocardial fiber strain and blood flow by asynchronous electrical activation. Am J Physiol 259:H300-H308
Prinzen FW, Augustijn CH, Allessie MA, Arts T, Delhaas T, Reneman RS (1992) The time sequence of electrical and mechanical activation during spontaneous beating and ectopic stimulation. Eur Heart J 13:535–543
Rushmer RF (1954) Shrinkage of the heart in anesthetized, thoracotomized dogs. Circ Res 2:22–27
Scher AM, Spach MS (1979) Cardiac depolarization and repolarization and the electrocardiogram. In: Berne RM (ed) Handbook of physiology, section 2, The cardiovascular system. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, pp 357–392
Tyberg J, Parmley WW, Sonnenblick EH (1969) In-vitro studies of myocardial asynchrony and regional hypoxia. Circ Res 25:569–579
Waldman LK, Covell JW (1987) Effects of ventricular pacing on finite deformation in canine left ventricles. Am J Physiol 252:H1023-H1030
Wiggers CJ (1925) The muscular reactions of the mammalian ventricles to artificial surface stimuli. Am J Physiol 73:346–378
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Delhaas, T., Arts, T., Prinzen, F.W. et al. Relation between regional electrical activation time and subepicardial fiber strain in the canine left ventricle. Pflugers Arch. 423, 78–87 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00374964
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00374964