Article PDF
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Schade DS, Eaton RP, Alberti KGMM, Johnston DG (1981) Diabetic Coma, ketoacidotic and hyperosmolar. University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque, NM, USA
Faich GA, Fishbein HA, Ellis SE (1983) The epidemiology of diabetic acidosis: A population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 117: 551–558
Berger W (1979) Die Letalität des Coma diabeticum am Kantonsspital Basel in den zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Beobachtungsperioden 1968–1973 und 1973–1978 mit konventioneller Insulintherapie und Behandlung mit niederen Insulindosen. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 109:1820–1824
Hockaday TDR, Alberti KGMM (1972) Diabetic coma. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1: 751–788
Keller U, Berger W, Ritz R, Truog P (1975) Course and prognosis of 86 episodes of diabetic coma. A five year experience with a uniform schedule of treatment. Diabetologia 11: 93–100
Peden NR, Braaten JT, McKendry JBR (1984) Diabetic ketoacidosis during long-term treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes Care 7: 1–5
Boulton AJ, Knight G, Drury J, Ward JD (1983) Diabetic ketoacidosis associated with outpatient treatment using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Postgrad Med J 59: 438–439
Mecklenburg RS, BensonEA, Benson JW Jr, Fredlund PN, Guinn T, Metz RJ, Nielsen RL, Sannar CA (1984) Acute complications associated with insulin infusion pump therapy. JAMA 252: 3265–3269
Teutsch SM, Herman WH, Dwyer DM (1984) Mortality among diabetic patients using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pumps. N Engl J Med 310:361–368
Lauritzen T, Pramming S, Deckert T, Binder C (1983) Pharmacokinetics of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetologia 24:326–329
Krzentowski G, Scheen A, Castillon M, Luyckx, Lefébvre PJ (1983) A 6-hour nocturnal interruption of a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: 1. Metabolic and hormonal consequences and scheme for a prompt return to adequate control. Diabetologia 24: 314–318
Bell PM, Hadden DR (1983) Ketoacidosis without hyperglycemia during self-monitoring of diabetes. Diabetes Care 6: 622–623
Schiffrin A, Belmonte M (1982) Multiple daily self-glucose monitoring: its essential role in long-term glucose control in insulin-dependent diabetic patient treated with pump and multiple subcutaneous injection. Diabetes Care 5: 479–484
Harano Y, Suzuki M, Kojima H, Kashiwagi A, Hidaka H, Shigeta Y (1984) Development of paper-strip test for 3-Hydroxybutyrate and its clinical application. Diabetes Care 7: 481–485
Ellemann K, Soerensen JN, Pedersen L, Edsberg B, Andersen OO (1984) Epidemiology and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in community population. Diabetes Care 7: 528–532
Madsbad S, Alberti KGMM, Binder C, Burrin JT, Faber OK, Krarup T, Regeur L (1979) Role of residual insulin secretion in protectin against ketoacidosis in insulin-dependent diabetes. Br Med J 11: 1257–1259
Malchoff CD, Pohl SL, Kaiser DL, Carey RM (1984) Determinants of glucose and ketoacid concentrations in acutely hyperglycemic diabetic patients. Am J Med 77: 275–285
Bogardus C, Lillioja S, Howard BV, Reaven G, Mott D (1984) Relationship between insulin secretion, insulin action, and fasting plasma glucose concentration in nondiabetic and noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 74: 1238–1246
Amer P, Bolinder J, Engfeldt P, Oestman J (1981) The antilipolytic effect of insulin in human adipose tissue in obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperinsulinemia and starvation. Metabolism 30: 753–760
Joffe BI, Seftel HC, Goldberg R, Van As M, Krut L, Bersohn I (1973) Factors in the pathogenesis of experimental nonketotic and ketoacidotic diabetic stupor. Diabetes 22: 653–657
Neufeld HA, Pace JG, Beall F, Bunner DL (1983) Glucose-dependent insulin inhibition of ketone body formation from long-chain fatty acids in the perfused livers of fasted rats. Metabolism 32: 748–749
Miles JM, Rizza RA, Haymond MW, Gerich JE (1980) Effects of acute insulin deficiency on glucose and ketone body turnover in man: evidence for the primacy of overproduction of glucose and ketone bodies in the genesis of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes 29: 926–930
Keller U, Schnell U, Sonnenberg G (1983) Role of glucagon in enhancing ketone body production in ketotic diabetic man. Diabetes 32: 376–391
Balasse EO, Havel RJ (1971) Evidence for an effect of insulin on the peripheral utilization of ketone bodies in dogs. J Clin Invest 50:801–813
Féry F, Balasse EO (1985) Ketone body production and disposal in diabetic ketosis. A comparison with fasting ketosis. Diabetes 34: 326–332
Schade DS, Eaton RP (1977) The controversy concerning counterregulatory hormone secretion: a hypothesis for the prevention of diabetic ketoacidosis? Diabetes 26: 596–599
Waldhäusl W, Kleinberger G, Korn A, Dudczak R, Bratusch-Marrain P, Nowotny P (1979) Severe hyperglycemia: effects of rehydration on endocrine derangements and blood glucose concentration. Diabetes 28: 577–584
Alberti KGMM, Christensen NJ, Iversen J, Ørskov H (1975) Role of glucagon and other hormones in development of diabetic ketoacidosis. Lancet 1: 1307–1311
McGarry JD, Foster DW (1980) Regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketone body production. Annu Rev Biochem 49: 395–420
Keller U,Chiasson JL, Liljenquist JE, Cherrington AD, Jennings AS, Crofford OB (1977) The roles of insulin, glucagon and free fatty acids in the regulation of ketogenesis in dogs. Diabetes 26:1040–1051
Sonnenberg GE, Stauffacher W, Keller U (1982) Failure of glucagon to stimulate ketone body production during acute insulin deficiency or insulin replacement in man. Diabetologia 23: 94–100
Miles JM, Haymond MW, Nissen SL, Gerich JE (1983) Effects of free fatty acid availability, glucagon excess, and insulin deficiency on ketone body production in postabsorptive man. J Clin Invest 71: 1554–1561
Schade DS, Eaton RP (1979) The regulation of plasma ketone body concentrations by counterregulatory hormones in man. II. Effects of norepinephrine in diabetic man. Diabetes 28: 5–10
Keller U, Gerber PPG, Stauffacher W (1984) Stimulatory effect of norepinephrine on ketogenesis in normal and insulin-deficient humans. Am J Physiol 247: E732-E739
Weiss M, Keller U, Stauffacher W (1984) Effect of epinephrine and somatostatin-induced insulin deficiency on ketone body kinetic and lipolysis in man. Diabetes 33: 738–744
Blesa-Malpica G, Johnston DG, Burrin JM, Orskov H, Heath AB, Alberti KGMM (1981) Dopaminergic control of ketogenesis in fasting. Clin Endocrinol 14: 479–484
Thomas DJB, Goldberg R, Taylor MW, Imura H, Potter DE (1977) Salbutamol-induced diabetic ketoacidosis. Br Med J 11: 438
Oberhänsli RD, Schwendimann R, Keller U (1985) Effect of norepinephrine on ketogenesis, fatty acid oxidation and esterification in isolated rat hepatocytes. Diabetes 34: 774–779
Ly S, Kim KH (1981) Inactivation of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase by catecholamine and its agonists through the alpha-adrenergic receptors. J Biol Chem 256: 11585–11590
McGarry JD, Mannaerts GP, Foster DW (1977) A possible role for malonyl-CoA in the regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. J Clin Invest 60: 265–270
Keller U, Schnell H, Girard J, Stauffacher W (1984) Effect of physiological elevation of plasma growth hormone levels on ketone body kinetics and lipolysis in normal and acutely insulin-deficient man. Diabetologia 26: 103–108
Kuzuya T, Matsuda A, Sakamoto Y, Yamamoto K, Saito T, Yoshida S (1983) A case of pituitary gigantism who had two episodes of ketoacidosis followed by complete recovery of diabetes. Endocrinol Jpn 30: 329–334
Schade DS, Eaton RP, Standefer J (1977) Glucocorticoid regulation of plasma ketone body concentration in insulin-deficient man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 44: 1069–1079
Gill A, Johnston DG, Orskov H, Batstone GF, Alberti KGMM (1982) Metabolic interactions of glucagon and cortisol in man — studies with somatostatin. Metabolism 31: 305–311
Fujikawa LS, Meisler DM, Nozik RA (1983) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma. A complication of shortterm systemic corticosteroid use. Ophthalmology 90: 1239–1242
Rizza RA, Haymond M, Cryer P, Gerich JE (1979) Differential effects of epinephrine on glucose production and disposal in man. Am J Physiol 237: E356-E362
Rizza RA, Mandarino LJ, Gerich JE (1981) Cortisol-induced insulin resistance in man: impaired suppression of glucose production and stimulation of glucose utilization due to a postreceptor defect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54: 131–138
MacGorman LR, Rizza RA, Gerich JE (1981) Physiological concentrations of growth hormone exert insulin-like and insulin antagonistic effects on both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53: 556–559
Arieff AI, Kleeman CR (1973) Studies of mechanisms of cerebral edema in diabetic comas: effects of hyperglycemia and rapid lowering of plasma glucose in normal rabbits. J Clin Invest 52: 571–583
Reichard GA Jr, Haff AC, Skutches CL, Paul F, Holroyde CP (1979) Plasma acetone metabolism in the fasting human. J Clin Invest 63: 619–626
Owen OE, Trapp VE, Skutches CL, Mozzoli MA, Hoeldtke RD, Boden G, Reichard GA (1982) Acetone metabolism during diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes 31: 242–248
Petters W (1857) Untersuchungen über die Honigharnruhr. Praktische Heilkunde, med. Facultät Prag, 14. Jahrgang, 3 Bd; S 81–94
Briggs AP, Shaffer PA (1921) The excretion of acetone from the lungs. J Biol Chem 48: 413–428
Coleman DL (1980) Acetone metabolism in mice: increased activity in mice heterozygous for obesity genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 290–293
Krebs HA, Hems R, Weidemann MJ, Speake RN (1966) The fate of isotopic carbon in kidney synthesizing glucose from acetate. Biochem J 101: 242–249
Adrogue HJ, Wilson H, Boyd AE III, Suki WN, Eknoyan G (1972) Plasma acid-base patterns in diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med 307: 1603–1610
Adrogue HJ, Eknoyan G, Suki WN (1984) Diabetic ketoacidosis: role of kidney in the acid-base homeostasis re-evaluated. Kidney Int 25:591–598
Sestoft L, Bartels PD (1983) Biochemistry and differential diagnosis of metabolic acidoses. Clin Endocrinol 12: 287–302
Katz MA (1973) Hyperglycemia-induced hyponatremia-calculation of expected serum sodium depression. New Engl J Med 289: 843–844
Bock HA, Flückiger R, Berger W (1985) Real and artefactual erythrocyte swelling in hyperglycaemia. Diabetologia 28: 335–338
Watkin PJ (1967) The effect of ketone bodies in the determination of creatinine. Clin Chim Acta 18: 191–196
Knight AH, Williams DN, Spooner RJ, Goldberg DM, Path MRC (1974) Serum enzyme changes in diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes 23: 126–131
Kjaergaard JJ, Sadling N, Magid E, Ditzel J (1984) Serum amylase during recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes 10: 25–30
Warshaw AL, Feller ER, Lee K-H (1977) On the cause of raised serum-amylase in diabetic ketoacidosis. Lancet 1:929–931
Fein IA, Rackow EC, Sprung CL, Grodman R (1982) Relation of colloid osmotic pressure to arterial hypoxemia and cerebral edema during crystalloid volume loading of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Intern Med 96: 570–575
Krane EJ, Rockoff MA, Wallman JK, Wolfsdorf JI (1985) Subclinical brain swelling in children during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med 312: 1147–1151
Duck SC, Weldon W, Pagliara AS, Haymond MW (1976) Cerebral edema complicating therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes 25: 111–115
Arieff AI, Kleemann CR (1974) Cerebral edema in diabetic comas. Il. Effects of hyperosmolality, hyperglycemia and insulin in diabetic rabbits. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38: 1057–1067
Carroll P, Matz R (1983) Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in adults: experience in treating diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar nonketotic coma with low-dose insulin and a uniform treatment regimen. Diabetes Care 6: 579–585
Berger W, Keller U, Vorster D (1981) Verlauf und Therapie des Coma diabeticum. Internist 22: 219–228
Brun-Buisson JL, Bonnet F, Bergeret S, LeMaire F, Rapin M (1985) Recurrent high-permeability pulmonary edema associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. Crit Care Med 131: 55–56
Paton RC (1981) Haemostatic changes in diabetes coma. Diabetologia 21: 172–177
Roland CK, Sigmund CJ Jr, Lagos JA, Chernin M (1977) Case reports. Hepatic infarction and diabetic ketoacidosis. Gastroenterology 73: 804–807
Lufkin EG, Reagan TJ, Doan DH, Yanagihara T (1977) Acute cerebral dysfunction in diabetic ketoacidosis: survival followed by panhypopituitarism. Metabolism 26: 363–369
Buckingham BA, Roe TF, Yoon JW (1981) Rhabdomyolysis in diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Dis Child 135: 352–354
Gale EAM, Tattersall RB (1978) Hypothermia: a complication of diabetic ketoacidosis. Br Med J 2: 1387–1389
Mc Mullen JK (1977) Assystoly and hypomagnesemia during recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis. Br Med J 1: 690–691
Sönksen PH, Srivastava MC, Tompkins CV, Nabarro JDN (1972) Growth-hormone and cortisol response to insulin infusion in patients with diabetes mellitus. Lancet 2: 155–160
Sherwin RS, Kramer KJ, Tobin JD, Insel PA, Liljenquist JE, Berman M, Andres R (1974) A model of the kinetics of insulin in man. J Clin Invest 53:1481–1492
Beck-Nielsen H, Richelsen B, Hasling C, Nielsen OH, Heding L, Sörensen NS (1984) Improved in vivo insulin effect during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in patients with IDDM. Diabetes 33: 832–837
Alberti KGMM, Hockaday TDR, Turner RC (1973) Small doses of intramuscular insulin in the treatment of diabetic coma. Lancet 2: 515–522
Burghen GA, Etteldorf JN, Fisher JN, Kitabchi AE (1980) Comparison of high-dose and low-dose insulin by continuous intravenous infusion in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Diabetes Care 3: 15–20
Soler NG, Wright AD, FitzGerald MG, Malins JM (1975) Comparative study of different insulin regimens in management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Lancet 2: 1221–1224
Adrogue HJ, Chap Z, Ishida T, Field JB (1985) Role of the endocrine pancreas in the kalemic response to acute metabolic acidosis in conscious dogs. J Clin Invest 75: 798–808
Ng ML, Levy MN, Zieske HA (1967) Effects of changes of pH and of carbon dioxide tension on left ventricular performance. Am J Physiol 213: 115–120
Benesch R, Benesch RE (1969) Intracellular organic phosphates as regulators of oxygen release by haemoglobin. Nature 221: 618–622
Hannaford MC, Leiter LA, Josse RG, Goldstein MB, Marliss EB, Halperin ML (1982) Protein wasting due to acidosis of prolonged fasting. Am J Physiol 243: E251-E256
Hale PJ, Crase J, Nattrass M (1984) Metabolic effects of bicarbonate in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Br Med J 289: 1035–1038
Hood VL, Tannen RL (1983) pH control of lactic acid and ketoacid production: A mechanism of acid-base regulation. Miner Electrolyte Metab 9: 317–325
Lever E, Jaspan J (1983) Sodium Bicarbonate Therapy in Severe Diabetic Ketoacidosis. Am J Med 75: 263–268
Owen OE, Trapp VE, Reichard GA, Mozzoli MA, Smith R, Boden G (1980) Effects of therapy on the nature and quantity of fuels oxidized during diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes 29: 365–372
Owen OE, Licht JH, Sapir DG (1981) Renal function and effects of partial rehydration during diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes 30: 510–518
Keller U, Berger W (1980) Prevention of hypophosphatemia by phosphate infusion during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar coma. Diabetes 29: 87–95
Fisher JN, Kitabchi AE (1983) A randomized study of phosphate therapy in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. J Clin Endocrinol 57:177–180
Becker DJ, Brown DR, Steranka BH, Drash AL (1983) Phosphate replacement during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Dis Child 137: 241–246
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Keller, U. Diabetic ketoacidosis : current views on pathogenesis and treatment. Diabetologia 29, 71–77 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00456113
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00456113