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Ultrasonic assessment of the anatomy and function of the tongue

Approche anatomique et fonctionnelle de la langue par l'échographie

  • Radiological Anatomy
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Summary

The tongue is a complex muscular structure. Apart from its intrinsic strength, it has a major influence on the adjacent bony structures. Real time ultrasound appears to be the method of choice for assessing the topographic and functional anatomy. The examination was performed using an Acuson 128 scanner, with a 5 MHz probe, either a sector scanner (sagittal plane) or linear array probe (coronal plane). The scans were performed using the sub-hyoid approach, between the rami of the mandible. The images were stored on U-matic videotape. Thirty adult patients were included in the study population. The scan protocol consisted of an examination of the tongue at rest, a scan of the swallowing mechanism with and without a liquid bolus and a study of the posterior lingual positions (which show some anatomical variation). The intrinsic muscles of the tongue and the floor of the mouth could be identified on the “at rest” images. The lingual mass is the most important parameter and is opposed against the palate in order to propel a bolus during the swallowing mechanism. The mobility, shape and supporting structures of the tongue are variable depending on the nature of the bolus, the patient and the two imaging planes. Ultrasound is a simple and non-invasive method for the examination of the buccal cavity. The function of the posterior portion of the tongue must be taken into consideration prior to any treatment concerning the oral cavity.

Résumé

La langue est un ensemble musculaire complexe. De part son pouvoir morphogénétique, elle joue un rôle important sur les pièces osseuses l'environnant. L'échographie en temps réel nous a paru être le moyen de choix pour l'appréhender sur le plan topographique et fonctionnel. Cette étude a été effectuée à l'aide d'un échographe type Acuson 128 ; les sondes ont une fréquence de 5 mHz ; elles sont sectorielles (plan sagittal) ou linéaires (plan frontal). Elles sont placées dans la région sous-hyoïdienne, entre les deux branches horizontales de la mandibule. Les images sont stockées sur magnétoscope U-Matic. La population est constituée de 30 adultes. Le protocole est le suivant : examen de la langue au repos, puis en fonction : déglutition “à vide”, et, de substance liquide. L'analyse des images lors de la position de repos nous a permis de reconnaître les muscles de la langue et du plancher de la bouche, et d'apprécier la posture linguale (qui change selon les individus). Au cours de la déglutition : les muscles du plancher de la bouche et de la langue se déforment. La masse linguale est l'élément le plus intéressant à observer : elle se place contre le palais dur pour propulser le bol vers l'arrière. La mobilité, la forme, les appuis linguaux sont variables selon la nature du bol, selon les patients, et ce dans les deux sens de l'espace. L'examen échographique nous renseigne de façon simple et non invasive sur “ce qui se passe” dans la cavité buccale. La langue, de part sa posture, son activité au cours de la fonction est un élément important dont il faut tenir compte avant, ou pendant toute thérapeutique visant à restaurer la cavité orale.

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Maniere-Ezvan, A., Duval, JM. & Darnault, P. Ultrasonic assessment of the anatomy and function of the tongue. Surg Radiol Anat 15, 55–61 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01629863

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