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Gallenleckage nach Leberresektion

Vermeidung und Behandlung

Biliary leaks after liver resection

Prevention and treatment

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Zusammenfassung

Die operative Therapie primärer und sekundärer Erkrankungen der Leber ist heute ein Standardverfahren. Seit der ersten Leberresektion durch Langenbruch 1888 gab es auf diesem Gebiet zahlreiche Innovationen. Neben der Operationstechnik wurden die Diagnostik und Patientenselektion, die perioperative Betreuung und Narkoseführung sowie die Kenntnisse der Leberanatomie und Physiologie weiterentwickelt. Der Anteil komplexer Operationen, auch im Rahmen multimodaler Behandlungskonzepte, hat dabei zugenommen. Trotzdem konnten die Morbidität (< 45 %) und Mortalität (< 5 %) nach Leberresektionen in den letzten Jahren deutlich gesenkt werden. Die Inzidenz postoperativer Gallenleckagen beträgt in großen publizierten Serien derzeit zwischen 0 und 30 % und hat sich in den letzten Jahren nur geringfügig reduziert.

Gallenleckagen erfordern ein interdisziplinäres Management aus endoskopisch- bzw. radiologisch-interventioneller oder operativer Therapie. Die Mehrzahl der Leckagen (69–94 %) sistiert unter konservativer Behandlung (Drainage und ggf. Antibiotikatherapie). In Fällen mit hohem Fistelvolumen oder bei persistierender Gallesekretion ist die endoskopische retrograde Cholangiographie (ERC) mit Stenteinlage die Therapie der Wahl. Entsteht eine Infektion mit galliger Peritonitis oder ist die interventionelle Therapie erfolglos, sollte eine operative Revision erwogen werden. Die operative Revision in der Frühphase nach Leberresektion kann bei Identifikation des Lecks durch eine Übernähung, eine Optimierung der Spülsituation durch Platzierung einer Saugspüldrainage oder durch die Einlage einer Gallengangsdrainage (z. B. T-Drainage oder transhepatische Endlosdrainage) erfolgen.

Abstract

The surgical treatment of primary and secondary liver pathologies is nowadays standard practice. Since the first major resections performed by Langenbruch in 1888 there have been significant developments in the surgical technique. In addition to the surgical technique, the diagnostics and patient selection, perioperative care and anesthetic management as well as knowledge of liver anatomy and physiology have also shown significant developments. The proportion of complex operations, even within the framework of multimodal concepts has also increased. Despite this increasing complexity, the morbidity (< 45 %) and mortality (< 5 %) of liver surgery could be clearly reduced; however, the incidence of postoperative biliary leaks in large published series currently lies between 0 % and 30  % and has only shown a minimal reduction in recent years.

The management of bile leakage requires an interdisciplinary management involving endoscopic and radiological, interventional or operative therapy. Most leakages (69–94 %) persist under conservative treatment (drainage and if necessary antibiotic therapy). For high volume fistulas and persistent biliary leakage endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) with stent placement represents the therapy of choice. Infections with biliary peritonitis and failure of interventional strategies often require revision surgery, possibly consisting of suturing if a leakage is identifiable, replacement of drainages or application of a bile duct drainage (e.g. T-drain or transhepatic external biliary drainage).

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. J. Arend, K. Schütte, J. Weigt, S. Wolff, U. Schittek, S. Peglow, K. Mohnike, C. Benckert und C. Bruns geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Arend, J., Schütte, K., Weigt, J. et al. Gallenleckage nach Leberresektion. Chirurg 86, 132–138 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-014-2880-1

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