Abstract
Influenza is a serious respiratory disease among immunocompromised individuals, such as the elderly, and its prevention is an urgent social issue. Influenza viruses rely on neuraminidase (NA) activity to release progeny viruses from infected cells and spreading the infection. NA is, therefore, an important target of anti-influenza drugs. A causal relationship between bacteria and influenza virus infection has not yet been established, however, a positive correlation between them has been reported. Thus, in this study, we examined the biological effects of oral mitis group streptococci, which are predominant constituents of human oral florae, on the release of influenza viruses. Among them, Streptococcus oralis ATCC 10557 and Streptococcus mitis ATCC 6249 were found to exhibit NA activity and their culture supernatants promoted the release of influenza virus and cell-to-cell spread of the infection. In addition, culture supernatants of these NA-producing oral bacteria increased viral M1 protein expression levels and cellular ERK activation. These effects were not observed with culture supernatants of Streptococcus sanguinis ATCC 10556 which lacks the ability to produce NA. Although the NA inhibitor zanamivir suppressed the release of progeny viruses from the infected cells, the viral release was restored upon the addition of culture supernatants of NA-producing S. oralis ATCC 10557 or S. mitis ATCC 6249. These findings suggest that an increase in the number of NA-producing oral bacteria could elevate the risk of and exacerbate the influenza infection, hampering the efficacy of viral NA inhibitor drugs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Almond MH, McAuley DF, Wise MP, Griffiths MJ (2012) Influenza-related pneumonia. Clin Med 12:67–70
Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, Bandaranayake D, Breiman RF, Brooks WA, Buchy P, Feikin DR, Fowler KB, Gordon A, Hien NT, Horby P, Huang QS, Katz MA, Krishnan A, Lal R, Montgomery JM, Molbak K, Pebody R, Presanis AM, Razuri H, Steens A, Tinoco YO, Wallinga J, Yu H, Vong S, Bresee J, Widdowson MA (2012) Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis 12:687–695. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4
Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y (1992) Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev 56:152–179
Luscher-Mattli M (2000) Influenza chemotherapy: a review of the present state of art and of new drugs in development. Arch Virol 145:2233–2248
Samson M, Pizzorno A, Abed Y, Boivin G (2013) Influenza virus resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors. Antiviral Res 98:174–185. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.03.014
Layne SP, Beugelsdijk TJ, Patel CK, Taubenberger JK, Cox NJ, Gust ID, Hay AJ, Tashiro M, Lavanchy D (2001) A global lab against influenza. Science 293:1729. doi:10.1126/science.293.5536.1729
McCullers JA (2006) Insights into the interaction between influenza virus and pneumococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev 19:571–582. doi:10.1128/CMR.00058-05
Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Fanning TG (2000) The 1918 influenza virus: a killer comes into view. Virology 274:241–245. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0495
Louie JK, Acosta M, Winter K, Jean C, Gavali S, Schechter R, Vugia D, Harriman K, Matyas B, Glaser CA, Samuel MC, Rosenberg J, Talarico J, Hatch D, California Pandemic Working G (2009) Factors associated with death or hospitalization due to pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection in California. JAMA 302:1896–1902. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1583
Dhanoa A, Fang NC, Hassan SS, Kaniappan P, Rajasekaram G (2011) Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections: the effects of bacterial co-infection. Virol J 8:501. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-8-501
Tashiro M, Ciborowski P, Reinacher M, Pulverer G, Klenk HD, Rott R (1987) Synergistic role of staphylococcal proteases in the induction of influenza virus pathogenicity. Virology 157:421–430
Kolenbrander PE (2000) Oral microbial communities: biofilms, interactions, and genetic systems. Annu Rev Microbiol 54:413–437. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.413
Paster BJ, Olsen I, Aas JA, Dewhirst FE (2006) The breadth of bacterial diversity in the human periodontal pocket and other oral sites. Periodontol 2000 42:80–87. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00174.x
Gendron R, Grenier D, Maheu-Robert L (2000) The oral cavity as a reservoir of bacterial pathogens for focal infections. Microbes Infect 2:897–906
Azarpazhooh A, Leake JL (2006) Systematic review of the association between respiratory diseases and oral health. J Periodontol 77:1465–1482. doi:10.1902/jop.2006.060010
Pizzo G, Guiglia R, Lo Russo L, Campisi G (2010) Dentistry and internal medicine: from the focal infection theory to the periodontal medicine concept. Eur J Intern Med 21:496–502. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2010.07.011
Imai K, Ochiai K, Okamoto T (2009) Reactivation of latent HIV-1 infection by the periodontopathic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis involves histone modification. J Immunol 182:3688–3695. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0802906
Imai K, Inoue H, Tamura M, Cueno ME, Inoue H, Takeichi O, Kusama K, Saito I, Ochiai K (2012) The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis induces the Epstein–Barr virus lytic switch transactivator ZEBRA by histone modification. Biochimie 94:839–846. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2011.12.001
Imai K, Yamada K, Tamura M, Ochiai K, Okamoto T (2012) Reactivation of latent HIV-1 by a wide variety of butyric acid-producing bacteria. Cell Mol Life Sci 69:2583–2592. doi:10.1007/s00018-012-0936-2
Bronstein-Sitton N, Cohen-Daniel L, Vaknin I, Ezernitchi AV, Leshem B, Halabi A, Houri-Hadad Y, Greenbaum E, Zakay-Rones Z, Shapira L, Baniyash M (2003) Sustained exposure to bacterial antigen induces interferon-gamma-dependent T cell receptor zeta down-regulation and impaired T cell function. Nat Immunol 4:957–964. doi:10.1038/ni975
Kuroda M, Katano H, Nakajima N, Tobiume M, Ainai A, Sekizuka T, Hasegawa H, Tashiro M, Sasaki Y, Arakawa Y, Hata S, Watanabe M, Sata T (2010) Characterization of quasispecies of pandemic 2009 influenza A virus (A/H1N1/2009) by de novo sequencing using a next-generation DNA sequencer. PLoS One 5:e10256. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010256
Abe S, Ishihara K, Adachi M, Sasaki H, Tanaka K, Okuda K (2006) Professional oral care reduces influenza infection in elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 43:157–164. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2005.10.004
Rogers R, Newbrun E, Tatevossian A (1979) Neuraminidase activity in human dental plaque fluid. Arch Oral Biol 24:703–705
Hannig C, Hannig M, Attin T (2005) Enzymes in the acquired enamel pellicle. Eur J Oral Sci 113:2–13. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2004.00180.x
Takao A, Nagamune H, Maeda N (2010) Sialidase of Streptococcus intermedius: a putative virulence factor modifying sugar chains. Microbiol Immunol 54:584–595. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00257.x
Gopinath SC, Awazu K, Fujimaki M, Shimizu K (2013) Evaluation of Anti-A/Udorn/307/1972 antibody specificity to influenza A/H3N2 viruses using an evanescent-field coupled waveguide-mode sensor. PLoS One 8:e81396. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081396
Shimizu K, Mukaigawa J, Oguro M, Ono Y, Nakajima K, Kida H (1985) Inhibition of transcriptase activity of influenza A virus in vitro by anti-haemagglutinin antibodies. Vaccine 3:207–210
Gorai T, Goto H, Noda T, Watanabe T, Kozuka-Hata H, Oyama M, Takano R, Neumann G, Watanabe S, Kawaoka Y (2012) F1Fo-ATPase, F-type proton-translocating ATPase, at the plasma membrane is critical for efficient influenza virus budding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:4615–4620. doi:10.1073/pnas.1114728109
Ehrhardt C, Seyer R, Hrincius ER, Eierhoff T, Wolff T, Ludwig S (2010) Interplay between influenza A virus and the innate immune signaling. Microbes Infect 12:81–87. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2009.09.007
Pleschka S, Wolff T, Ehrhardt C, Hobom G, Planz O, Rapp UR, Ludwig S (2001) Influenza virus propagation is impaired by inhibition of the Raf/MEK/ERK signalling cascade. Nat Cell Biol 3:301–305. doi:10.1038/35060098
Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE (2005) Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol 43:5721–5732. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.11.5721-5732.2005
Palese P, Tobita K, Ueda M, Compans RW (1974) Characterization of temperature sensitive influenza virus mutants defective in neuraminidase. Virology 61:397–410
Shibata S, Yamamoto-Goshima F, Maeno K, Hanaichi T, Fujita Y, Nakajima K, Imai M, Komatsu T, Sugiura S (1993) Characterization of a temperature-sensitive influenza B virus mutant defective in neuraminidase. J Virol 67:3264–3273
Inoue E, Ieko M, Takahashi N, Osawa Y, Okazaki K (2013) An NA-deficient 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus mutant can efficiently replicate in cultured cells. Arch Virol. doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1887-0
Sheu TG, Deyde VM, Okomo-Adhiambo M, Garten RJ, Xu X, Bright RA, Butler EN, Wallis TR, Klimov AI, Gubareva LV (2008) Surveillance for neuraminidase inhibitor resistance among human influenza A and B viruses circulating worldwide from 2004 to 2008. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:3284–3292. doi:10.1128/AAC.00555-08
Centers for Disease C, Prevention (2009) Oseltamivir-resistant 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in two summer campers receiving prophylaxis—North Carolina, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 58:969–972
Nishikawa T, Shimizu K, Tanaka T, Kuroda K, Takayama T, Yamamoto T, Hanada N, Hamada Y (2012) Bacterial neuraminidase rescues influenza virus replication from inhibition by a neuraminidase inhibitor. PLoS One 7:e45371. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045371
Mendel DB, Tai CY, Escarpe PA, Li W, Sidwell RW, Huffman JH, Sweet C, Jakeman KJ, Merson J, Lacy SA, Lew W, Williams MA, Zhang L, Chen MS, Bischofberger N, Kim CU (1998) Oral administration of a prodrug of the influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor GS 4071 protects mice and ferrets against influenza infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:640–646
Scannapieco FA (1999) Role of oral bacteria in respiratory infection. J Periodontol 70:793–802. doi:10.1902/jop.1999.70.7.793
Russell SL, Boylan RJ, Kaslick RS, Scannapieco FA, Katz RV (1999) Respiratory pathogen colonization of the dental plaque of institutionalized elders. Spec Care Dentist 19:128–134
Adachi M, Ishihara K, Abe S, Okuda K (2007) Professional oral health care by dental hygienists reduced respiratory infections in elderly persons requiring nursing care. Int J Dent Hyg 5:69–74. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2007.00233.x
Simon-Soro A, Tomas I, Cabrera-Rubio R, Catalan MD, Nyvad B, Mira A (2013) Microbial geography of the oral cavity. J Dent Res 92:616–621. doi:10.1177/0022034513488119
Frandsen EV, Pedrazzoli V, Kilian M (1991) Ecology of viridans streptococci in the oral cavity and pharynx. Oral Microbiol Immunol 6:129–133
Ishikawa A, Yoneyama T, Hirota K, Miyake Y, Miyatake K (2008) Professional oral health care reduces the number of oropharyngeal bacteria. J Dent Res 87:594–598
Nicholson KG, Wood JM, Zambon M (2003) Influenza. Lancet 362:1733–1745. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14854-4
Hedlund M, Larson JL, Fang F (2010) Antiviral strategies for pandemic and seasonal influenza. Viruses 2:1766–1781. doi:10.3390/v2081766
Michiels B, Govaerts F, Remmen R, Vermeire E, Coenen S (2011) A systematic review of the evidence on the effectiveness and risks of inactivated influenza vaccines in different target groups. Vaccine 29:9159–9170. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.008
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan; a grant from the Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo; Nihon University President’s Grant for Specified Multidisciplinary Research; and the Strategic Research Base Development Program for Private Universities (S1001024) and Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases from the MEXT of Japan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kamio, N., Imai, K., Shimizu, K. et al. Neuraminidase-producing oral mitis group streptococci potentially contribute to influenza viral infection and reduction in antiviral efficacy of zanamivir. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 72, 357–366 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1669-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1669-1