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High-wavenumber FT-Raman spectroscopy for in vivo and ex vivo measurements of breast cancer

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Abstract

The identification of normal and cancer breast tissue of rats was investigated using high-frequency (HF) FT-Raman spectroscopy with a near-infrared excitation source on in vivo and ex vivo measurements. Significant differences in the Raman intensities of prominent Raman bands of lipids and proteins structures (2,800–3,100 cm−1) as well as in the broad band of water (3,100–3,550 cm−1) were observed in mean normal and cancer tissue spectra. The multivariate statistical analysis methods of principal components analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were performed on all high-frequency Raman spectra of normal and cancer tissues. LDA results with the leave-one-out cross-validation option yielded a discrimination accuracy of 77.2, 83.3, and 100% for in vivo transcutaneous, in vivo skin-removed, and ex vivo biopsy HF Raman spectra. Despite the lower discrimination value for the in vivo transcutaneous measurements, which could be explained by the breathing movement and skin influences, our results showed good accuracy in discriminating between normal and cancer breast tissue samples. To support this, the calculated integration areas from the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve yielded 0.86, 0.94, and 1.0 for in vivo transcutaneous, in vivo skin-removed, and ex vivo biopsy measurements, respectively. The feasibility of using HF Raman spectroscopy as a clinical diagnostic tool for breast cancer detection and monitoring is due to no interfering contribution from the optical fiber in the HF Raman region, the shorter acquisition time due to a more intense signal in the HF Raman region, and the ability to distinguish between normal and cancerous tissues.

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Abbreviations

BLR:

Binary logistic regression

COBEA:

Brazilian college of animal experimentation

CTT:

Cancer tissue transcutaneous

DMBA:

7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene

EVCT:

Ex vivo cancer tissue

EVNT:

Ex vivo normal tissue

FT:

Fourier transform

HF:

High frequency

INCA:

National institute for cancer

HM:

Mammary hyperplasia

IR:

Infrared

IVCT:

In vivo cancer tissue

IVNT:

In vivo normal tissue

LDA:

Linear discriminant analysis

NTT:

Normal tissue transcutaneous

PCA:

Principal component analysis

THz:

Terahertz

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Acknowledgments

Authors thank L.N.Z. Ramalho and F.S. Ramalho for inducing cancer in the rats that were used in this study. Thanks go to FAPESP and CNPq for financial support for projects 01/14384-8, 301362/2006-8, and 302761/2009-8, and to FAPESP for project 16782-2/2009, which allowed Prof. Jalkanen to visit LEVB at UniVaP for the period from June 2010 to May 2011 from the Quantum Protein (QuP) Center at the Technical University in Denmark. Finally, we thank the reviewers of our work for their comments, recommendations, and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy, Institute of Research and Development, IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, UniVap, Avenida Shishima Hifumi, 2911, Urbanova, São José dos Campos, SP, 12244-000, Brazil

    A. F. García-Flores, L. Raniero, R. A. Canevari, K. J. Jalkanen & A. A. Martin

  2. Department of Physics, Quantum Protein (QuP) Center, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

    K. J. Jalkanen

  3. Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC, UFABC, Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Bangu, Santo André, SP, 09210-170, Brazil

    R. A. Bitar & H. S. Martinho

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  1. A. F. García-Flores
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  2. L. Raniero
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  3. R. A. Canevari
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  4. K. J. Jalkanen
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  5. R. A. Bitar
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  6. H. S. Martinho
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  7. A. A. Martin
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Correspondence to A. A. Martin.

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Dedicated to Professor Akira Imamura on the occasion of his 77th birthday and published as part of the Imamura Festschrift Issue.

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García-Flores, A.F., Raniero, L., Canevari, R.A. et al. High-wavenumber FT-Raman spectroscopy for in vivo and ex vivo measurements of breast cancer. Theor Chem Acc 130, 1231–1238 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00214-011-0925-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00214-011-0925-9

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