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Bacterial Contribution in Chronicity of Wounds

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Abstract

A wound is damage of a tissue usually caused by laceration of a membrane, generally the skin. Wound healing is accomplished in three stages in healthy individuals, including inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling stages. Healing of wounds normally starts from the inflammatory phase and ends up in the remodeling phase, but chronic wounds remain in an inflammatory stage and do not show progression due to some specific reasons. Chronic wounds are classified in different categories, such as diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), venous leg ulcers (VLU) and pressure ulcer (PU), surgical site infection (SSI), abscess, or trauma ulcers. Globally, the incidence rate of DFU is 1–4 % and prevalence rate is 5.3–10.5 %. However, colonization of pathogenic bacteria at the wound site is associated with wound chronicity. Most chronic wounds contain more than one bacterial species and produce a synergetic effect that results in previously non-virulent bacterial species becoming virulent and causing damage to the host. While investigating bacterial diversity in chronic wounds, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Peptoniphilus, Enterobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Finegoldia, and Serratia were found most frequently in chronic wounds. Recently, it has been observed that bacteria in chronic wounds develop biofilms that contribute to a delay in healing. In a mature biofilm, bacteria grow slowly due to deficiency of nutrients that results in the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. The present review reflects the reasons why acute wounds become chronic. Interesting findings include the bacterial load, which forms biofilms and shows high-level resistance toward antibiotics, which is a threat to human health in general and particularly to some patients who have acute wounds.

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Acknowledgments

This work was granted by CAPES, CNPq, FUNDECT, and FAPDF.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China

    Kashif Rahim, Xudong Zhu & Liang Huo

  2. Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat, 26000, Pakistan

    Shamim Saleha

  3. College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China

    Abdul Basit

  4. Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brazil, 70790-160, Brazil

    Octavio Luiz Franco

  5. S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, CEP 79.117-900, Brazil

    Octavio Luiz Franco

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  1. Kashif Rahim
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  2. Shamim Saleha
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  3. Xudong Zhu
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  4. Liang Huo
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  5. Abdul Basit
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  6. Octavio Luiz Franco
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Correspondence to Octavio Luiz Franco.

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Rahim, K., Saleha, S., Zhu, X. et al. Bacterial Contribution in Chronicity of Wounds. Microb Ecol 73, 710–721 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-016-0867-9

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