Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Relationship between sensory liking for fat, sweet or salt and cardiometabolic diseases: mediating effects of diet and weight status

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
European Journal of Nutrition Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Previous works have been suggested that individual sensory liking is a predictor of dietary intake and weight status, and may consequently influence development of cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). We investigated the association between sensory liking for fat-and-salt, fat-and-sweet, sweet or salt and the onset of hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) over 6 years in adults, and the mediating effects of dietary intake and body mass index (BMI).

Methods

We examined the CMDs risk among 41,332 (for CVD and diabetes) and 37,936 (for hypertension) French adults (NutriNet-Santé cohort). Liking scores, individual characteristics, diet and anthropometry were assessed at baseline using questionnaires. Health events were collected during 6 years. Associations between sensory liking and CMDs risk, and the mediating effect of diet and BMI, were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

Sensory liking for fat-and-salt was associated with an increased risk of diabetes, hypertension and CVD [hazard ratios (HR) for 1-point increment of the sensory score: HR 1.30 (95% CI 1.18, 1.43), HR 1.08 (1.04, 1.13) and HR 1.10 (1.02, 1.19), respectively]. BMI and dietary intake both explained 93%, 98% and 70%, of the overall variation of liking for fat-and-salt liking in diabetes, hypertension and CVD, respectively. Liking for fat-and-sweet and liking for salt were also associated with an increased risk of diabetes [HR 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) and HR 1.09 (1.01, 1.18), respectively], whereas liking for sweet was associated with a decreased risk [HR 0.76 (0.69, 0.84)].

Conclusions

Higher liking for fat-and-salt is significantly associated with CMDs risk, largely explained by dietary intake and BMI. Our findings may help to guide effective targeted measures in prevention.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

BMI:

Body mass index

HR:

Hazard ratio

M:

Men

RD:

Reduction of deviance

RHR:

Reduction in hazard ratio

W:

Women

References

  1. Hossain P, Kawar B, El Nahas M (2007) Obesity and diabetes in the developing world—a growing challenge. N Engl J Med 356(3):213–215. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp068177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Organization WH (2003) Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  3. Li X-Y, Cai X-L, Bian P-D, Hu L-R (2012) High salt intake and stroke: meta-analysis of the epidemiologic evidence. CNS Neurosci Ther 18(8):691–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00355.x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Schwingshackl L, Schwedhelm C, Hoffmann G, Lampousi AM, Knuppel S, Iqbal K, Bechthold A, Schlesinger S, Boeing H (2017) Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 105(6):1462–1473. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.153148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Mozaffarian D (2016) Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. Compr Rev Circ 133(2):187–225. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kershaw JC, Mattes RD (2018) Nutrition and taste and smell dysfunction. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 4(1):3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.02.006(e-pub ahead of print 2018/07/24)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Mejean C, Deglaire A, Kesse-Guyot E, Hercberg S, Schlich P, Castetbon K (2014) Association between intake of nutrients and food groups and liking for fat (The Nutrinet-Sante Study). Appetite 78:147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.03.017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Nagata C, Sugiyama C, Shimizu H (1999) Nutrient intakes in relation to style of breakfast and taste preferences. J Epidemiol 9(2):91–98 (e-pub ahead of print 1999/05/25)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Drewnowski A, Hann C, Henderson SA, Gorenflo D (2000) Both food preferences and food frequency scores predict fat intakes of women with breast cancer. J Am Diet Assoc 100(11):1325–1333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00375-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lampure A, Castetbon K, Deglaire A, Schlich P, Peneau S, Hercberg S, Mejean C (2016) Associations between liking for fat, sweet or salt and obesity risk in French adults: a prospective cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 13:74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0406-6

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Cox DN, Hendrie GA, Carty D (2016) Sensitivity, hedonics and preferences for basic tastes and fat amongst adults and children of differing weight status: a comprehensive review. Food Qual Prefer 48:359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.01.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Salbe AD, DelParigi A, Pratley RE, Drewnowski A, Tataranni PA (2004) Taste preferences and body weight changes in an obesity-prone population. Am J Clin Nutr 79(3):372–378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Duffy VB, Hayes JE, Sullivan BS, Faghri P (2009) Surveying food and beverage liking: a tool for epidemiological studies to connect chemosensation with health outcomes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1170:558–568. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04593.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Duffy VB, Lanier SA, Hutchins HL, Pescatello LS, Johnson MK, Bartoshuk LM (2007) Food preference questionnaire as a screening tool for assessing dietary risk of cardiovascular disease within health risk appraisals. J Am Diet Assoc 107(2):237–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.11.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Ikehara S, Iso H, Date C, Kikuchi S, Watanabe Y, Inaba Y, Tamakoshi A, Group JS (2012) Salt preference and mortality from stroke and coronary heart disease for Japanese men and women: the JACC study. Prev Med 54(1):32–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.10.013

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hercberg S, Castetbon K, Czernichow S, Malon A, Mejean C, Kesse E, Touvier M, Galan P (2010) The Nutrinet-Sante Study: a web-based prospective study on the relationship between nutrition and health and determinants of dietary patterns and nutritional status. BMC Public Health 10:242. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-242

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Andreeva VA, Salanave B, Castetbon K, Deschamps V, Vernay M, Kesse-Guyot E, Hercberg S (2015) Comparison of the sociodemographic characteristics of the large NutriNet-Sante e-cohort with French Census data: the issue of volunteer bias revisited. J Epidemiol Community Health 69(9):893–898. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-205263(e-pub ahead of print 2015/04/03)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Deglaire A, Méjean C, Castetbon K, Kesse-Guyot E, Urbano C, Hercberg S, Schlich P (2012) Development of a questionnaire to assay recalled liking for salt, sweet and fat. Food Qual Prefer 23(2):110–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2011.08.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Urbano C, Deglaire A, Cartier-Lange E, Herbreteau V, Cordelle S, Schlich P (2016) Development of a sensory tool to assess overall liking for the fatty, salty and sweet sensations. Food Quality Prefer 48:23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.08.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Deglaire A, Urbano C, Mejean C, Hercberg S, Schlich P (2011) Measuring liking for sweet, salt and fat by questionnaire and sensory test: complementary approaches. In: 9th Pangborn sensory science symposium (unplublished work)

  21. Touvier M, Kesse-Guyot E, Mejean C, Pollet C, Malon A, Castetbon K, Hercberg S (2011) Comparison between an interactive web-based self-administered 24 h dietary record and an interview by a dietitian for large-scale epidemiological studies. Br J Nutr 105(7):1055–1064. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510004617

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Lassale C, Castetbon K, Laporte F, Camilleri GM, Deschamps V, Vernay M, Faure P, Hercberg S, Galan P et al (2015) Validation of a Web-based, self-administered, non-consecutive-day dietary record tool against urinary biomarkers. Br J Nutr 113(6):953–962. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515000057

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lassale C, Castetbon K, Laporte F, Deschamps V, Vernay M, Camilleri GM, Faure P, Hercberg S, Galan P et al (2016) Correlations between fruit, vegetables, fish, vitamins, and fatty acids estimated by web-based nonconsecutive dietary records and respective biomarkers of nutritional status. J Acad Nutr Diet 116(3):427–438 e425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.09.017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Le Moullec ND, Preziosi M, Monteiro P, Valeix P, Rolland-Cachera P, Potier MF, de Courcy G, Christides JP, Cherouvrier F, Galan P, Hercberg S (1996) Validation du manuel photos utilisé pour l’enquête alimentaire de l’étude SU.VI.MAX. Cahier de Nutrition et de Diététique 31(3):158–164

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hercberg S, Chat-Yung S, Chaulia M (2008) The French National Nutrition and Health Program: 2001–2006–2010. Int J Public Health 53(2):68–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Arnault NC, Castetbon L, Coronel K, Fezeu SD, Figuette L, M (2013) Table de composition des aliments NutriNet-Santé. Economica, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  27. Lassale C, Péneau S, Touvier M, Julia C, Galan P, Hercberg S, Kesse-Guyot E (2013) Validity of web-based self-reported weight and height: results of the Nutrinet-Santé study. J Med Internet Res 15(8):e152. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2575

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Lampure A, Deglaire A, Schlich P, Castetbon K, Peneau S, Hercberg S, Mejean C (2014) Liking for fat is associated with sociodemographic, psychological, lifestyle and health characteristics. Br J Nutr 112(8):1353–1363. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514002050

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Lampure A, Schlich P, Deglaire A, Castetbon K, Peneau S, Hercberg S, Mejean C (2015) Sociodemographic, psychological, and lifestyle characteristics are associated with a liking for salty and sweet tastes in French adults. J Nutr 145(3):587–594. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.201269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Adriouch S, Lelong H, Kesse-Guyot E, Baudry J, Lampure A, Galan P, Hercberg S, Touvier M, Fezeu LK (2017) Compliance with nutritional and lifestyle recommendations in 13,000 patients with a cardiometabolic disease from the Nutrinet-Sante study. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060546

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, Pratt M, Ekelund U, Yngve A et al (2003) International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35(8):1381–1395. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Black AE (2000) Critical evaluation of energy intake using the Goldberg cut-off for energy intake:basal metabolic rate. A practical guide to its calculation, use and limitations. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24(9):1119–1130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Schofield WN (1985) Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 39(Suppl 1):5–41 (e-pub ahead of print 1985/01/01)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Mejean C, Droomers M, van der Schouw YT, Sluijs I, Czernichow S, Grobbee DE, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Beulens JW (2013) The contribution of diet and lifestyle to socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Int J Cardiol 168(6):5190–5195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Droomers M, Schrijvers CT, Mackenbach JP (2002) Why do lower educated people continue smoking? Explanations from the longitudinal GLOBE study. Health Psychol 21(3):263–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Chen GC, Lv DB, Pang Z, Liu QF (2013) Red and processed meat consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 67(1):91–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2012.180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. de Souza RJ, Mente A, Maroleanu A, Cozma AI, Ha V, Kishibe T, Uleryk E, Budylowski P, Schunemann H et al (2015) Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ 351:h3978. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h3978

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Riccardi G, Giacco R, Rivellese AA (2004) Dietary fat, insulin sensitivity and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Nutr 23(4):447–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2004.02.006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Research WCRFAIfC (2007) Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. AICR, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  40. Cobiac LJ, Vos T, Veerman JL (2010) Cost-effectiveness of interventions to promote fruit and vegetable consumption. PLoS One 5(11):e14148. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Dallongeville J, Dauchet L, de Mouzon O, Requillart V, Soler LG (2011) Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption: a cost-effectiveness analysis of public policies. Eur J Public Health 21(1):69–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckq013

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Deglaire A, Mejean C, Castetbon K, Kesse-Guyot E, Hercberg S, Schlich P (2015) Associations between weight status and liking scores for sweet, salt and fat according to the gender in adults (the Nutrinet-Sante study). Eur J Clin Nutr 69(1):40–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. McEvoy JW, Blaha MJ, DeFilippis AP, Lima JA, Bluemke DA, Hundley WG, Min JK, Shaw LJ, Lloyd-Jones DM et al (2015) Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular events: role of inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis from the MultiEthnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 35(3):700–709. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.304562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Lee JR, Paultre F, Mosca L (2005) The association between educational level and risk of cardiovascular disease fatality among women with cardiovascular disease. Women’s Health Issues 15(2):80–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2004.11.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Carnethon MR (2009) Physical activity and cardiovascular disease: how much is enough? Am J Lifestyle Med 3(1 Suppl):44S–49S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827609332737

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Fung TT, Schulze M, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB (2004) Dietary patterns, meat intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Arch Intern Med 164(20):2235–2240. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.20.2235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Strazzullo P, D’Elia L, Kandala N-B, Cappuccio FP (2009) Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b4567

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Klaus D, Hoyer J, Middeke M (2010) Salt restriction for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Dtsch Ärztebl Int 107(26):457–462. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2010.0457

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Directorate for Research S, Assessment and Statistics of Ministry of Health (2017) Report on the French population health, 2017. Executive summary: overview and highlights. DREES, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  50. Poslusna K, Ruprich J, de Vries JH, Jakubikova M, van’t Veer P (2009) Misreporting of energy and micronutrient intake estimated by food records and 24 hour recalls, control and adjustment methods in practice. Br J Nutr 101(Suppl 2):S73–S85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114509990602(e-pub ahead of print 2009/07/15)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Rappoport L, Peters GR, Downey R, McCann T, Huff-Corzine L (1993) Gender and age differences in food cognition. Appetite 20(1):33–52. https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1993.1004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Reverdy C, Schlich P, Köster EP, Ginon E, Lange C (2010) Effect of sensory education on food preferences in children. Food Qual Prefer 21(7):794–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2010.03.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Mattes RD (1993) Fat preference and adherence to a reduced-fat diet. Am J Clin Nutr 57(3):373–381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Mattes RD (1997) The taste for salt in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 65(2 Suppl):692S–697S

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Romagny SG, Salles E, C (2017) Impact fo reducing fat, salt and sugar in commercial foods on consumer acceptability and willingness to pay in real tasting conditions: a home experiment. Food Qual Pref 56:164–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the scientists, dieticians, technicians and assistants who helped carry out the NutriNet-Santé study, and all dedicated and conscientious volunteers. We especially thank Mohand Aït-Oufella, Paul Flanzy, Yasmina Chelghoum, Véronique Gourlet, Nathalie Arnault and Laurent Bourhis. We thank Voluntis (a healthcare software company) and MXS (a software company specializing in dietary assessment tools) for developing the NutriNet-Santé web-based interface according to our guidelines.

Funding

This work was supported by the French National Research Agency (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) in the context of the 2008 Programme de Recherche “Alimentation et Industries Alimentaires” (Epipref project, ANR-08-ALIA-006), by the INRA Metaprogramme Did’It (Diet Impact and Determinants Interactions and Transitions), and by the Regional Council of Burgundy France (PARI Agral 1) and the FEDER (European Funding for Regional Economical Development). The Nutrinet-Santé study is supported by the following institutions: Ministère de la Santé (DGS), Institut de Veille Sanitaire (InVS), Institut National de la Prévention et de l’Education pour la Santé (INPES), Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM), Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique (IRESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM) and Université Paris 13. The first author was supported by grants from the Region Ile-de-France.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Paris 13, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93017, Bobigny, France

    Aurélie Lampuré, Solia Adriouch, Sandrine Péneau, Léopold Fezeu, Serge Hercberg & Caroline Méjean

  2. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Ecole de Santé Publique, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie, Biostatistiques et Recherche Clinique, 1070, Brussels, Belgium

    Katia Castetbon

  3. Inra, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’Œuf, Rennes, France

    Amélie Deglaire

  4. Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 Inra, Dijon, France

    Pascal Schlich

  5. Département de Santé Publique, Hôpital Avicenne (AP-HP), 93017, Bobigny, France

    Serge Hercberg

  6. INRA, UMR 1110 MOISA, 34000, Montpellier, France

    Caroline Méjean

  7. EREN, SMBH Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny Cedex, France

    Aurélie Lampuré

Authors
  1. Aurélie Lampuré
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Solia Adriouch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Katia Castetbon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Amélie Deglaire
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Pascal Schlich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sandrine Péneau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Léopold Fezeu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Serge Hercberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Caroline Méjean
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

AL conducted the literature review and drafted the manuscript; AL performed analyses; SA, KC, AD, PS, SP, LF, SH and CM were involved in the interpretation of results and critically reviewed the manuscript; and SH and CM were responsible for the development of the design and the protocol of the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aurélie Lampuré.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was conducted according to guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (IRB Inserm no. 0000388FWA00005831) and the “Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés” (CNIL no. 908450 and no. 909216). Electronic informed consent was obtained from all subjects. This study is registered in EudraCT (no. 2013-000929-31).

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 21 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lampuré, A., Adriouch, S., Castetbon, K. et al. Relationship between sensory liking for fat, sweet or salt and cardiometabolic diseases: mediating effects of diet and weight status. Eur J Nutr 59, 249–261 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-01904-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-01904-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation