Abstract
To develop a environment friendly control measure against cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, medicinally important plants were identified and extracts were prepared. Twelve 95% ethanolic, thirteen 50% hydroethanolic and nine hot water extracts were prepared and tested against laboratory reared homogenous colony of R. (B.) microplus. Amongst the 34 extracts, 26 extracts showed no mortality within 72 h of application while 12.0 ± 4.9% to 35.0 ± 9.6% mortality of treated ticks was recorded in other extracts. Of the effective extracts, the extract prepared from rhizome of Acorus calamus proved highly efficacious and 100% final mortality within 14 DPT was recorded. The LC85 value of the extract was determined as 11.26. In vivo experiments confirmed the efficacy of the extract up to 42%, and repeat application was required after 7 DPT. The extract was found safe and no reaction was observed when animals were treated with 50% of the concentration, which was five times of the concentration used for in vivo studies. The possibility of using the extract for the control of cattle tick is discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Benavides OE, Hernandez MG, Castro RNA, AH RBJL (2001) Preliminary evaluation of neen (Azadirachta indica) extract as alternative for cattle ticks Boophilus microplus. Riv Columb Entomol 27:1–8
Calmasur O, Aslan I, Sahin F (2006) Insecticidal and acaricidal effect of three Lamiaceae plant essential oils against Tetranychus urticae Koch and Bemisia tabaci Genn. Ind Crops Prod 23:140–146
Central Statistical Organization (2003) National Accounts Statistics, Department of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of India, New Delhi (Various Issues)
Chungsamarnyart N, Jansawan W (2001) Effect of Tamarindus indicus L. against the Boophilus microplus. Kasetsart J (Nat Sci) 35:34–39
Chungsamarnyart N, Jiwajinda S, Jansawan W, Kaewsuwan U, Buranasilpin P (1988) Effective plant crude- extracts on the ticks (Boophilus microplus). I. Larvicidal Action. Kasetsart J (Nat Sci Suppl) 22:37–41
EL-Nahal AKM, El-Nahal GHS, Risha EM (1989) Vapours of Acarus calamus oil—a space treatment for stored product insects. J Stored Prod Res 25:211–216
Elango G, Rahuman AA, Zahir AA, Kamraj C, Bagavan A, Rajakumar G, Jayaseelan C, Santoshkumar T, Marimuthu S (2010) Evaluation of repellent properties of botanical extracts against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 107:577–584
FAO (2004) Resistance management and integrated parasite control in ruminants. Guidelines. Animal Production and Health Division, pp 25–77
Finney DJ (1962) Probit analysis—a statistical treatment of the response curve. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–318
Ghosh S, Azhahianambi P (2007) Laboratory rearing of Theileria annulata-free Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks. Exp Appl Acarol 43:137–146
Ghosh S, Azhahianambi P, de la Fluente J (2006) Control of ticks of ruminants with special emphasis on livestock farming system in India—present and future possibilities for integrated control: a review. Exp Appl Acarol 40:49–66
Ghosh S, Bansal GC, Gupta SC, Ray D, Khan MQ, Irshad H, Shahiduzzaman M, Seitzer U, Ahmed JS (2007) Status of tick distribution in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Parasitol Res 101(Suppl 2):207–216
Graf JF, Gogolewski R, Leach BN (2004) Tick control: an industry point of view. Parasitology 129:S247–S442
ICMR (2008) In: Gupta AK, Tandon N, Sharma M (eds) Quality standards of Indian medicinal polants, vol 5. ICMR, New Delhi, pp 1–357
Iori A, Grazioli D, Gentile E, Marano G, Salvatore G (2005) Acaricidal properties of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel (tea tree oil) against nymphs of Ixodes ricinus. Vet Parasitol 129:173–176
Jaenson TGT, Garboui S, Palsson K (2006) Repellency of oils of Lemon, Eucalyptus, Geranium and Lavander and mosquito repellent MyggA natural to Ixodid ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the laboratory and field. J Med Entomol 43:731–736
Khan MH, Naithani RC, Singh (kr) S (1982) Study on bionomics of Nosoma monostrosum (Nuttall and Warburton) (Acari: Ixodidae). Acarologia 23:119–123
Kim SI, Yi JH, Tak JH, Ahn YJ (2004) Acaricidal activity of plant essential oils against Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Vet Parasitol 120:297–304
Magadum S, Mondal DB, Ghosh S (2009) Comparative efficacy of Annona squamosa and Azadirachta indica extract against Boophilus microplus Izatnagar isolate. Parasitol Res 105:1085–1091
Minjauw B, Mc Leod A (2003) Tick borne disease and poverty. The impact of tick and tick borne disease on the livelihoods of small scale and marginal livestock in India and eastern and southern Africa. Research Report, DFID Animal Health Programme, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
Nari A (1995) Strategies for control of one host tick and relationship with tick borne diseases in South Africa. Vet Parasitol 57:153–165
Park C, SoonH K, Ahn JY (2003) Insecticidal activity of asarones identified in Acorus gramineus rhizome against three coleopteran stored-product insects. J Stored Prod Res 39:333–342
Rahuman AA, Gopalakrishnan G, Venkatesan P, Geetha K (2008) Larvicidal activity of some Euphorbiaceae plant extracts against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 102:867–873
Raina VK, Srivastava SK, Syamasunder KV (2002) Essential oil composition of Acorus calamus L. from the lower region of the Himalayas. Flavour Fragr J 18(1):18–20
Ribeiro VL, Dos Santos JC, Bordignon SA, Apel MA, Henriques AT, von Poser GL (2009) Acaricidal properties of the essential oil from Hesperozygis ringens (Lamiaceae) on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Bioresour Technol 101(7):2506–2509
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG (1968) Statistical methods. Oxford and IBH, Calcutta, pp 1–593
Srivastava R, Ghosh S, Mondal DB, Azhahianambi P, Singhal PSD, Pandey NN, Swarup D (2008) Efficacy of Azadirachta indica extracts against Boophilus microplus. Parasitol Res 104:149–153
Stendel W (1980) The relevance of different test methods for the evolution of tick controlling substances. J South Afr Vet Assoc 51:147–152
Streloke M, Ascher KRS, Schmidt GH, Neumann WP (1989) Vapour pressure and volatility of β-asarone, The main ingredient of an indigenous stored product insecticides Acorus calamus oil. Phytoparasitics 17(4):299–313
World Health Organization (WHO) (1992) The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard Organization, (unpublished document, WHO/PCS/92.14) and guidelines to classification 1992–1993. Geneva, World Health, p 66
Zahir AA, Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Santoshkumar T, Mohamed RR, Kamraj C, Rajakumar G, Elango G, Jayaseelan C, Marimuthu S (2010) Evaluation of botanical extracts against Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann and Hippobosca maculate Leach. Parasitol Res 107:585–592
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, for its support of the study through the World Bank-funded National Agricultural Innovation Project No. NAIP/Comp-4/C2066/2008-09.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghosh, S., Sharma, A.K., Kumar, S. et al. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of Acorus calamus extract against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus . Parasitol Res 108, 361–370 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2070-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2070-0