Abstract
This study examined the effects of workplace sexual harassment on family undermining. The investigation focused on the mediating role of moral identity and the moderating role of organization-based self-esteem (OBSE). The results, which were based on employee-spouse dyadic data collected in China, indicated that employees’ perceptions of sexual harassment were negatively related to their sense of moral identity and positively related to family undermining behavior. Moreover, reduced moral identity mediated the relationship between sexual harassment and family undermining. Furthermore, OBSE attenuated the main effect of sexual harassment on moral identity and the indirect effect of sexual harassment on family undermining via reduced moral identity. Our findings offer insightful theoretical contributions and managerial implications that indicate new directions for research on sexual harassment and work-family relations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. 1991. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park: Sage.
Aquino, K., & Reed, A., II. 2002. The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83: 1423–1440.
Aquino, K., Reed, A., II, Thau, S., & Freeman, D. 2007. A grotesque and dark beauty: How moral identity and mechanisms of moral disengagement influence cognitive and emotional reactions to war. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43: 385–392.
Au, K., & Kwan, H. K. 2009. Start-up capital and Chinese entrepreneurs: The role of family. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 33: 889–908.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Edwards, J. R. 1998. A general approach for representing constructs in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 1: 45–87.
Bandura, A. 1986. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. 1999. Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3: 193–209.
Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C.-P. 1987. Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16: 78–117.
Berdahl, J. L., & Aquino, K. 2009. Sexual behavior at work: Fun or folly?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94: 34–47.
Berdahl, J. L., Magley, V. J., & Waldo, C. R. 1996. The sexual harassment of men? Exploring the concept with theory and data. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20: 527–547.
Bowes-Sperry, L., & Powell, G. N. 1999. Observers’ reactions to social-sexual behavior at work: An ethical decision-making perspective. Journal of Management, 25: 779–802.
Bowling, N. A., Eschleman, K. J., Wang, Q., Krikendall, C., & Alarcon, G. 2010. A meta-analysis of the predictors and consequences of organization-based self-esteem. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83: 601–626.
Brislin, R. W. 1980. Translation and content analysis of oral and written material. In H. C. Triandis & J. W. Berry (Eds.). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, Vol. 2: 349–444. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Brockner, J. 1988. Self-esteem at work: Research, theory, and practice. Lexington: Lexington Books.
Byron, K. 2005. A meta-analytic review of work-family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67: 169–198.
Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Williams, L. J. 2000. Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56: 249–276.
Casper, W. J., Eby, L. T., Bordeaux, C., Lockwood, A., & Lambert, D. 2007. A review of research methods in IO/OB work-family research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92: 28–43.
Dionisi, A. M., & Barling, J. 2015. Spillover and crossover of sex-based harassment from work to home: Supervisor gender harassment affects romantic relationship functioning via targets’ anger. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36: 196–215.
Edwards, J. R., & Lambert, L. S. 2007. Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychological Methods, 12: 1–22.
Ferguson, M. 2012. You cannot leave it at the office: Spillover and crossover of coworker incivility. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33: 571–588.
Fitzgerald, L. F., Gelfand, M. J., & Drasgow, F. 1995. Measuring sexual harassment: Theoretical and psychometric advances. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17: 425–445.
Fitzgerald, L. F., Swan, S., & Magley, V. J. 1997. But was it really sexual harassment? Legal, behavioral, and psychological definitions of the workplace victimization of women. In W. O’Donohue (Ed.). Sexual harassment: Theory, research, and treatment: 5–28. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. 1981. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18: 39–50.
Freeman, A., & Martin, D. M. 2004. A psychosocial approach for conceptualizing schematic development. In A. Freeman, M. J. Mahoney, P. Devito, & D. Martin (Eds.). Cognition and psychotherapy, 2nd ed.: 221–256. New York: Springer.
Gioia, D. A., & Poole, P. P. 1984. Scripts in organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 9: 449–459.
Goodman, J. S., & Blum, T. C. 1996. Assessing the non-random sampling effects of subject attrition in longitudinal research. Journal of Management, 22: 627–652.
Hammer, L. B., Kossek, E. E., Yragui, N. L., Bodner, T. E., & Hanson, G. C. 2009. Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of family supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB). Journal of Management, 35: 837–856.
Hannah, S. T., Schaubroeck, J. M., Peng, A. C., Lord, R. G., Trevino, L. K., Kozlowski, S. W. J., Avolio, B. J., Dimotakis, N., & Doty, J. 2013. Joint influences of individual and work unit abusive supervision on ethical intentions and behaviors: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98: 579–592.
Hart, D., Atkins, R., & Ford, D. 1998. Urban America as a context for the development of moral identity in adolescence. Journal of Social Issues, 54: 513–530.
Hoobler, J. M., & Brass, D. J. 2006. Abusive supervision and family undermining as displaced aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 1125–1133.
Hui, C., & Lee, C. 2000. Moderating effects of organization-based self-esteem on organizational uncertainty: Employee response relationships. Journal of Management, 26: 215–232.
Ilies, R., Hauserman, N., Schwochau, S., & Stibal, J. 2003. Reported incidence rates of work-related sexual harassment in the United States: Using meta-analysis to explain reported rate disparities. Personnel Psychology, 56: 607–631.
Jennings, P. L., Mitchell, M. S., & Hannah, S. T. 2015. The moral self: A review and integration of the literature. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36: S104–S168.
Jian, Z., Kwan, H. K., Qiu, Q., Liu, Z. Q., & Yim, F. H.-K. 2012. Abusive supervision and frontline employees’ service performance. Service Industries Journal, 32: 683–698.
Kacmar, K. M., Collins, B. J., Harris, K. J., & Judge, T. A. 2009. Core self-evaluations and job performance: The role of the perceived work environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94: 1572–1580.
Keyton, J., & Rhodes, S. C. 1997. Sexual harassment: A matter of individual ethics, legal definitions, or organizational policy?. Journal of Business Ethics, 16: 129–146.
Kwan, H. K. 2014. Antecedents and outcomes of family-supportive supervisor behaviors. Unpublished dissertation, Drexel University, Philadelphia.
Liu, J., Kwan, H. K., Fu, P. P., & Mao, Y. 2013a. Ethical leadership and job performance in China: The roles of workplace friendships and traditionality. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86: 564–584.
Liu, J., Kwan, H. K., Lee, C., & Hui, C. 2013b. Work-to-family spillover effects of workplace ostracism: The role of work-home segmentation preferences. Human Resource Management, 52: 75–94.
Liu, J., Kwan, H. K., Wu, L.-Z., & Wu, W. 2010. Abusive supervision and subordinate supervisor-directed deviance: The moderating role of traditional values and the mediating role of revenge cognitions. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83: 835–856.
Liu, X.-Y., Kwan, H. K., & Chiu, R. K. 2014. Customer sexual harassment and frontline employees’ service performance in China. Human Relations, 67: 333–356.
Luthar, H. K., & Luthar, V. K. 2008. Likelihood to sexually harass: A comparison among American, Indian, and Chinese students. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8: 59–77.
Mao, Y., Peng, K. Z., & Wong, C.-S. 2012. Indigenous research on Asia: In search of the emic components of guanxi. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29(4): 1143–1168.
Murry, W. D., Sivasubramaniam, N., & Jacques, P. H. 2001. Supervisory support, social exchange relationships, and sexual harassment consequences: A test of competing models. Leadership Quarterly, 12: 1–29.
O’Leary-Kelly, A. M., & Bowes-Sperry, L. 2001. Sexual harassment as unethical behavior: The role of moral intensity. Human Resource Management Review, 11: 73–92.
O’Leary-Kelly, A. M., Bowes-Sperry, L., Bates, C. A., & Lean, E. R. 2009. Sexual harassment at work: A decade (plus) of progress. Journal of Management, 35: 503–536.
Paul, J., Costley, D. L., Howell, J. P., Dorfman, P. W., & Trafimow, D. 2001. The effects of charismatic leadership on followers’ self-concept accessibility. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31: 1821–1844.
Perry, E. L., Kulik, C. T., & Field, M. P. 2009. Sexual harassment training: Recommendations to address gaps between the practitioner and research literatures. Human Resource Management, 48: 817–837.
Pierce, J. L., Gardner, D. G., Cummings, L. L., & Dunham, R. B. 1989. Organization-based self-esteem: Construct definition, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 32: 622–648.
Pierce, J. L., Gardner, D. G., Dunham, R. B., & Cummings, L. L. 1993. Moderation by organization-based self-esteem of role condition-employee response relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 271–288.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88: 879–903.
Popovich, P. M., & Licata, B. J. 1987. A role model approach to sexual harassment. Journal of Management, 13: 149–161.
Restubog, S. L. D., Scott, K. L., & Zagenczyk, T. J. 2011. When distress hits home: The role of contextual factors and psychological distress in predicting employees’ responses to abusive supervision. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96: 713–729.
Schlenker, B. R. 1985. Identity and self-identification. In B. R. Schlenker (Ed.). The self and social life: 65–99. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sobel, M. E. 1982. Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.). Sociological methodology: 290–312. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Spector, P. E., Allen, T. D., Poelmans, S. A. Y., Lapierre, L. M., Cooper, C. L., O’Driscoll, M., Sanchez, J. I., Abarca, N., Alexandrova, M., Beham, B., Brough, P., Ferreiro, P., Fraile, G., Lu, C.-Q., Lu, L., Moreno-Velázquez, I., Pagon, M., Pitariu, H., Salamatov, V., Shima, S., Simoni, A. S., Siu, O. L., & Widerszal-Bazyl, M. 2007. Cross-national differences in relationships of work demands, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions with work-family conflict. Personnel Psychology, 60: 805–835.
Straub, D., Boudreau, M.-C., & Gefen, D. 2004. Validation guidelines for IS positivist research. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 13: 380–427.
The National People’s Congress. 2009. Available at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/dfrd/bj/2009-10/20/content_1522038.htm, Accessed Mar. 7, 2016.
Westman, M., & Vinokur, A. D. 1998. Unraveling the relationship of distress levels within couples: Common stressors, empathic reactions, or crossover via social interaction. Human Relations, 51: 137–156.
Willness, C. R., Steel, P., & Lee, K. 2007. A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of workplace sexual harassment. Personnel Psychology, 60: 127–162.
Wu, L.-Z., Kwan, H. K., Liu, J., & Resick, C. J. 2012. Work-to-family spillover effects of abusive supervision. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27: 714–731.
Xiao, Y., & Cooke, F. L. 2012. Work-life balance in China? Social policy, employer strategy and individual coping mechanisms. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 50: 6–22.
Zhang, H., Kwan, H. K., Zhang, X., & Wu, L.-Z. 2014. High core self-evaluators maintain creativity: A motivational model of abusive supervision. Journal of Management, 40: 1151–1174.
Acknowledgments
An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the 2014 First HR Division International Conference, Beijing, China. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 71302187, 71331004, 71372005), the Program for Young Excellent Talents, UIBE (grant number 2013YQ04), the Beijing Higher Education Young Elite Teacher Project (YETP0893), and Program for Innovative Research Team of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liao, Y., Liu, XY., Kwan, H.K. et al. Effects of sexual harassment on employees’ family undermining: Social cognitive and behavioral plasticity perspectives. Asia Pac J Manag 33, 959–979 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-016-9467-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-016-9467-y