Abstract
Adolescents reporting selling sex for payment were studied with respect to socioeconomic background, perceived mental health and health behavior, antisocial behavior, sexual experiences, including sexual abuse and abusive behaviors, and the use of pornography. The sample consisted of a representative sample of 4,339 students (response rate, 77.2%) from the third year of upper secondary schools in five Swedish cities. Of the participating adolescents, 1.8% of the boys and 1.0% of the girls indicated that they had sold sex for money or other reimbursements. Selling sex was associated with having an immigrant background, higher level of unemployment in the family, and studying a practical/vocational program. Adolescents with the experience of selling sex had an increased risk for different psychosocial problems, such as poorer mental health, weekly use of alcohol, and antisocial behaviors. The adolescents selling sex were also characterized by having had a greater number of sexual experiences, a greater preoccupation with sex, relatively early sexual debut, and experience with sexual abuse as victim and/or perpetrator. The index group students watched pornography more frequently than the majority and they also watched more deviant forms of pornography. The significance of the higher frequency among boys and the gray zone between normal sexual exploration and prostitution are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bagley, C., & Young, L. (1987). Juvenile prostitution and child sexual abuse: A controlled study. Journal of Community Mental Health, 6, 5–26.
Bakken, A. (1998). Ungdomstid i storbyen. NOVA Rapport 7/98. Oslo: Norsk institutt for forskning om uppvekst, velferd og aldring.
Black, C., Bucky, S., & Wilder-Padilla, S. (1986). The interpersonal and emotional consequences of being an adult child of an alcoholic. International Journal of Addictions, 21, 213–231.
Carolina Population Center. (2003). Retrieved February 20, 2006 from the Carolina Population Center Web site: http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth
Cottler, L., Helzer, J., & Tipp, J. E. (1990). Lifetime patterns of substance use among general population subjects engaging in high risk sexual behaviors: Implications for HIV risk. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 16, 207–222.
Derogatis, L. R. (1979). SCL-90: Administration, scoring and procedure manual for the revised version of the SCL-90. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Durant, L. E., Carey, M. P., & Schroder, K. E. (2002). Effects of anonymity, gender, and erotophilia on the quality of data obtained from self-reports of socially sensitive behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 438–67.
Earls, C. M., & David, H. (1989). Early family and sexual experiences of male and female prostitutes. Canada’s Mental Health, 18, 7–11.
Edgardh, K. (2001). Adolescent sexuality and sexual abuse: A Swedish perspective. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm.
Estes, R. J. (2001). The sexual exploitation of children: A working guide to the empirical literature. Retrieved January 21, 2006 from University of Pennsylvania, School of Social Works Web site: http://caster.ssw.upenn.edu/~restes/CSEC_Files/CSEC_Bib_August_2001.pdf.
Estes, R. J., & Weiner, N. A. (2001). The commercial sexual exploitation of children in the U.S., Canada and Mexico. Retrieved January 21, 2006 from University of Pennsylvania School of Social Works Web site: http://caster.sww.upenn.edu/~restes/CSEC.htm.
Folkehelsa. (1993). Rapport fra seksualvaneundersökelsene i 1987 og 1992. Oslo: Statens institutt for folkhelse, Seksjon for epidemiologi.
Foti, S. M. (1994). Sexual abuse as a precursor to prostitution. Dissertation Abstracts International, 55(8), 3568B.
Ganzeboom, H. B. G., de Graaf, P. M., & Treiman, D. J. (1992). A Standard International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status. Social Sciences Research, 21, 1–56.
Greene, J. M., Ennett, S. T., & Ringwalt, C. L. (1999). Prevalence and correlates of survival sex among runaway and homeless youth. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1406–1409.
Hammarén, N., & Johansson, T. (2001). Ungdom och sexualitet i gränslandet. Delrapport I: Ung och kåt? Om ungdomars sexuella berättelser. Skövde: Behavioural Sciences, Technical Report, Högskolan i Skövde.
Hammarén, N., & Johansson, T. (2002). Könsordning eller könsoordning? Ungdomens sexuella landskap. Göteborg: Centrum för kulturstudier/Forum för studier av samtidskultur, Göteborgs Universitet. Rapport nr 2. Grafikerna i Livréna i Kungälv AB.
Hegna, K., & Pedersen, W. (2002). Sex for overlevelse eller skyggebilder av kjaerlighet. NOVA Rapport 5/02. Oslo: Norsk institutt for forskning om oppvekst, velferd og aldring.
Helweg-Larsen, K. (2003). Undersøgelsen: “Hvad vi ikke ved om børn og unge.” Paper presented at the 7. Nordiske Prostitutions-konference. Retrievied January 21, 2006, from http://www.vfcudsatte.dk/page80.asp.
Jesson, J. (1993). Understanding adolescent female prostitution: A literature review. Brittish Journal of Social Work, 23, 517– 530.
Johnson, T. P., Aschkenasy, J. R., Herbers, M. R., & Gillenwater, S. A. (1996). Self-reported risk factors AIDS among homeless youth. AIDS Education and Prevention, 8, 309–322.
Jordheim Larsen, C., & Pedersen, W. (2005). Bytte, kjærlighet, overgrep. Seksualitet blant ungdom i randsonen. NOVA Rapport 10/05. Oslo: Norsk institutt for forskning om oppvekst, velferd og aldring.
Kipke, M. D., O’Connor, S., Palmer, R., & MacKenzie, R. G. (1995). Street youth in Los Angeles: Profile of a group at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 149, 513–519.
Kirby, P. (1995). A word from the street: Young people who leave care and become homeless. London: Reed Business Publishing.
Lee, M., & O’Brian, R. (1995). The game’s up: Redefining child prostitution. London: The Children’s Society.
MacVicar, K., & Dillon, M. (1980). Childhood and adolescent development of ten female prostitutes. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 19, 145–159.
McCarthy, B., & Hagan, J. (1992). Surviving the street: The experiences of homeless youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 412–430.
Mossige, S. (2001). Ungdoms holdninger til seksuelle krenkelser og overgrepp. Ungdommers oppfatning av barn som legitime mål för seksuelle handlingar. NOVA Rapport 16/01. Oslo: Norsk institutt for forskning om oppvekst, velferd og aldring.
Nadon, S., Koverola, C., & Schluderman, E. (1998). Antecedents to prostitution: Childhood victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 206–221.
OECD. (2001). Knowledge and skills for life. First results from the OECD programme for international student assessment (PISA) 2000. Retrieved January 17, 2006 from OECD Programme for International Student Assessments Web site: http://www.pisa.oecd.org/dataoecd/44/53/33691596.pdf.
O’Neill, M., Goode, N., & Hopkins, K. (1995). Juvenile prostitution: The experience of young women in residential care. Childright, 113, 14–16.
Pearce, J. (2003). It’s someone taking a part of you: A study of young women and sexual exploitation. London: National Children’s Bureau.
Pedersen, W., & Hegna, K. (2003). Children and adolescents who sell sex: A community study. Social Science and Medicine, 56, 135–147.
Roy, E., Haley, N., Leclerc, P., Lemire, N., Boivin, J. P., Frappier, J. Y., et al. (2000). Prevalence of HIV infection and risk behaviors among Montreal street youth. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 11, 241–247.
Rutter, M., Giller, H., & Hagnell, A. (1998). Antisocial behavior by young people. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skidmore, P. (2000). Researching youth prostitution. London: Guildhall University.
Statistics Sweden. (2003). Retrieved January 21, 2006 from Statistic Sweden Web site: htpp://www.ssd.scb.se/databaser/makro/SaveShow.asp
Tambs K. (1994). Noen resultater fra Folkehelsas undersøkelse av seksuelle overgrep mot børn. Oslo: Statens institutt for folkehelse.
Thoresen, M. (1995). Ung fritid I Trondheim. UNGforsk-rapport 2/.59 Oslo: Ungforsk.
Vejle Amt. (2005). Trivselundewrsøgelse blandt 9. klasseelever I Vejle Amt efteråret 2004. Vejle: Vejle Amt.
West, D. J., & Villiers, B. (1992). Male prostitution. London: Duckworth.
Acknowledgement
This study was made possible by grants from Ministry of Social Affairs and The Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Svedin, C.G., Priebe, G. Selling Sex in a Population-Based Study of High School Seniors in Sweden: Demographic and Psychosocial Correlates. Arch Sex Behav 36, 21–32 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9083-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9083-x