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Cell death mechanisms in eukaryotes

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Abstract

Like the organism they constitute, the cells also die in different ways. The death can be predetermined, programmed, and cleanly executed, as in the case of apoptosis, or it can be traumatic, inflammatory, and sudden as many types of necrosis exemplify. Nevertheless, there are a number of cell deaths—some of them bearing a resemblance to apoptosis and/or necrosis, and many, distinct from each—that serve a multitude of roles in either supporting or disrupting the homoeostasis. Apoptosis is coordinated by death ligands, caspases, b-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins, and their downstream effectors. Events that can lead to apoptosis include mitotic catastrophe and anoikis. Necrosis, although it has been considered an abrupt and uncoordinated cell death, has many molecular events associated with it. There are cell death mechanisms that share some standard features with necrosis. These include methuosis, necroptosis, NETosis, pyronecrosis, and pyroptosis. Autophagy, generally a catabolic pathway that operates to ensure cell survival, can also kill the cell through mechanisms such as autosis. Other cell-death mechanisms include entosis, ferroptosis, lysosome-dependent cell death, and parthanatos.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Prof Shree Kumar Apte (UM-DAE CEBS) for critical reading of the manuscript and UM-DAE CEBS for financial support. All figures used in this article were created using BioRender software.

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  1. School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai, 400098, India

    J. Grace Nirmala & Manu Lopus

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  1. J. Grace Nirmala
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  2. Manu Lopus
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Correspondence to Manu Lopus.

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Nirmala, J.G., Lopus, M. Cell death mechanisms in eukaryotes. Cell Biol Toxicol 36, 145–164 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10565-019-09496-2

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