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Microglia in Glia–Neuron Co-cultures Exhibit Robust Phagocytic Activity Without Concomitant Inflammation or Cytotoxicity

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Abstract

A simple method to co-culture granule neurons and glia from a single brain region is described, and microglia activation profiles are assessed in response to naturally occurring neuronal apoptosis, excitotoxin-induced neuronal death, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) addition. Using neonatal rat cerebellar cortex as a tissue source, glial proliferation is regulated by omission or addition of the mitotic inhibitor cytosine arabinoside (AraC). After 7–8 days in vitro, microglia in AraC− cultures are abundant and activated based on their amoeboid morphology, expressions of ED1 and Iba1, and ability to phagocytose polystyrene beads and the majority of neurons undergoing spontaneous apoptosis. Microglia and phagocytic activities are sparse in AraC+ cultures. Following exposure to excitotoxic kainate concentrations, microglia in AraC− cultures phagocytose most dead neurons within 24 h without exacerbating neuronal loss or mounting a strong or sustained inflammatory response. LPS addition induces a robust inflammatory response, based on microglial expressions of TNF-α, COX-2 and iNOS proteins, and mRNAs, whereas these markers are essentially undetectable in control cultures. Thus, the functional effector state of microglia is primed for phagocytosis but not inflammation or cytotoxicity even after kainate exposure that triggers death in the majority of neurons. This model should prove useful in studying the progressive activation states of microglia and factors that promote their conversion to inflammatory and cytotoxic phenotypes.

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Conflict of interest

The authors, Alexandra C. Adams, Michele Kyle, Carol M. Beaman-Hall, Edward A. Monaco III, Matthew Cullen, Mary Lou Vallano, do not have any conflicts of interest to report.

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  1. Alexandra C. Adams

    Present address: Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA

  2. Edward A. Monaco III

    Present address: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

  3. Matthew Cullen

    Present address: Department of Anesthesiology, Phelps Memorial Hospital Center, Sleepy Hollow, NY, 10591, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA

    Alexandra C. Adams, Carol M. Beaman-Hall, Edward A. Monaco III, Matthew Cullen & Mary Lou Vallano

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA

    Michele Kyle

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Correspondence to Mary Lou Vallano.

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Adams, A.C., Kyle, M., Beaman-Hall, C.M. et al. Microglia in Glia–Neuron Co-cultures Exhibit Robust Phagocytic Activity Without Concomitant Inflammation or Cytotoxicity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 35, 961–975 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-015-0191-9

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