Abstract
The young adult years are particularly important for accruing the education and work experience needed for long-term economic stability. We examine the effects of symptoms of ODD at baseline (i.e., T1 ages 12 to 18 years; N = 662; 48 % male) and of increases in these symptoms on academic and occupational functioning in young adulthood (i.e., T6 ages 22 to 29 years; N = 478; 45 % male) using multiple measures; including achievement levels (i.e., educational attainment, occupational prestige, and income) and financial and work stress (i.e., debt, financial strain, and perceived workplace stress). Our findings show that both adolescent levels of and increases in symptoms of ODD influence academic and occupational functioning in young adulthood. We discuss the implications of ODD symptoms for accruing economic capital in young adulthood, as well as approaches to detecting and intervening that are needed to halt the potentially cascading effects of ODD symptoms.
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all adolescents (now adults!) who participated in this research. We also appreciate the leadership of Vincenza Gruppuso in the data collection and to the many students who worked on this project and made it possible.
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The Victoria Healthy Youth Survey study and this research has been supported by grants to Dr. Leadbeater from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (#43275; #79917; #93533; #130500).
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The authors have no conflict of interest(s) to declare.
Ethical Approval
This project was approved by the University of Victoria’s Human Research Ethics Board (protocol #09-292) and this research complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
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Informed consent was obtained from all parents of youth under 18 and all youth at each assessment.
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Leadbeater, B.J., Ames, M.E. The Longitudinal Effects of Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms on Academic and Occupational Functioning in the Transition to Young Adulthood. J Abnorm Child Psychol 45, 749–763 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0190-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0190-4