The paper uses both the author’s experience of research training, and the empirical studies of autism in which he participated over the last 40-plus years, to derive research lessons and to consider the needs and prospects for future research. Attention is drawn to: the importance of mentors; the need to use technologies in a hypothesis-testing fashion; the important of possible creative/innovative leaps and of recognition of the unexpected; the need to ask challenging questions and to recognize when the original ideas were mistaken. There is great value in broadening the scientific strategies used to investigate a particular condition and much is to be gained by deliberately seeking parallels with other conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
D. G. Amaral B. A. Corbett (2003) The amygdala, autism and anxiety G. Bock J. Goode (Eds) Autism: Neural basis and treatment possibilities John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Chichester 177–197
InstitutionalAuthorNameAmerican Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Edition) – DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association Washington, DC
A. Angold E. Costello A. Erkanli (1999) ArticleTitleComorbidity Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40 57–87
A. Angold M. Prendergast A. Cox R. Harrington E. Simonoff M. Rutter (1995) ArticleTitleThe Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) Psychological Medicine 25 739–753
E. H. Aylward N. J. Minshew K. Field B. F. Sparks N. Singh (2002) ArticleTitleEffects of age on brain volume and head circumference in autism Neurology 59 175–183
A. Bailey S. Palferman L. Heavey A. Le Couteur (1998) ArticleTitleAutism: The phenotype in relatives Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 28 381–404
A. Bailey W. Phillips M. Rutter (1996) ArticleTitleAutism: Towards an integration of clinical, genetic, neuropsychological, and neurobiological perspectives Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Annual Research Review 37 89–126
L. Bartak M. Rutter (1973) ArticleTitleSpecial educational treatment of autistic children: A comparative study: I. Design of study and characteristics of units Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 14 161–179
L. Bartak M. Rutter A. Cox (1977) ArticleTitleA comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorders – III. Discriminant function analysis Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 7 383–396
P. Bolton H. Macdonald A. Pickles P. Rios S. Goode M. Crowson A. Bailey M. Rutter (1994) ArticleTitleA case-control family history study of autism Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35 877–900
R. Brown R. P. Hobson A. Lee J. Stevenson (1997) ArticleTitleAre there autistic-like features in congenitally blind children? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38 693–703
G. W. Brown M. Rutter (1966) ArticleTitleThe measurement of family activities and relationships: A methodological study Human Relations 19 241–263
J. K. Buitelaar (2003) Why have drug treatments been so disappointing? G. Bock J. Goode (Eds) Autism: Neural basis and treatment possibilities John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Chichester 235–249
D. T. Campbell D. W. Fiske (1957) ArticleTitleConvergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix Psychological Bulletin 56 81–105
D. Cantwell L. Baker M. Rutter (1978) ArticleTitleA comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorder – IV. Analysis of syntax and language function Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 19 351–362
C. Caron M. Rutter (1991) ArticleTitleComorbidity in child psychopathology: Concepts, issues and research strategies Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 32 1063–1080
F. Castelli C. Frith F. Happé U. Frith (2002) ArticleTitleAutism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes Brain 125 1839–1849
S. Chess (1977) ArticleTitleFollow-up report on autism in congenital rubella Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 7 69–81
S. Chess S. J. Kern P. B. Fernandez (1971) Psychiatric disorders of children with congenital rubella Brunner/Mazel New York
Clegg, J., Hollis, C., Mawhood, L., & Rutter, M. (in press). Developmental language disorders – a follow-up in later adult life Cognitive, language and psychosocial outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.
E. Courchesne R. Carper N. Akshoomoff (2003) ArticleTitleEvidence of brain overgrowth in the first year of life in autism Journal of the American Medical Association 290 337–344
E. Courchesne C. M. Karns H. R. Davis R. Ziccardi R. A. Carper Z. D. Tigue H. J. Chisum P. Moses K. Pierce C. Lord A. J. Lincoln S. Pizzo L. Schreibman R. H. Haas N. A. Akshoomoff R. Y. Courchesne (2001) ArticleTitleUnusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: An MRI study Neurology 57 245–254
A. D. Cox (1994) Interviews with parents M. Rutter E. Taylor L. Hersov (Eds) Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modern approaches EditionNumber3 Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford, England 34–50
A. Einstein L. Infeld (1938) The evolution of physics: From early concepts to relativity and quanta Simon and Schuster New York
P. Fletcher F. Happé U. Frith S. Baker R. Dolan R. Frackowiak C. Frith (1995) ArticleTitleOther minds in the brain: A functional imaging study of “theory of mind” in story comprehension Cognition 57 109–128
S. Folstein B. Rosen-Sheidley (2001) ArticleTitleGenetics of autism: Complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder Nature Reviews: Genetics 2 943–955
S. Folstein M. Rutter (1977) ArticleTitleInfantile autism: A genetic study of 21 twin pairs Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 18 297–321
C. Frith (2003) What do imaging studies tell us about the neural basis of autism? G. Bock J. Goode (Eds) Autism: Neural basis and treatment possibilities John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Chichester 149–176
U. Frith (2004) ArticleTitleEmmanuel Miller lecture: Confusions and controversies about Asperger syndrome Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45 672–686
B. Hagberg J. Aircardi K. Dias O. Ramos (1983) ArticleTitleA progressive syndrome of autism, dementia, ataxia and loss of purposeful hand use in girls: Rett syndrome; report of 35 cases Annals of Neurology 14 471–479
D. R. Hanson I. Gottesman (1976) ArticleTitleThe genetics, if any, of infantile autism and childhood schizophrenia Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 6 209–234
B. Hermelin (2001) Bright splinters of the mind: A personal story of research with autistic savants Jessica Kingsley London
B. Hermelin N. O’Connor (1970) Psychological experiments with autistic children Pergamon Press Oxford & New York
E. L. Hill U. Frith (2003) ArticleTitleUnderstanding autism: Insights from mind and brain Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 358 281–289
P. Howlin (2003) Can early interventions alter the course of autism? G. Bock J. Goode (Eds) Autism: Neural basis and treatment possibilities John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Chichester 250–265
P. Howlin S. Goode J. Hutton M. Rutter (2004) ArticleTitleAdult outcome for children with autism Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45 212–229
P. Howlin L. Mawhood M. Rutter (2000) ArticleTitleAutism and developmental receptive language disorder – a follow-up comparison in early adult life. II: Social, behavioural, and psychiatric outcomes Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41 561–578
P. Howlin M. Rutter (1987) Treatment of Autistic Children Wiley Chichester
InstitutionalAuthorNameInternational Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium (IMGSAC) (1998) ArticleTitleA full genome screen for autism with evidence for linkage to a region on chromosome 7q Human Molecular Genetics 7 517–578
T. Isager S. E. Mouridsen B. Rich (1999) ArticleTitleMortality and causes of death in pervasive developmental disorders Autism 3 7–16
L. Kanner (1943) ArticleTitleAutistic disturbances of affective contact The Nervous Child 2 217–250
L. Kanner (1969) ArticleTitleThe children haven’t read those books: Reflections on differential diagnosis Acta Paedopsychiatrica 36 2–11
J. A. Lamb J. R. Parr A. J. Bailey A. P. Monaco (2002) ArticleTitleAutism: In search of susceptibility genes Neuro Molecular Medicine 2 11–28
A. Le Couteur C. Lord M. Rutter (2003) ADI-R autism diagnostic interview – revised. Protocol Western Psychological Services Los Angeles
A. Le Couteur M. Rutter C. Lord P. Rios S. Robertson M. Holdgrafer J. McLennan (1989) ArticleTitleAutism Diagnostic Interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 19 363–387
L. Lockyer M. Rutter (1969) ArticleTitleA five to fifteen-year follow-up study of infantile psychosis: III. Psychological aspects British Journal of Psychiatry 115 865–882
L. Lockyer M. Rutter (1970) ArticleTitleA five to fifteen-year follow-up study of infantile psychosis: IV. Patterns of cognitive ability British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 9 152–163
C. Lord M. Rutter P. DiLavore (2002) Autism diagnostic observation schedule: Generic (ADOS-G) The Psychological Corporation Austin, TX
C. Lord M. Rutter S. Goode J. Heemsbergen H. Jordan L. Mawhood E. Schopler (1989) ArticleTitleAutism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: A standardardized observation of communicative and social behaviour Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 19 185–212
L. Mawhood P. Howlin M. Rutter (2000) ArticleTitleAutism and developmental receptive language disorder – a comparative follow-up in early adult life: I. Cognitive and language outcomes Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41 547–559
InstitutionalAuthorNameMedical Research Council (2001) MRC review of autism research: Epidemiology and causes MRC London
InstitutionalAuthorNameNational Research Council (2001) Educating children with autism National Academy Press Washington, DC
InstitutionalAuthorNameNational Research Council (2002) Scientific research in education National Academy Press Washington
A. Rett (1966) ArticleTitleUber ein eigenartiges hirnatrophisches Syndrom bei Hyperammonamie im Kindesalter Weiner Medizinische Wochenschrift 116 723–726
M. Rutter (1967) Psychotic disorders in early childhood A. J. C. A. W. (Eds) Recent Developments in Schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry Special Publication 2 Headley Bros/RMPA Ashford Kent 133–158
M. Rutter (1968) ArticleTitleConcepts of autism: A review of research Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 9 1–25
M. Rutter (1970) ArticleTitleAutistic children: Infancy to adulthood Seminars in Psychiatry 2 435–450 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CSyB3MfntlA%3D Occurrence Handle5527410
M. Rutter (1972) Maternal deprivation reassessed Penguin Harmondsworth, Middlesex
M. Rutter (1979) Language, cognition and autism R. Katzman (Eds) Congenital and acquired cognitive disorders Raven Press New York 247–264
M. Rutter (1997) ArticleTitleComorbidity: Concepts, claims and choices Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 7 265–285
M. Rutter (1998) ArticleTitlePractitioner review: Routes from research to clinical practice in child psychiatry: Retrospect and prospect Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39 805–816
M. Rutter (1999) ArticleTitleThe Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1998: Autism: Two-way interplay between research and clinical work Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40 169–188
M. Rutter (2000) ArticleTitleGenetic studies of autism: From the 1970s into the Millennium Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 28 3–14
Rutter, M. (in press-a). Genetic influences in autism. In F. Volkmar (Ed.) The Handbook of Autism, 3rd ed.
Rutter, M. (in press-b). Incidence of autism: Changes over time and their meaning. Acta Paediatrica.
M. Rutter L. Andersen-Wood C. Beckett D. Bredenkamp J. Castle C. Groothues J. Kreppner L. Keaveney C. Lord T. G. O’Connor InstitutionalAuthorNamethe English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study Team (1999) ArticleTitleQuasi-autistic patterns following severe early global privation Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40 537–549
M. Rutter L. Bartak (1973) ArticleTitleSpecial educational treatment of autistic children: A comparative study – II Follow-up findings and implications for services Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 14 241–270
M. Rutter G. W. Brown (1966) ArticleTitleThe reliability and validity of measures of family life and relationships in families containing a psychiatric patient Social Psychiatry 1 38–53
M. Rutter A. Caspi T. E. Moffitt (2003) ArticleTitleUsing sex differences in psychopathology to study causal mechanisms: Unifying issues and research strategies Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 44 1092–1115
M. Rutter D. Greenfeld L. Lockyer (1967) ArticleTitleA five to fifteen year follow-up study of infantile psychosis: II Social and behavioural outcome British Journal of Psychiatry 113 1183–1199
M. Rutter A. Le Couteur C. Lord (2003) ADI-R autism diagnostic Interview—revised. Manual Western Psychological Services Los Angeles
M. Rutter L. Lockyer (1967) ArticleTitleA five to fifteen year follow-up study of infantile psychosis I: Description of sample British Journal of Psychiatry 113 1169–1182
R. T. Schultz D. J. Grelotti A. Klin J. Kleinman C. Vander Gaag R. Marois P. Skudlarski (2003) ArticleTitleThe role of the fusiform face area in social cognition: Implications for the pathobiology of autism Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 358 415–427
Shepherd, M. (1986). A representative psychiatrist: The career, contributions and legacies of Sir Aubrey Lewis. Psychological medicine monograph supplement 10. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge
E. A. Tinbergen N. Tinbergen (1972) Early childhood autism: An ethological approach Paul Parey Berlin
E. A. Tinbergen N. Tinbergen (1983) “Autistic” children: New hope for a cure George Allen & Unwin London
F. R. Volkmar M. Rutter (1995) ArticleTitleChildhood disintegrative disorder: Results of the DSM-IV Autism Field Trial Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34 1092–1095
InstitutionalAuthorNameWorld Health Organization (1993) The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Diagnostic criteria for research WHO Geneva, Switzerland
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Lifetime career award address given at the meeting of the International Society for Autism Research (INSAR), Orlando, 23 November 2002.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rutter, M. Autism Research: Lessons from the Past and Prospects for the Future. J Autism Dev Disord 35, 241–257 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-004-2003-9
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-004-2003-9