Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of enhanced milieu teaching when combined with a voice output communication aid on the requesting skills of three children with autism. The research design was a multiple probe across participants. All sessions were conducted during 5-min play sessions in the child’s classroom. All three children learned to use the voice output communication aid to request items during play. Additionally, all three children increased their total requesting during play.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
A VOCA consists of a switch device linked to a pre-recorded message or synthesized speech output. Each time the switch is pressed; the message is activated and heard by listeners.
From here forward, all adult implementers will be called teachers even though two were actually assistant teachers.
References
Alberto, P. A., & Troutman, A. C. (2003). Applied behavior analysis for teachers. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall.
Alpert, C. L., & Kaiser, A. P. (1992). Training parents as milieu language teachers. Journal of Early Intervention, 16, 31–52.
Brady, N. C. (2000). Improved comprehension of object names following voice output communication aid use: Two case studies. AAC: Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 16, 197–204.
Bryson, S. (1996). Brief report: Epidemiology of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26, 165–167.
Drager, K. D. R., Light, J. C., Carlson, R., D‘Silva, K., Larsson, B., Pitkin, L., et al. (2004). Learning of dynamic display AAC technologies by typically developing 3-year-olds: Effect of different layouts and menu approaches. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 47, 1133–1149.
Girolametto, L., & Weitzman, E. (2002). Responsiveness of child-care providers in interactions with toddlers and preschoolers. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 33, 268–280.
Hancock, T. B., & Kaiser, A. P. (1996). Siblings’ use of milieu teaching at home. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 16, 168–190.
Hancock, T. B., & Kaiser, A. P. (2002). The effects of trainer-implemented enhanced milieu teaching on the social communication of children with autism. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 22, 39–54.
Hemmeter, M. L., & Kaiser, A. P. (1994). Enhanced milieu teaching: Effects of parent-implemented language intervention. Journal of Early Intervention, 18, 269–289.
Horner, R. H., & Baer, D. M. (1978). Multiple probe technique: A variation of the multiple baseline. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11, 189–196.
Johnston, S., Nelson, C., Evans, J., & Palazolo, K. (2003). The use of visual supports in teaching young children with autism spectrum disorder to initiate interactions. AAC: Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 19, 86–104.
Kaiser, A. P., Hancock, T. B., & Nietfeld, J. P. (2000). The effects of parent-implemented enhanced milieu teaching on the social communication of children who have autism. Early Education and Development, 11, 421–446.
Kaiser, A. P., & Hemmeter, M. L. (1996). The effects of teaching parents to use responsive interaction strategies. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 16, 375–406.
Kaiser, A. P., & Hester, P. P. (1994). Generalized effects of enhanced milieu teaching. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 1320–1340.
Lord, C., & Paul, R. (1997). Language and communication in autism. In D. Cohen & F. Volkmar (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (pp. 195–225). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
McCathren, R. B. (2000). Teacher-implemented prelinguistic communication intervention. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 15, 21–29.
Page, T. J., & Iwata, B. A. (1986). Interobserver agreement: History, theory, and current methods. In A. Poling & R. W. Fuqua (Eds.), Research methods in applied behavior analysis: Issues and advances (pp. 99–126). New York: Plenum.
Schepis, M. M., Reid, D. H., Behrmann, M. M., & Sutton, K. A. (1998). Increasing communicative interactions of young children with autism using a voice output. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31, 561–578.
Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., & Renner, B. R. (1988). The childhood autism rating scale (CARS). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Sigafoos, J., Drasgow, E., Halle, J. W., O‘Reilly, M., Seely-York, S., Edrisinha, C., et al. (2004). Teaching VOCA use as a communicative repair strategy. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 411–423.
Sparrow, S. S., Balla, D. A., Cicchetti, D. V., & Doll, E. A. (1985). Vineland adaptive behavior scales. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported in part by a UT-Austin Undergraduate Research Fellowship to Christie Layton and a UT Austin Summer Research Award to Melissa Olive. However, the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of The University of Texas at Austin and no official endorsement by the University should be inferred. The authors would like to thank the Moore-Weis Children’s Center of Austin, the Round Rock Independent School District, and the participants and their parents for participation in this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Olive, M.L., de la Cruz, B., Davis, T.N. et al. The Effects of Enhanced Milieu Teaching and a Voice Output Communication Aid on the Requesting of Three Children with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 37, 1505–1513 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0243-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0243-6