Abstract
Little research has examined the support needs of mothers versus fathers of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We identified and compared the important and unmet support needs of mothers and fathers, and evaluated their association with family and child factors, within 73 married couples who had a child or adolescent with ASD. Mothers had a higher number of important support needs and higher proportion of important support needs that are unmet than fathers. Multilevel modeling indicated that child age, co-occurring behavior problems, presence of intellectual disability, parent education, and household income were related to support needs. Findings offer insight into the overlapping and unique support needs of mothers and fathers of children and adolescents with ASD.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbeduto, L., Seltzer, M. M., Shattuck, P., Krauss, M. W., Orsmond, G., & Murphy, M. M. (2004). Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, down syndrome, or fragile x syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109(3), 237–254.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Arango, P. (1999). A parent’s perspective on family-centered care. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 20(2), 123–124.
Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network. (2014). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years – Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63, 1–21.
Bailey, D. B., Blasco, P. M., & Simeronsson, R. J. (1992). Needs expressed by mothers and fathers of young children with disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 97, 1–10.
Brobst, J., Clopton, J., & Hendrick, S. (2008). Parenting children with autism spectrum disorders the couple’s relationship. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 24, 38–49. doi:10.1177/1088357608323699.
Bromely, J., Hare, D. J., Davidso, K., & Emerson, E. (2004). Mothers supporting children with autistic spectrum disorders: Social support, mental health status, and satisfaction with services. Autism, 8, 409–423.
Bruininks, R., Woodcock, R., Weatherman, R., & Hill, B. (1996). Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised. Chicago: Riverside.
Bryk, A. S., Raudenbush, S. W., & Congdon, R. T. (1994). HIM 2/3. Hierarchical linear modeling with the HLM/2L and HLM/3L programs. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
Cheak-Zamora, N. C., Yang, X., Farmer, J. E., & Clark, M. (2013). Disparities in transition planning for youth with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 131, 447–454. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1572.
Dabrowska, A., & Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 266–280. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01258x.
Dunst, C. J., Trivette, C. M., & Hamby, D. W. (2007). Meta-analysis of family-centered helpgiving practices research. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13, 370–378.
Durkin, M. S., Maenner, M. J., Meaney, F. J., Levy, S. E., DiGuiseppi, C., Nicholas, J. S., et al. (2010). Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: Evidence from a U.S. cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 5, e11551. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011551.
Dyer, W. J., McBride, B. A., Santos, R. M., & Jeans, L. M. (2009). A longitudinal examination of father involvement with children with developmental delays. Does timing of diagnosis matter? Journal of Early Intervention, 31, 265–281.
Ekas, N. V., & Whitman, T. L. (2010). Autism symptom topography and maternal socioemotional functioning. American Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 115, 234–249.
Fabiano, G. A. (2007). Father participation in behavioral parent training for ADHD: Review and recommendations for increasing inclusion and engagement. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 683–693.
Freedman, R. I., & Boyer, N. C. (2000). The power to choose: Supports for families caring for individuals with developmental disabilities. Health and Social Work, 5(1), 59–68.
Gray, D. E. (2003). Gender and coping: The parents of children with high functioning autism. Social Science and Medicine, 56, 631–642. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00059-X.
Hartley, S. L., Barker, E. T., Seltzer, M. M., Floyd, F. J., Orsmond, G. I., Greenberg, J. S., et al. (2010). Divorce in families of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Family Psychology, 24, 449–457.
Hartley, S. L., Mihaila, I., Otalora-Fadner, H., & Bussanich, P. M. (2014). Division of labor in families of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Family Relations, 63, 627–638.
Hartley, S. L., Schaidle, E. M., & Burnson, C. F. (2013). Parental attributions for the behavior problems of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 34(9), 651–660.
Hartley, S. L., Seltzer, M. M., Head, L., & Abbeduto, L. (2012). Psychological well-being in fathers of adolescents and adults with Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and Autism. Family Relations, 61, 327–342. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00693.x.
Hartley, S. L., Sikora, D. S., & McCoy, R. (2008). Prevalence and risk factors of maladaptive behaviors in children with Autistic Disorder. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52, 819–829.
Howlin, P., Goode, S., Hutton, L., & Rutter, M. (2004). Adult outcomes for children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 212–229.
Konstantareas, M. M., & Homatidis, S. (1989). Assessing child symptom severity and stress in parents of autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 459–470. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00259x.
Kruetzer, J. S., Complair, P., & Waaland, P. (1998). The family needs questionnaire. Richmond, VA: Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Medical College of Virginia.
Lecavalier, L., Leone, S., & Wiltz, J. (2006). The impact of behavior problems on caregiving stress in young people with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 172–183.
Liptak, G. S., Orlando, M., Yingling, J. T., Theurer-Kaufman, K. L., Mala, D. P., & Tompkins, L. A. (2006a). Satisfaction with primary health care received by families of children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 20, 245–252.
Liptak, G. S., Stuart, T., & Auinger, T. (2006b). Health care utilization and expenditures for children with autism: Data from U.S. national samples. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 871–879. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0119-9.
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., & Rutter, M. (2000). The autism diagnostic observation schedule—generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 205–223.
Olsson, M. B., & Hwang, M. B. (2001). Depression in mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45, 535–543.
Perrin, E. C., Lewkowicz, C., & Young, M. H. (2000). Shared vision: Concordance among fathers, mothers, and pediatricians about unmet needs of children with chronic health conditions. Pediatrics, 105, 277–285.
Phares, V., Lopez, E., Frields, S., Kamboukos, D., & Duhig, A. M. (2005). Are fathers involved in pediatric psychology research and treatment? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 30, 631–643.
Piko, B. (1998). Social support and health in adolescence: A factor analytical study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 3, 333–344.
Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2003). Social communication questionnaire. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Schieve, L. A., Blumberg, S. J., Rice, C., Visser, S. N., & Boyle, C. (2007). The relationship between autism and parenting stress. Pediatrics, 119, 114–121.
Schieve, L. A., Gonzales, V., Boulet, S. L., Visser, S. N., Rice, C. E., Van Naarden-Braun, K., & Boyle, C. A. (2011). Concurrent medical conditions and health care use and needs among children with learning and behavioral developmental disabilities, National Health Interview Sruvey, 2006–2010. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 467–476.
Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Hong, J., Smith, L. S., Almeida, D. M., Coe, C., et al. (2010). Maternal cortisol levels and behavior problems in adolescents and adults with ASDs. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 456–469. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0887-0.
Siklos, S., & Kerns, K. (2006). Assessing need for social support in parents of children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 36(7), 921–933.
Siller, M., Reyes, N., Hotez, E., Hutman, T., & Sigman, M. (2014). Longitudinal change in the use of services in autism spectrum disorder: Understanding the role of child characteristics, family demographics, and parent cognitions. Autism, 18, 433–446.
Simonoff, S., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2006). Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 921–929. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318179964f.
Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. J. (1999). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. London: Sage Publication.
White, N., & Hastings, R. (2004). Social and professional support for parents of adolescents with severe intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17, 181–190.
Woodman, A. C. (2014). Trajectories of stress among parents of children with disabilities: A dyadic analysis. Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 63(1), 39–54.
Woodside, J. M., Rosenbaum, P. L., King, S. M., & King, G. A. (2001). Family-centered services: Developing and validating a self-assessment tool for pediatrics service providers. Children’s Health Care, 30(3), 237–252.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Grants from the University of Wisconsin Graduate School (to S. Hartley), National Institute on Mental Health (R01MH099190 to S. Hartley), and the National Institute on Child Health and Human Development (P30 HD03352 to M. Seltzer). We would like to thank the families who participated in this study for their ongoing support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hartley, S.L., Schultz, H.M. Support Needs of Fathers and Mothers of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 45, 1636–1648 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2318-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2318-0