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Analysing the Simultaneous Relationship Between Life Satisfaction and Health-Related Quality of Life

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Notes

  1. For instance, the World Values Survey (World Values Survey Association 2005–2008) contains the following life satisfaction question: ‘All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days? [1 dissatisfied … 10 satisfied]’. The Eurobarometer Survey (European Commission 2011) asks a similar question, but using verbal labels instead of a rating scale.

  2. The term ‘happiness’ is frequently used as a synonym of life satisfaction. In fact, Veenhoven proposed the same definition for both concepts (‘happiness or life satisfaction is the degree to which an individual judges the overall quality of his life as a whole favourably’) (Veenhoven 1991). However, happiness also has other meanings, such as ‘a general positive mood, living a good life or the causes that make people happy’ (Diener 2006). For that reason, as some researchers do, we avoided using the word ‘happiness’ in this article.

  3. Those health states which are regarded as better than death are characterized by a utility index U i above 0 (score conventionally attached to death), with an upper bound at 1 (value conventionally attached to full health). Conversely, health states regarded as more undesirable than death take negative scores up to a lower bound of -1(Abellán et al. 2012).

  4. Equation (2) was estimated by OLS since, in our sample, the SWLS summary score ranged from 6 to 35 and, thus, in practical terms, it is a continuous variable. In this regard, there is some evidence that it makes little difference whether one assumes cardinality or ordinality of SWB answers (Ferrer-i-Carbonell and Frijters 2004).

  5. The 2SLS estimator regresses each endogenous variable on all the exogenous variables. Therefore, it uses the predicted values of these auxiliary regressions as instruments in the OLS regression of each equation in the system. The 3SLS estimator additionally takes into account the covariances across equation disturbances. Zellner and Theil (1962) provided a detailed description of the properties of the 3SLS estimator.

  6. These proportions were derived from the responses to the first question of the SF-36 instrument: ‘In general, would you say your health is: excellent/very good/good/fair/poor?’

  7. Martínez-Granado and Ruiz-Castillo (2002) suggested using this approach to examine the convenience of a simultaneous equations model.

  8. Compared to the general population, Mormons and Seventh Day Adventists have been found to have lower incidence and mortality rates of cancers linked to tobacco and alcohol use (Fraser 1999; Grundmann 1992). Miller et al. (2000) also found, using data from a representative sample of US adolescents, that affiliation with conservative denominations was inversely associated with alcohol and illicit drug use.

  9. 2SLS estimates are similar to 3SLS ones. The exclusion restrictions passed tests of over identification restrictions and both residuals passed Jarque–Bera normality tests.

  10. The estimated coefficients for the control variables are available upon request to the authors.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge financial support from Dirección General de Planificación, Ordenación Sanitaria y Farmacéutica e Investigación, Autonomous Community of Region of Murcia, Spain. Silvia Garrido and José María Abellán also acknowledge financial support from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación grant ECO2010-22041-C02-02. No conflict of interest is reported.

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  1. Health Economics and Economic Evaluation Research Group, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain

    Silvia Garrido, Ildefonso Méndez & José-María Abellán

  2. Departamento de Economía Aplicada, Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain

    Silvia Garrido

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Correspondence to Silvia Garrido.

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Garrido, S., Méndez, I. & Abellán, JM. Analysing the Simultaneous Relationship Between Life Satisfaction and Health-Related Quality of Life. J Happiness Stud 14, 1813–1838 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9411-x

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