Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Latent Class Analysis of Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization among Latino Emerging Adults

  • Empirical Research
  • Published:
Journal of Youth and Adolescence Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

While there are known developmental consequences and correlates of intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization, research focused on bidirectional and multiple forms of partner violence among Latino emerging adults is needed. This longitudinal study identified latent classes of intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization patterns among emerging adult Latinos (N = 1060; 60.6% female). A second aim examined acculturation and cumulative substance use correlates in high school, as predictors of intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization classes in emerging adulthood. Average age of participants was 15.5 years in 10th grade and 22.7 years in emerging adulthood. We identified four distinct subgroups of intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization, with 22% of individuals identified in a violence perpetration and victimization subgroup. Cumulative heavy episodic drinking and marijuana use in high school predicted belonging to the psychological bidirectional intimate partner violence group rather than the group with no violence. Cumulative marijuana use in high school, predicted belonging to the sexual bidirectional partner violence group compared to the no violence group. Our study extends the literature across developmental periods among Latino youth. The findings have implications for early adolescent prevention strategies and promotion of healthy intimate relationships.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anda, R. F., Croft, J. B., Felitti, V. J., Nordenberg, D., Giles, W. H., Williamson, D. F., & Giovino, G. A. (1999). Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282(17), 1652–1658.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basile, K. C., & Hall, J. E. (2011). Intimate partner violence perpetration by court-ordered men: Distinctions and intersections among physical violence, sexual violence, psychological abuse, and stalking. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(2), 230–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, D. J., & Curran, P. J. (2004). The integration of continuous and discrete latent variable models: Potential problems and promising opportunities. Psychological Methods, 9, 3–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Black, M. C., Basile, K. C., Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Walters, M. L., Merrick, M. T., & Stevens, M. R. (2011). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Summary Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. https://stacks-cdc-gov.libproxy2.usc.edu/view/cdc/11637.

  • Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Basile, K. C., Walters, M. L., Chen, J., & Merrick, M. T. (2014). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization—National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States, 2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, 63(8), 1–18.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Breiding, M. J. (2015). MMWR in brief: Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization-national intimate partner and sexual violence survey, United States, 2011. American Journal of Public Health, 105(4), e11–e12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caetano, R., Ramisetty-Mikler, S., & McGrath, C. (2004). Acculturation, drinking, and intimate partner violence among Hispanic couples in the United States: A longitudinal study. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26, 60–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caetano, R., Ramisetty-Mikler, S., & Field, C. A. (2005). Unidirectional and bidirectional intimate partner violence among White, Black, and Hispanic couples in the United States. Violence and Victims, 20, 393–406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caetano, R., Schafer, J., Clark, C. L., Cunradi, C. B., & Raspberry, K. (2000). Intimate partner violence, acculturation, and alcohol consumption among Hispanic couples in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 30–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Celeux, G., & Soromenho, G. (1996). An entropy criterion for assessing the number of clusters in a mixture model. Journal of Classification, 13, 195–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Understanding teen dating violence [Fact sheet]. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/teen-dating-violence-factsheet-a.pdf.

  • Champion, H., Wagoner, K., Song, E.-Y., Brown, V. K., & Wolfson, M. (2008). Adolescent date fighting victimization and perpetration from a multi-community sample: Associations with substance use and other violent victimization and perpetration. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 20, 419–430.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, S., & Muthén, B. (2009). Relating latent class analysis results to variables not included in the analysis. https://www.statmodel.com/download/relatinglca.pdf.

  • Coker, A. L., Sanderson, M., Cantu, E., Huerta, D., & Fadden, M. K. (2008). Frequency and types of partner violence among Mexican American college women. Journal of American College Health, 56, 665–674.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, W. A., Welsh, D. P., & Furman, W. (2009). Adolescent romantic relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 631–652.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuéllar, I., Arnold, B., & Maldonado, R. (1995). Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II: A revision of the original ARSMA scale. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 17, 275–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cunradi, C. B. (2009). Intimate partner violence among Hispanic men and women: The role of drinking, neighborhood disorder, and acculturation-related factors. Violence and Victims, 24, 83–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dardis, C. M., Dixon, K. J., Edwards, K. M., & Turchik, J. A. (2015). An examination of the factors related to dating violence perpetration among young men and women and associated theoretical explanations: A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16, 136–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denham, A. C., Frasier, P. Y., Hooten, E. G., Belton, L., Newton, W. & Gonzalez, P. et al. (2007). Intimate partner violence among Latinas in eastern North Carolina. Violence Against Women, 13, 123–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, D. K., Davis, K. S., Barrios, L., Brener, N. D., & Noonan, R. K. (2007). Associations of dating violence victimization with lifetime participation, co-occurrence, and early initiation of risk behaviors among U.S. high school students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 585–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, D. K., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Ross, J., Hawkins, J., & Harris, W. A. et al (2006). Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly: Surveillance Summaries, 55, 1–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, L., Hurwitz, E. L., & Kraus, J. F. (2005). Acculturation and reported intimate partner violence among Latinas in Los Angeles. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 569–590.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, A. W., Mulford, C. F., & Blachman-Demner, D. R. (2016). Advancing our approach to teen dating violence: A youth and professional defined framework of teen dating relationships. Psychology of Violence, 6(4), 497–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez, A. M. (2011). Testing the cycle of violence hypothesis: Child abuse and adolescent dating violence as predictors of intimate partner violence in young adulthood. Youth & Society, 4, 171–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez‐Guarda, R. M., McCabe, B. E., Vermeesch, A. L., Cianelli, R., Florom‐Smith, A. L., & Peragallo, N. (2012). Cultural phenomena and the syndemic factor: Substance abuse, violence, HIV, and depression among Hispanic women. Annals of Anthropological Practice, 36, 212–231.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, H. M., & Foshee, V. (1997). Adolescent dating violence differences between one-sided and mutually violent profiles. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12(1), 126–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grest, C. V., Amaro, H., & Unger, J. (2017). Longitudinal predictors of intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization in Latino emerging adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1–15. https://link-springer-com.libproxy1.usc.edu/article/10.1007/s10964-017-0663-y#citeas

  • Hagenaars, J. A., & McCutcheon, A. L. (2002). Applied latent class analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Haynie, D. L., Farhat, T., Brooks-Russell, A., Wang, J., Barbieri, B., & Iannotti, R. J. (2013). Dating violence perpetration and victimization among US adolescents: Prevalence, patterns, and associations with health complaints and substance use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(2), 194–201.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hipp, J. R., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Local solutions in the estimation of growth mixture models. Psychological Methods, 11, 36–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. P. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: Two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(2), 283–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. P. (2010). Langhinrichsen-Rolling’s confirmation of the feminist analysis of intimate partner violence: Comment on “Controversies involving gender and intimate partner violence in the United States”. Sex Roles, 62(3–4), 212–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, W. L., Giordano, P. C., Manning, W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2015). The age–IPV curve: Changes in the perpetration of intimate partner violence during adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 708–726.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, E., Yoon, J., Langer, A., & Ro, E. (2009). Is psychological aggression as detrimental as physical aggression? The independent effects of psychological aggression on depression and anxiety symptoms. Violence and Victims, 24(1), 20–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lohman, B. J., Neppl, T. K., Senia, J. M., & Schofield, T. J. (2013). Understanding adolescent and family influences on intimate partner psychological violence during emerging adulthood and adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 500–517.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lown, E. A., & Vega, W. A. (2001). Prevalence and predictors of physical partner abuse among Mexican American women. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 441–445.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Macmillan, R. (Ed.) (2007). Constructing adulthood: Agency and subjectivity in adolescence and adulthood. New York, NY: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S. (2007). Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 921–930.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCutcheon, A. L. (1987). Latent class analysis.. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2014). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.

  • Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. K. (2000). Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 24, 882–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norona, J. C., Preddy, T. M., & Welsh, D. P. (2015). How gender shapes emerging adulthood. In J. J. Arnett (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood (pp. 62). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 535–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Keefe, M. (1997). Predictors of dating violence among high school students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 546–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, K. D. (1999). Developmental and affective issues in assessing and treating partner aggression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6, 400–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, K. D., Slep, A. M. S., Avery-Leaf, S., & Cascardi, M. (2008). Gender differences in dating aggression among multiethnic high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 473–479.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. M., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2015). Teen dating violence victimization and patterns of substance use among high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57, 441–447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayesian model selection in social research. Sociological Methodology, 25, 111–163. https://doi.org/10.2307/271063.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, I. L. (2007). The relationship of acculturation and social integration to assaults on intimate partners among Mexican American and non-Mexican White students. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 533–542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reidy, D. E., Ball, B., Houry, D., Holland, K. M., Valle, L. A., Kearns, M. C., & Rosenbluth, B. (2016). In search of teen dating violence typologies. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(2), 202–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reingle, J. M., Staras, S. A., Jennings, W. G., Branchini, J., & Maldonado-Molina, M. M. (2012). The relationship between marijuana use and intimate partner violence in a nationally representative, longitudinal sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(8), 1562–1578.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renner, L. M., & Whitney, S. D. (2012). Risk factors for unidirectional and bidirectional intimate partner violence among young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 40–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes, H. L. M., Foshee, V. A., Chen, M. S., & Ennett, S. T. (2017). Patterns of dating violence victimization and perpetration among Latino youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(8), 1727–1742.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman, E. F., Reyes, L. M., Johnson, R. M., & LaValley, M. (2012). Does the alcohol make them do it? Dating violence perpetration and drinking among youth. Epidemiologic Reviews, 34, 103–119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabina, C., Cuevas, C. A., & Cotignola-Pickens, H. M. (2016). Longitudinal dating violence victimization among Latino teens: Rates, risk factors, and cultural influences. Journal of Adolescence, 47, 5–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, S., & Connolly, J. (2013). The challenge of romantic relationships in emerging adulthood: Reconceptualization of the field. Emerging Adulthood, 1, 27–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. H., White, J. W., & Holland, L. J. (2003). A longitudinal perspective on dating violence among adolescent and college-age women. American Journal of Public Health, 93(7), 1104–1109.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smokowski, P. R., David-Ferdon, C., & Stroupe, N. (2009). Acculturation and violence in minority adolescents: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Primary Prevention, 30, 215–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, R. A., Renner, L. M., & Clark, C. J. (2016). Patterns of dating violence perpetration and victimization in US young adult males and females. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(15), 2576–2597.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, E. (2010). Do violent acts equal abuse? Resolving the gender parity/asymmetry dilemma. Sex Roles, 62(3-4), 201–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stith, S. M., Smith, D. B., Penn, C. E., Ward, D. B., & Tritt, D. (2004). Intimate partner physical abuse perpetration and victimization risk factors: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 65–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M. A. (2009). Why the overwhelming evidence on partner physical violence by women has not been perceived and is often denied. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 18, 552–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2004). A short form of the revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for severity and mutuality. Violence and Victims, 19, 507–520.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, T. P., McPartland, T. S., Armeli, S., Jaquier, V., & Tennen, H. (2012). Is it the exception or the rule? Daily co-occurrence of physical, sexual, and psychological partner violence in a 90-day study of substance-using, community women. Psychology of Violence, 2(2), 154–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Temple, J. R., & Freeman, D. H. (2011). Dating violence and substance use among ethnically diverse adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 701–718.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tofighi, D., & Enders, C. K. (2007). Identifying the correct number of classes in a growth mixture model. In G. R. Hancock (Ed.), Mixture models in latent variable research (pp. 317–341). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulloa, E. C., & Hammett, J. F. (2016). The effect of gender and perpetrator–victim role on mental health outcomes and risk behaviors associated with intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31, 1184–1207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, J. B., Ritt-Olson, A., Wagner, K. D., Soto, D. W., & Baezconde-Garbanati, L. (2009). Parent–child acculturation patterns and substance use among Hispanic adolescents: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Primary Prevention, 30, 293–313.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, J. B., Thing, J., Soto, D. W., & Baezconde-Garbanati, L. (2014). Associations between ethnic labels and substance use among Hispanic/Latino adolescents in Los Angeles. Substance use & misuse, 49(8), 1007–1016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vagi, K. J., Olsen, E. O. M., Basile, K. C., & Vivolo-Kantor, A. M. (2015). Teen dating violence (physical and sexual) among US high school students: Findings from the 2013 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(5), 474–482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Project RED researchers and data collection staff.

Authors’ Contributions

C.V.G. conceived of the study, participated in its design, performed the statistical analysis, drafted the manuscript and coordinated manuscript drafts among co-authors. J.O.L. and T.G. participated in the design, statistical analysis, interpretation of the data, and helped edit the manuscript. J.U. acquired the data and contributed to manuscript reviews and revisions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

Data collection was supported by the National Institutes of Health, grant #R01DA016310.

Data Sharing Declaration

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Carolina Villamil Grest & Jungeun Olivia Lee

  2. Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Education and Human Development, Transdisciplinary Center for Health Equity Research, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA

    Tamika Gilreath

  3. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Jennifer B. Unger

Authors
  1. Carolina Villamil Grest
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jungeun Olivia Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tamika Gilreath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jennifer B. Unger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carolina Villamil Grest.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

The University of Southern California Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved Project RED. Project RED involved human participants who provided informed consent in accordance with the protocols in accordance with federal regulation, state law and university policy.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Grest, C.V., Lee, J.O., Gilreath, T. et al. Latent Class Analysis of Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization among Latino Emerging Adults. J Youth Adolescence 47, 575–585 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0807-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0807-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation