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Novel insights into redox system and the mechanism of redox regulation

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Abstract

In view of the critical role of redox system in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes, it is important to clearly understand the family members and regulatory mechanism of redox system. In this work, we will systematically review the current data detailing the reactive oxygen species (ROS), enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and redox sensitive transcription factors and we give a brief description of redox-mediated epigenetic and post-translational regulation. We propose that the redox system functions as a “Redox Chain”, consisting of “ROS-generating Enzyme Chain”, “Combined Antioxidant Chain” and “Transcription Factor Chain”. We suggest that an individualized assessment of the redox status in the body should be conducted for the redox intervention of a patient. The strategy of intervention is to maintain redox homeostasis via either facilitation of ROS signaling or enhancement of antioxidant defense. These findings provide valuable new insights into redox system and open up new paths for the control of redox-related disorders

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Abbreviations

6PGD:

6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

20-HETE:

20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid

AA:

Arachidonic acid

ADP:

Adenosine diphosphate

AREs:

Antioxidant response elements

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

CAT:

Catalase

CoQ:

Coenzyme Q

COXs:

Cyclooxygenases

CYPs:

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

Drp1:

Dynamin-related protein

EETs:

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids

EGR2:

Early growth response 2

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ETC:

Electron transport cascade

ETF-QO:

Electron transfer flavoprotein: ubiquinol oxidoreductase

FATP-1:

Fatty acid transporter-1

Fis1:

Fission 1 homologue protein

FoxO:

Forkhead box O

G6PDH:

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

GCL:

Glutamate–cysteine ligase

GCLc:

Catalytic or heavy subunit

GCLm:

Modulatory or light subunit

GGT:

Γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase

GPD2:

FAD-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GPx:

GSH peroxidases

GR:

GSH reductase

Grxs:

Glutaredoxins

GS:

Glutathione synthase

GSH:

Glutathione

GSSG:

Oxidized form of GSH

GSSR:

Glutathionylated-cysteine derivative

GSTs:

Glutathione-S-transferases

HO:

Heme oxygenase

Keap1:

Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1

KGDH:

Α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

LA:

Lipoic acid

LOX:

Lipoxygenases

MAO:

Monoamine oxidase

MAPKs:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

Mfn2:

Mitofusin 2

MMO:

Microsomal monooxygenase

MO:

Monooxygenase

MTs:

Metallothioneins

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-cascade-enhancer of activated B cells

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthases

NOXs:

NADPH oxidases

NQO1:

NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1

Nrf2:

NFE2-related factor 2

OPA1:

Optic atrophy-1

OXPHOS:

Oxidative phosphorylation

Ox-PTMs:

Oxidative post-translational modifications

PGC-1α:

Peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α

PGF2α :

Prostaglandin F2α

PGs:

Prostaglandins

PGE2 :

Prostaglandin E2

PIG1-13:

P53-inducible genes 1-13

PPARγ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ

Prxs:

Peroxiredoxins

PTMs:

Post-translational modifications

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SeP:

Selenoprotein P

SHC1:

SHC-transforming protein 1

Shh:

Sonic hedgehog

SIRT:

Sirtuin

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SSAO:

Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

TG:

Triglycerides

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

TrxR:

Thioredoxin reductase

Trxs:

Thioredoxins

TXNIP:

Thioredoxin interacting protein

UCPs:

Uncoupling proteins

UPR:

Uncoupling protein reaction

VC :

Vitamin C

VE :

Vitamin E

XDH:

Xanthine dehydrogenase

XO:

Xanthine oxidase

XOR:

Xanthine oxidoreductase

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31400724) and Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2014JQ4135).

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  1. Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road 169, Xi’an, 710032, China

    Xin Wang & Chunxu Hai

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Wang, X., Hai, C. Novel insights into redox system and the mechanism of redox regulation. Mol Biol Rep 43, 607–628 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-016-4022-y

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